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1291
History of religion / Re: What's The story of religion?
« on: September 21, 2016, 01:45:46 PM »


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50. Baptism,309 afterlife,310 final judgment, virgin birth,311 death and resurrection,312 crucifixion,313 the ark of the covenant,314 circumcision,315 saviors,316 holy communion,317 the great flood,318 Easter,319 Christmas,320 Passover,321 and many, many more, are all attributes of Egyptian ideas, long predating Christianity and Judaism.


See the sources and commentary on previous pages, as well as the citations denoted in the paragraph above.


The Egyptian afterlife was the major focus of the religion, with numerous texts designed to describe and bring it about for the deceased. A thorough discussion of the afterlife focus in the Egyptian religion can also be found in Murdock‘s Christ in Egypt. The final judgment scene with the god Osiris appears in the Book of the Dead. The annual flooding of the Nile is well known.



Egyptian Book of the Dead

The Deceased in the Judgment Hall

(Papyrus of Ani, British Museum

Tirard, 125)


51. Justin Martyr, one of the first Christian historians and defenders, wrote:

When we say that he, Jesus Christ, our teacher, was produced without sexual union, was crucified and died, and rose again, and ascended into Heaven, we propound nothing different from what you believe regarding those who you esteem Sons of Jupiter.” In a different writing, Justin Martyr said “He was born of a virgin, accept this in common with what you believe of Perseus.” It’s obvious that Justin and other early Christians knew how similar Christianity was to the Pagan religions. However, Justin had a solution. As far as he was concerned, the Devil did it. The Devil had the foresight to come before Christ, and create his characteristics in the Pagan world.


This passage from Justin Martyr is important to us, because it shows that the idea of Christianity being borrowed from earlier religions is not modern. Its similarities were talked


  1. Murdock, CIE, 231-260.

  1. See, e.g., Budge, EBD (1995), 66.

  1. See Murdock, CIE, 138ff.

  1. See Murdock, CIE, 376ff.


  1. See Murdock, CIE, 335.

  1. Murdock, CIE, 109, 383.

  1. Brier, 69, 74.


  1. Murdock, CIE, 79, 139, 203, 280, 321, 381, etc.

  1. Budge, OERR, I, 264.

  1. For more on the flood tradition, see Acharya, CC, 237-239.

  1. See Murdock, CIE, 389ff.

  1. Murdock, CIE, 79-119.

  1. Massey, AELW, II, 746.


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about essentially since the beginning of the Christian era, which truly took place in the second century.322

Elsewhere in his First Apology, Justin further defends the Christian religion by explaining how similar it was to Pagan religions, including in its miracles:


As to his (Jesus) curing the lame, and the paralytic, and such as were cripples from birth, this is little more than what you say of your Aesculapius...


In his First Apology, chapter 54, entitled, ―Origin of Heathen Mythology,‖ Justin blamed the prescient devil and his minions for the parallels between Christ and Pagan gods:


...For having heard it proclaimed through the prophets that the Christ was to come, and that the ungodly among men were to be punished by fire, [the wicked demons] put forward many to be called sons of Jupiter, under the impression that they would be able to produce in men the idea that the things which were said with regard to Christ were mere marvellous tales, like these things which were said by the poets.323


Justin thus clearly contends that these tales by the poets predated Christ‘s purported advent, as he says, ―Christ was to come,‖ i.e., in the future.


For further validation ideologically, lets jump to a similar quote by Church father Tertullian (155-222 AD/CE):


The devil, whose business is to pervert the truth, mimics the exact circumstances of the Divine Sacraments... Thus he celebrates the oblation of bread, and brings in the symbol of the resurrection.324


Celsus, a second-century Greek Philosopher, did not hold back his criticisms of various supernatural Christian claims:


Are these distinctive happenings unique to the Christiansand if so, how are they unique? Or are ours to be accounted myths and theirs believed? What reasons do the Christians give for the distinctiveness of their beliefs?


In truth there is nothing at all unusual about what the Christians believe, except that they believe it to the exclusion of more comprehensive truths about God.325

52. The Bible is nothing more than an astrotheological literary fold hybrid, just like nearly all religious myths before it.


The term ―astrotheology‖ goes back a couple centuries and can be generally defined as a theology, or religion, that is symbolically derived from natural phenomena, specifically the characteristics and movements of the celestial bodies and their relationship to the earth and, consequently, to the human beings who live upon it. Ancient Greek gods were classic examples of Deity defined by processes of nature, such a Poseidon, the god of the sea or Zeus, the sky god. Various Egyptian gods and goddesses were also highly astrotheological, as were those of Babylon, Sumeria and India. In fact, it is rather obvious that the tendency to believe as ―historical‖ supernatural phenomena attributed to a god figure in various myths comes from the lack of knowledge about astrotheology and nature worship.


This supernatural and ―historical‖ explanation for natural and astronomical mythological motifs is little different than how numerous diseases were first attributed to demons before the


  1. For a scientific analysis of the timeline of the canonical gospels, see the chapter ―The Gospel Dates‖ in Murdock‘s Who Was Jesus?, pp. 59-83.

  2. Roberts, ANF, I, 181. (Emph. added.)


  1. De Praescriptione Haereticorum, ch. 40, § 2, 4. The original Latin is: A diabolo scilicet, cujus sunt partes intervertendi veritatem, qui ipsas quoques res sacramentorum divinorum idolorum mysteriies aemulatur…celebrat et panis oblationem, et imaginem resurrectionis inducit, et sub gladio redimit coronam.... (Labriolle, 86.)

  2. Hoffman, 120.


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scientific age. In fact, the term ―Act of God‖ is still used today on insurance forms to describe earthquakes and the like. This tradition of nature worship and astrotheologythe anthropomorphizing of natural and celestial phenomenaextends very far back in time.


Referencing Indian tradition, S.B. Roy summarizes the basic idea of ancient astronomy: Astronomy is a cold concept today... In the ancient prehistoric days, it was otherwise.

To the ancients...heaven was the land of gods and mystery. The skythe Dyaus of the Rig Vedawas itself living. The stars were the abode of the gods. The shining stars were indeed themselves luminous gods. Astronomy was the knowledge not of heavenly bodies, but of heavenly beings: It was the heavenly, celestial, cosmic or divine knowledgeknowledge of devasthe bright luminous gods.326

More specific to the origin of Christianity itself, Dead Sea scroll scholar John M. Allegro had the following to say about the Gnostic Christians, which some claim are the earliest of the Christian sects:


Thus for the Gnostic, as for religionists all over the world, the heavenly bodies were imbued with divinity and honoured as angelic bodies.327


Much more on this subject of astrotheology and its relationship to our ―modern‖ religions can


be found throughout this book, obviously, as well as in many sources cited herein.


53. In fact, the aspect of transference, of one character’s attributes to a new character, can be found within the book itself. In the Old Testament there’s the story of Joseph. Joseph was a prototype for Jesus. Joseph was born of a miracle birth (Gen 30:22-24), Jesus was born of a miracle birth (Mt 1:18-23). Joseph was of 12 brothers (Gen 42:13), Jesus had 12 disciples (Mt 10:1). Joseph was sold for 20 pieces of silver (Gen 37:28), Jesus was sold for 30 pieces of silver (Mt 26:15). Brother “Judah” suggests the sale of Joseph (Gen 37:26-27), disciple “Judas” suggests the sale of Jesus (Mt 26:14-15). Joseph began his work at the age of 30 (Gen 37:28), Jesus began his work at the age of 30 (Mt 26:15). The parallels go on and on.


Exact Biblical sources for these Joseph-Jesus parallels are cited above, while some of more the less obvious points are delineated below.


Joseph’s “Miraculous Birth”: Genesis 30:22-24 (KJV) says:


And God remembered Rachel, and God hearkened to her, and opened her womb. And she conceived, and bare a son; and said, God hath taken away my reproach: And she called his name Joseph; and said, The LORD shall add to me another son.


If God is intervening the creation of Joseph, it is thus a ―miracle birth.‖


Joseph began his work at the age of 30: Joseph became, what some scholars refer to as ―governor‖ of Egypt at 30 years old (Genesis 41:45-46):


And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, See, I have set thee over all the land of Egypt…. And

Pharaoh called Josephs name Zaphnathpaaneah; and he gave him to wife Asenath the daughter of Potipherah priest of On. And Joseph went out over [all] the land of Egypt. And Joseph [was] thirty years old when he stood before Pharaoh king of Egypt. And Joseph went out from the presence of Pharaoh, and went throughout all the land of Egypt.


  1. Roy, 1.


  1. Allegro, 112.


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Concerning the name the pharaoh gave Joseph, Murdock demonstrates that it means ―savior of the world.‖328 Hence, while Jesus begins his minister as savior of the world at age 30, so too does Joseph.


Following is a list of various parallels between Joseph and Jesus. More discussion of this subject may be found in the section ―Joseph, A Type of Jesus‖ in Murdock‘s Who Was Jesus?, pp. 119, et seq.


1292
History of religion / Re: What's The story of religion?
« on: September 21, 2016, 01:43:00 PM »


  1. Emphasis added.

  1. Smith, G., 224-225.

  1. Acharya, CC, 241. It has been reported (including in Christ Conspiracy) that the Indian figure was Krishna; however, the story in the Mahabharata involves the birth of Karna via the impregnation of the young virgin Kunti by the sun god Surya, after which she is promised her virginity remains intact. As

Chaitanya says, ―The Mahabharata here mentions clearly that Soorya did not have sex with her, but impregnated her through his yogic power so that her maidenhood remained undamaged… [T]he consummation of the invocation is through a yogic process, leaving Kunti‘s virginity intact, making Karna‘s birth an ‗immaculate‘ one and Kunti a virgin mother in the most inclusive meaning of the term.‖ The virgin mother Kunti gives birth immediately to a ―shining bright‖ child, whom she places in the river.


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Concerning the Moses myth, Barbara Walker likewise elaborates:


The Moses tale was originally that of an Egyptian hero, Ra-Harakhti, the reborn sun god of Canopus, whose life story was copied by biblical scholars. The same story was told of the sun hero fathered by Apollo on the virgin Creusa; of Sargon, king of Akkad in 2242 BC; and of the mythological twin founders of Rome, among many other baby heroes set adrift in rush baskets. It was a common theme301


48. Furthermore, Moses is known as the Law Giver, the giver of the Ten Commandments, the Mosaic Law. However, the idea of a Law being passed from God to a prophet up on a mountain is also a very old motif. Moses is just another lawgiver in a long line of lawgivers in mythological history. In India, Manou was the great lawgiver. In Crete, Minos ascended Mount Dicta, where Zeus gave him the sacred laws. While in Egypt there was Mises, who carried stone tablets and upon them the laws of god were written. Manou-Minos-Mises-Moses.


The story of Moses and the Ten Commandments is found at Exodus 20:2-17. Dutch theologian and professor of Hebrew Antiquities at the University of Leiden Dr. Henricus Oort summarizes the ubiquitous tradition of laws/texts being passed from ―God‖ to a prophet:


No one who has any knowledge of antiquity will be surprised at this...to one or more great men, all of whom, without exception, were supposed to have received their knowledge from some deity. Whence did Zarathustra (Zoroaster), the prophet of the Persians, derive his religion? According to the belief of his followers, and the doctrines of their sacred writings, it was from Ahuramazda (Ormuzd) the god of light. Why did the Egyptians represent the god Thoth with a writing tablet and a pencil in his hand, and honor him especially as the god of the priests? Because he was ―the lord of the divine word,‖ from whose inspiration the priests, who were the scholars, the lawgivers, and the religious teachers of the people, derived all their wisdom. Was not Minos, the law-giver of the Cretans, the friend of Zeus, the highest of the gods? Nay, was he not even his son, and did he not ascend to the sacred cave on Mount Dicte to bring down the laws which his god had placed there for him?302


Regarding the Cretan king Minos, famed archaeologist Dr. Arthur J. Evans, excavator of the site of Knossos on Crete, remarks:


...it is as the first lawgiver of Greece that [Minos] achieved his greatest renown, and the code of Minos became the source of all later legislation. As the wise ruler and inspired lawgiver there is something altogether biblical in his legendary character. He is the Cretan Moses, who every nine years repaired to the cave of Zeus, whether on the Cretan [Mount] Ida or on [Mount] Dicta, and received from the god of the mountain the laws for his people. Like Abraham, he is described as the ―friend of God.‖303


In a section entitled, ―Abraham is Brahma? Moses is Dionysus?‖ in The Gospel According to Acharya S, Murdock writes:


Famed Israelite prophet Moses too appears to be not a historical figure but a mythical character replicated in a number of cultures….


In the writings of French scholar Voltaire we find…:


The ancient poets have placed the birth of Bacchus in Egypt; he is exposed on the Nile and it is from that event that he is named Mises by the first Orpheus, which, in Egyptian, signifies ―saved from the waters‖… He is brought up near a


  1. Walker, B., WDSSO, 441.


  1. Oort, 301.

  1. Evans, 426.


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mountain of Arabia called Nisa, which is believed to be Mount Sinai. It is pretended that a goddess ordered him to go and destroy a barbarous nation and that he passed through the Red Sea on foot, with a multitude of men, women, and children. Another time the river Orontes suspended its waters right and left to let him pass, and the Hydaspes did the same. He commanded the sun to stand still; two luminous rays proceeded from his head. He made a fountain of wine spout up by striking the ground with his thyrsus, and engraved his laws on two tables of marble. He wanted only to have afflicted Egypt with ten plagues, to be the perfect copy of Moses.


Voltaire likewise names others preceding him who had made this comparison between Moses and Dionysus/Bacchus, such as the Dutch theologian Gerhard Johann Voss/Vossius (15771649), whose massive study of mythology has never been translated from the Latin, and Pierre Daniel Huet (1630-1721), the Bishop of Avranches. Another commentator was French novelist Charles-Antoine-Guillaume Pigault-Lebrun or ―Le Brun‖ (1753-1835), who in his Doubts of Infidels remarked:


The history of Moses is copied from the history of Bacchus, who was called Mises by the Egyptians, instead of Moses. Bacchus was born in Egypt; so was Moses... Bacchus passed through the Red Sea on dry ground; so did Moses. Bacchus was a lawgiver; so was Moses. Bacchus was picked up in a box that floated on the water; so was Moses.... Bacchus by striking a rock made wine gush forth... Bacchus was worshipped...in Egypt, Phenicia, Syria, Arabia, Asia and Greece, before Abraham‘s day.304


For a discussion of the appellation ―Mises,‖ see The Gospel According to Acharya S, pp. 72-73.


In ―The Origins of Christianity and the Quest for the Historical Jesus Christ,‖ Murdock summarizes:


The legend of Moses, rather than being that of a historical Hebrew character, is found in germ around the ancient Middle and Far East, with the character having different names and races, depending on the locale: ―Menu‖ is the Indian legislator; ―Mises‖ appears in Syria and Egypt, where also the first king, ―Menes, the lawgiver‖ takes the stage; ―Minos‖ is the Cretan reformer; ―Mannus‖ the German lawgiver; and the Ten Commandments are simply a repetition of the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi and the Egyptian Book of the Dead, among others. Like Moses, in the Mahabharata the Indian son of the Sun God named Karna was placed by his mother in a reed boat and set adrift in a river to be discovered by another woman. A century ago, Massey outlined that even the Exodus itself is not a historical event, an opinion now shared by many archaeologists and scholars. That the historicity of the Exodus has been questioned is echoed by the lack of any archaeological record, as is reported in Biblical Archaeology Review (―BAR‖), September/October 1994.305

See her article for the citations.


49. And as far as the Ten Commandments, they are taken outright from Spell 125 of the Egyptian Book of the Dead. What the Book of the Dead phrased “I have not stolen” became “Thou shall not steal,” “I have not killed” became “Thou shall not kill,” “I have not told lies” became “Thou shall not bear false witness” and so forth. In fact, the Egyptian religion is likely the primary foundational basis for the Judeo-Christian theology.


The Ten Commandments allegedly given by God to Moses on the top of Mount Sinai are evidently related to Egyptian tradition and appear to have common roots with the Egyptian


  1. Murdock, GAS, 72.


  1. Murdock, OCQHJC, 22-23.


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Book of the Dead, especially chapter or spell 125.306 The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi is likewise considered a possible pre-Mosaic-law code that was essentially copied/adapted into the Ten Commandments. The fact that the Code of Hammurabi was known in Israel in the Middle Bronze Age seems to be proved by a recent find called the ―Hazor Law Code Tablet‖:


For the first time in Israel, a document has been uncovered containing a law code that parallels portions of the famous Code of Hammurabi. The code is written on fragments of a cuneiform tablet, dating from the 18th-17th centuries B.C.E in the Middle Bronze Age, that were found in Hebrew University of Jerusalem archaeological excavations this summer at Hazor, south of Kiryat Shmonah, in northern Israel….


The fragments that have now been discovered, written in Akkadian cuneiform script, refer to issues of personal injury law relating to slaves and masters, bring to mind similar laws in the famous Babylonian Hammurabi Code of the 18th century B.C.E. that were found in what is now Iran over 100 years ago. The laws also reflect, to a certain extent, Biblical laws of the type of ―a tooth for a tooth,‖ say the researchers.307


With regard to the Egyptian religion being the foundation of the Judeo-Christian theology, Egyptologist Dr. E.A. Wallis Budge makes it clear:


...In Osiris the Christian Egyptians found the prototype of Christ, and in the pictures and statues of Isis suckling her son Horus, they perceived the prototype of the Virgin Mary and her Child. Never did Christianity find elsewhere in the world a people whose minds were so thoroughly well prepared to receive its doctrines as the Egyptians.308

Below is an appendix of comparisons between the Egyptian and Christian religion from Egyptologist Gerald Massey‘s monumental work, ancient Egypt The Light of The World. This list is derived from the Pyramid Texts, Coffin Texts and the Book of the Dead, among other artifacts. Many of Massey‘s most germane parallels have been confirmed by Murdock in Christ in Egypt, through a detailed analysis of primary sources, as well as the works of credentialed authorities. Interested parties are therefore directed to Murdock‘s book.



  1. See, e.g., Faulkner, pl. 31.


  1. ―Tablet Discovered by Hebrew U Matches Code of Hammurabi.‖

  1. Budge, EIFL, 81.


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1293
History of religion / Re: What's The story of religion?
« on: September 21, 2016, 01:42:01 PM »

It is interesting to point out that the Egyptian god Horus was associated with the Fish as well, where ―Horus was portrayed as Ichthys with the fish sign of over his head.‖287


  1. Didron, 346-347.


  1. Carpenter, 48.

  1. Acharya, CC, 146.

  1. Massey, HJMC, 25.


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Ancient Egyptian engraving of the Gnostic Horus, termed ―Jesus Christ in the character of

Horus‖


(Massey, HJMC, 25)


Further clarification regarding the astrological poetry around Jesus may be found at John

14:2, which says: ―In my father‘s house are many mansions.‖ The original Greek word is μοναὶ or monai, the singular of which is defined by Strong‘s (G3438) as ―a staying, abiding, dwelling, abode,‖ while the Oxford Classical Greek Dictionary includes the word ―mansion‖ in its definition. This odd saying has been interpreted as a reference to the 12 signs or ―houses‖ of the zodiac.288


42. At Luke 22:10 when Jesus is asked by his disciples where the last Passover will be, Jesus replied: “Behold, when ye are entered into the city, there shall a man meet you bearing a pitcher of water... follow him into the house where he entereth in.” This scripture is by far one of the most revealing of all the astrological references. The man bearing a pitcher of water is Aquarius, the water-bearer, who is always pictured as a man pouring out a pitcher of water. He represents the age after Pisces, and when the Sun, “God’s Sun,” leaves the Age of Pisces, “Jesus,” it will go into the House of Aquarius, as Aquarius follows Pisces in the precession of the equinoxes. All Jesus is saying is that after the Age of Pisces will come the Age of Aquarius.


Aquarius is Latin for ―water-bearer/carrier.‖ Its significance is summarized by Maxwell:


According to astrology, sometime after the year 2010, the Sun will enter His new Sign, or His new Kingdom, as it was called by the ancients. This new coming Sign/Kingdom, soon to be upon us, will be, according to the Zodiac, the House or Sign of Aquarius. So when we read in Luke 22:10, we now understand why God‘s Sun states that He and His followers, at the last Passover, are to go into ―the house of the man with the water pitcher.‖ So we see that in the coming millennium, God‘s Sun will bring us into His new


Kingdom or House of Aquarius (the man with the water pitcher).289 Murdock likewise suggests that this pericope refers to the Aquarian Age:


Jesus [evidently] makes mention of the precession of the equinoxes of the change of the ages when he says to the disciples, who are asking about how to prepare for the

―Passover‖: ―Behold, when you have entered the city, a man a carrying a pitcher of water will meet you; follow him into the house which he enters…‖ (Lk 22:10) This famous yet enigmatic passage [ostensibly] refers to the ―house‖ or Age of Aquarius, the Water-Bearer, and Jesus is instructing his disciples to pass over into it.290


Combined with all the evidence we have seen regarding the astrology of the Bible and Christian tradition, along with the astrotheology of much Pagan religion and mythology that Judaism and Christianity are based on, these conclusions are logical and more scientific than believing fabulous biblical tales as either ―historical‖ or ―just made up.‖ In other words, the most


  1. In strict astrological parlance, the ―houses‖ differ from the signs; yet, they have ―the same boundaries as the twelve signs in the chart.‖

  2. Maxwell, 43.

  1. Acharya, CC, 146.


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scientific conclusion is not that various supernatural motifs found in the New Testament tale are either ―factual‖ or simply fabricated on the spot by zealous followers of an otherwise ―historical‖ Jesus: In reality, they are mythical, as found in the myths of predecessors gods and goddesses, and possess astrotheological meaning as they did in those myths.


43. Now, we have all heard about the end times and the end of the world. The cartoonish depictions in the Book of Revelation aside, a main source of this idea comes from Matthew 28:20, where Jesus says “I will be with you even to the end of the world.” However, in the King James Version, “world” is a mistranslation, among many mistranslations. The actual word being used is

aeon”, which means “age.” “I will be with you even to the end of the age.” Which is true, as Jesus’ Solar Piscean personification will end when the Sun enters the Age of Aquarius. The entire concept of end times and the end of the world is a misinterpreted astrological allegory. Let’s tell that to the approximately 100 million people in America who believe the end of the world is coming.


As we have seen, Matthew 28:20 states: ―I will be with you even to the end of the age.‖ The

Greek word ―aion‖ or ―aeon‖ means ―age.‖ If God meant to say ―end of the world,‖ He would have used the Greek word ―kosmos.‖ As it had been in previous editions such as the Bishop‘s


Bible (1568), the word was mistranslated as ―world‖ in the King James Bible but has been corrected to ―age‖ in the New King James Version as well as several other more modern English translations. Jerome‘s Latin Vulgate translation uses the word saeculum, which likewise means ―age,‖ among other meanings. The Latin word for ―world‖ is mundus.


Concerning this development, Massey remarks:


In the course of Precession, about 255 B.C., the vernal birthplace passed into the sign of the Fishes, and the Messiah who had been represented for 2155 years by the Ram or Lamb, and previously for other 2155 years by the Apis Bull, was now imaged as the Fish, or the ―Fish-man,‖ called Ichthys in Greek. The original Fish-manthe An of Egypt, and the Oan of Chaldeaprobably dates from the previous cycle of precession, or 26,000 years earlier; and about 255 B.C., the Messiah, as the Fish-man, was to come up once more as the Manifestor from the celestial waters. The coming Messiah is called Dag, the Fish, in the Talmud; and the Jews at one time connected his coming with some conjunction, or occurrence, in the sign of the Fishes! This shows the Jews were not only in possession of the astronomical allegory, but also of the tradition by which it could be interpreted.291


Regarding the strange imagery in the biblical book of Revelation, Dr. George A. Wells connects the figure seven to the sun, moon and five planets that make up the days of the week:


Revelations figuring the heavenly Jesus as a lamb with seven horns and seven eyes ―which are the spirits of God sent forth into all the earth‖ (5:6) is a manifold reworking of old traditions. Horns are a sign of power (Deuteronomy 33:17) and in Daniel designated kingly power. The seven eyes which inform the lamb of is happening all over the earth seem to be residues from ancient astrological lore...according to which Gods eyes are the sun, the moon, and the five planets...292

The Book of Revelation is a highly astrotheological text, apparently depicting the Great Year or

Precession of Equinoxes. For more on this subject, see the chapter ―The Meaning of Revelation‖ in Murdock‘s The Christ Conspiracy. Suffice it to say that the biblical Armageddon will only take place at all if humanity brings it to pass by its own hand, especially by believing in this purported biblical blueprint.


  1. Massey, Lectures, 7-8.


  1. Wells, WWJ, 179.


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44. Furthermore, the character of Jesus, being a literary and astrological hybrid, is most explicitly a plagiarization of the Egyptian sun god Horus. For example, inscribed about 3,500 years ago, on the walls at the Temple of Luxor in Egypt are images of the enunciation, the miracle conception, the birth, and the adoration of Horus. The images begin with Thoth announcing to the virgin Isis that she will conceive Horus, then Kneph the holy ghost impregnating the virgin, and then the virgin birth and the adoration.


Regarding the birth scene of Amenhotep III at Luxor, Egyptologist Dr. Sharpe states:


In this picture we have the Annunciation, the Conception, the Birth, and the Adoration, as described in the First and Second Chapters of Luke‘s Gospel; and as we have historical assurance that the chapters in Matthew‘s Gospel which contain the Miraculous Birth of Jesus are an after addition not in the earliest manuscripts, it seems probable that these two poetical chapters in Luke may also be unhistorical, and be borrowed from the Egyptian accounts of the miraculous birth of their kings.



Although his interpretations have been challenged, Murdock demonstrates several important aspects of Sharpe‘s contentions to have a factual basis, and concludes:


Regardless of the order of the scenes, or the terminology used to describe elements thereof, the fact remains that at the Temple of Luxor is depicted the conception upon a virgin by the highly important father god, Amun, to produce a divine son. As we have seen, Amun‘s divine child in this birth cycle is the ―bringer of salvation,‖ and this myth of the miraculous birth of the divine savior likely was ―recorded of every Egyptian king,‖ making it highly noticeable long before the Christ figure was ever conceived.


The Luxor nativity scene represents the birth sequence of an obviously very important god-king, as it was depicted in one of the most famous Egyptian sites that endured for some 2,000 years. Egypt, it should be kept in mind, was a mere stone‘s throw from the Israelite homeland, with a well-trodden ―Horus road,‖ called in the ancient texts the ―Ways of Horus‖ or ―Way of Horus,‖ linking the two nations and possessing numerous Egyptian artifacts, including a massive, long-lived fort and Horus temple at the site of Tharu, for instance. Moreover, at the time when Christianity was formulated, there were an estimated 1 million Jews, Hebrews, Samaritans and other Israelitish people in Egypt, making up approximately one-half of the important and influential city of Alexandria. The question is, with all the evident influence from the Egyptian religion upon Christianity that we have seen so farand will continue to see abundantlywere the creators of the Christian myth aware of this highly significant birth scene from this significant temple site in Egypt? If not, these scenes were widespread enough right up to and into the common eracould the creators of Christianity really have been oblivious to these images and the stories of royal divine births they depict?293


An extensive discussion of this subject can be found in Murdock‘s article ―The Nativity Scene at Luxor‖ and in her book Christ in Egypt, pp. 167-194.


293 Murdock, CIE, 193-194.


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45. This is exactly the story of Jesus’ miracle conception. In fact, the literary similarities between the Egyptian religion and the Christian religion are staggering. And the plagiarism is continuous. The story of Noah and Noah’s


Ark is taken directly from tradition. The concept of a Great Flood is ubiquitous throughout the ancient world, with over 200 cited claims in differ-ent periods and times.


The existence of flood myths other than the biblical one is well known, as is the sensible suggestion that Noah‘s Ark is a mythical tale.294 Regarding the flood, Barbara Walker states:


The biblical flood story, the ―deluge,‖ was a late offshoot of a cycle of flood myths known everywhere in the ancient world. Thousands of years before the Bible was written, an ark was built by the Sumerian Ziusudra. In Akkad, the flood hero‘s name was Atrakhasis. In Babylon he was Uta-Napishtim, the only mortal to become immortal. In Greece he was Deucalion, who repopulated the earth after the waters subsided [and after the ark landed on Mt. Parnassos]. In Armenia, the hero was Xisuthrosa corruption of Sumerian Ziusudrawhose ark landed on Mount Ararat.


According to the original Chaldean account, the flood hero was told by his god, ―Build a vessel and finish it. By a deluge I will destroy substance and life. Cause thou to go up into the vessel the substance of all that has life….295


Putting an even greater number to the myths, Boston University professor Dr. Robert M. Schoch writes:


Noah is but one tale in a worldwide collection of at least 500 flood myths, which are the most widespread of all ancient myths and therefore can be considered among the oldest. Stories of a great deluge are found on every inhabited continent and among a great many different language and culture groups.296

46. However, one need look no further for a pre-Christian source than the Epic of Gilgamesh, written in 2600 B.C. This story talks of a Great Flood commanded by God, an Ark with saved animals upon it, and even the release and return of a dove, all held in common with the biblical story, among many other similarities.


Regarding the Epic of Gilgamesh, British archaeologist Dr. R. Campbell Thompson states:


The Epic of Gilgamish, written in cuneiform on Assyrian and Babylonian clay tablets, is one of the most interesting poems in the world. It is of great antiquity, and, inasmuch as a fragment of a Sumerian Deluge text is extant, it would appear to have had its origin with the Sumerians at a remote period, perhaps the fourth millennium, or even earlier. Three tablets of it exist written in Semitic (Akkadian), which cannot be much later than 2,000 B.C….297


Biblical scholar Dr. Howard M. Teeple further discusses the biblical flood tale and its apparent sources:


The famous Graf-Wellhausen Hypothesis assigned letters to the four main sources [of the Noah‘s Ark story]... The two sources for the Flood story are J and P.... J has additional parallels with one of more of the Sumerian and Babylonian versions of the story. The exact day that the Flood will begin was predetermined; a special period of seven days preceded the Flood; one or more intervals of seven days occurred at the end of the flood; the hero opened a window or hatch at the end of the voyage; a covering for


  1. For more information on Noah‘s Ark, see Murdock‘s Christ Conspiracy and Suns of God.


  1. Walker, B., WEMS, 315.

  1. Schoch, 249.

  1. Thompson, 9.


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the Ark as the Flood neared its end, and the raven did not return... The Lord liked the smell of burnt offering, as did gods in general in the Gilgamesh Epic.


P, too, has parallels with the one of more of the Mesopotamian accounts. The size of the Ark is given; the deity specified its size, shape, and number of decks; pitch is used in its construction; the ark‘s door is mentioned; the ship lands on a mountain or mountains.

After the Flood was over, the god Enlil blessed the hero and his wife in the Gilgamesh Epic, as God blessed Noah and his sons in P.


The large number of parallels demonstrates that the...Flood (Genesis) accounts are derived ultimately from the Mesopotamian versions that preceded them....This fact indicated that J‘s source was not identical with P‘s source, which is not surprising, considering that many forms of the story were in circulation, and that P was incorporated in genesis four or five centuries later...


When the Genesis Flood is traced back to its ultimate sources, which are the Sumerian story and the Babylonian versions of it, those sources very clearly are fictional. The sources are poetry, composed and transmitted for entertainment and to promote various ideas.298


47. And then there is the plagiarized story of Moses. Upon Moses’s birth, it is said that he was placed in a reed basket and set adrift in a river in order to avoid infanticide. He was later rescued by a daughter of royalty and raised by her as a Prince. This baby in a basket story was lifted directly from the myth of Sargon of Akkad of around 2250 B.C. Sargon was born, placed in a reed basket in order to avoid infanticide, and set adrift in a river. He was in turn rescued and raised by Akki, a royal mid-wife.


The Moses nativity story can be found at Exodus 2:1-10. Concerning Moses and Sargon, British Assyriologist Dr. George Smith says:


In the palace of Sennacherib at Kouyunjik I found another fragment of the curious history of Sargon... This text relates, that Sargon, an early Babylonian monarch, was born of royal parents, but concealed by his mother, who placed him on the Euphrates in an ark of rushes, coated with bitumen, like that in which the mother of Moses hid her child, see Exodus ii. Sargon was discovered by a man named Akki, a water-carrier, who adopted him as his son, and he afterwards became king of Babylonia.... The date of Sargon, who may be termed the Babylonian Moses, was in the sixteenth century B.C. or perhaps earlier.299


Regarding this theme, Murdock says:


Like Moses, [the Indian virgin-born hero Karna] was placed by his mother in a reed boat and set adrift in a river to be discovered by another woman. The Akkadian Sargon also was placed in a reed basket and set adrift to save his life. In fact, ―The name Moses is Egyptian and comes from mo, the Egyptian word for water, and uses, meaning saved from water...‖300


1294
History of religion / Re: What's The story of religion?
« on: September 21, 2016, 01:39:09 PM »


Helios in his chariot with Christian cross, with 12 apostles/signs of zodiac circling c. 813-820 AD/CE

(Ptolemy's Handy Tables, Vaticanus graecus 1291)


38. From 4300 B.C. to 2150 B.C., it was the Age of Taurus, the Bull. From 2150 B.C. to 1 A.D., it was the Age of Aries, the Ram, and from 1 A.D. to 2150 A.D. it is the Age of Pisces, the age we are still in to this day, and in and around 2150, we will enter the new age: the Age of Aquarius.


This information is readily available,277 although there remains a question as to when exactly these ages begin and end, as there is a sort of ―no man‘s land‖ of a couple hundred years when the sun is between constellations, so to speak. For example, estimates of when the Age of Pisces began range from 255 or 150 years BCE to 0 AD/CE.


39. Now, the Bible reflects, broadly speaking, a symbolic movement through three ages, while foreshadowing a fourth. In the Old Testament when Moses comes down Mount Sinai with the 10 Commandments, he is very upset to see his people worshipping a golden bull calf. In fact, he shattered the stone tablets and instructed his people to kill each other in order to purify them-selves. Most biblical scholars would attribute this anger to the fact that the Israelites were worshipping a false idol, or something to that effect. The reality is—the golden bull is Taurus the Bull, and Moses represents the new Age of Aries the Ram. This is why Jews even today still blow the Ram’s horn.


(Jos 6:4) Moses represents the new Age of Aries, and upon the new age, ev-eryone must shed the old age. Other deities mark these transitions as well, such as Mithra, a pre-Christian god who kills the bull, in the same symbology.


The stories of the golden bull calf (Exd 32:34) and the instruction to his people to kill each other in order to purify themselves (Exd 32:27) are found in the biblical Book of Exodus. With regard to the Bull/Calf symbolism as it relates to the Age of Taurus, along with the transition into the Age of Aries, the Ram, Carpenter explains:


277 See, e.g., ―Axial precession‖ and ―Age of Aquarius‖ on Wikipedia.


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...the Precession of the Equinoxes caused the Sun, at its moment of triumph over the powers of darkness, to stand at one period in the constellation of the Bull, and at a period some two thousand years later in the constellation of the Ram. It was perfectly natural therefore that a change in the sacred symbols should, in the course of time, take place; yet perfectly natural also that these symbols, having once been consecrated and adopted, should continue to be honored and clung to long after the time of their astronomical appropriateness had passed, and so to be found side by side in later centuries....


It is indeed easy to imagine that the change from the worship of the Bull to the worship of the Lamb which undoubtedly took place among various peoples as time went on, was only a ritual change initiated by the priests in order to put on record and harmonize with the astronomical alteration. Anyhow it is curious that while Mithra in the early times was specially associated with the bull, his association with the lamb belonged more to the Roman period. Somewhat the same happened in the case of Attis. In the Bible we read of the indignation of Moses at the setting up by the Israelites of a Golden Calf, after the sacrifice of the ram-lamb had been institutedas if indeed the rebellious people were returning to the earlier cult of Apis which they ought to have left behind them in Egypt. In Egypt itself, too, we find the worship of Apis, as time went on, yielding place to that of the Ram-headed god Amun, or Jupiter Ammon. So that both from the Bible and from Egyptian history we may conclude that the worship of the Lamb or Ram succeeded to the worship of the Bull.278



The association of the bull-slaying god Mithra with the sign or Age of Taurus the Bull was made by Porphyry (c. 232/4-c. 305),279 and from the evidence it is clear he was repeating an older tradition. In addition to Porphyry, ―the third-century church father Origen also confirms the importance to Mithraism of the stars.‖280


Concerning Mithraism, philosophy professor Dr. David Ulansey says that ―recent work has raised the possibility that Mithraic sanctuaries were used as astronomical observatories and

  1. Carpenter, 46-48.


  1. Ulansey, 17.

  1. Ulansey, 18.


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that holes piercing the walls and ceilings of the temples may have been placed for specific astronomical purposes.‖281

Dr. Ulansey also concludes:


...the Mithraists came to know about and attribute importance of the position of the celestial equator as it was when the spring equinox was in Taurus... 282


As we have seen, the knowledge of the precession evidently dates back centuries before being formally described in writing by Hipparchus in the second century BCE and it appears that in Mithraism we possess a clear vestige of myths and traditions developed during the Age of Taurus as well as centuries afterward in order to reflect the supposedly proper mythology for that time period. This point about Mithra‘s relationship to Taurus is demonstrated quite well by Ulansey in his book The Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries.


It is important to recall that these ―ages‖ are symbolic and do not represent exact periods.

Moreover, rather than being a chronicle of ―history‖ written by those who purportedly experienced it, the Old Testament is a collection of stories compiled over a period of centuries. Scholars who claim the event is historical put Exodus around the 15th century BCE. In turn, this date is used as an argument against the above point under the supposition that the Exodus reflects true, literal history.


As we have seen, however, odds are there is relatively little real history in many of these biblical texts, and these largely constitute fictional/allegorical stories. So, the argument that 1400 BCE is later in time than the generalized beginning of the Age of Aries, which is around 2150 BCE (plus or minus a few centuries), is not viable, because the ―real‖ biblical events simply cannot be proved to be historical, and the texts concerning them were largely composed in the centuries after the Babylonian Exile (6th cent. BCE), when Jewish priests evidently learned about Babylonian astrology. From earlier strata of these texts, such as the Book of Job, it appears the Hebrews also knew the more rudimentary Chaldean star-worship and astronomy as well.


40. Now Jesus is the figure who ushers in the age following Aries, the Age of Pisces or the Two Fish. Fish symbolism is very abundant in the New Testament. Jesus feeds 5,000 people with bread and “two fish.” When he begins his ministry walking along Galilee, he befriends two fisherman, who follow him.


The motifs of Jesus miraculously feeding the crowd with two fish (Mt 14:17; Jn 6:9) and the two fishermen (Mt 4:19) can be found in the New Testament. The gospel of John is loaded with fishy imagery, including Jesus essentially establishing the fish as the symbol of the Christian age, when he emphasizes it in the last chapter, after his Resurrection:


Jesus said to them, "Children, have you any fish?" They answered him, "No." (Jn 21:5)


The Greek word for fish is ΙΧΘΥΣ, which has been held since ancient times as a symbol of

Jesus Christ, thus further reinforcing the apparent astrological symbolism of Christianity, since we have been astrologically in the Age of Pisces during the ―Christian era.‖ The fish symbol is therefore found all over the place in Christian tradition: As another example, early

Christians were called ―Pisciculi‖ or ―little fishes.‖ As the Catholic Encyclopedia states: ―Among the symbols employed by the primitive Christians, that of the fish ranks probably first in importance.‖283 In this regard, French historian and archaeologist Dr. Adolphe Napoléon Didron says:


  1. Ulansey, 17.


  1. Ulansey, 62.

  1. CE, VI, 83.


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The fish, in the opinion of antiquarians in general, is the symbol of Jesus Christ... A fish is sculptured upon a number of Christian monuments, and more particularly upon the ancient sarcophagi... It is seen also upon medals bearing the name of our Saviour, and upon engraved stones, cameos and intaglios, The fish is also to be remarked upon the amulets worn, suspended from the neck by children, and upon ancient glasses and sepulchral lamps....


...Tertullian adds, ―We are little fishes in Christ our great fish.‖284


41. And I think we’ve all seen the Jesus-fish on the backs of people’s cars.

Little do they know what it actually means. It is a Pagan astrological symbolism for the Sun’s Kingdom during the Age of Pisces. Also, Jesus’ assumed birth date is essentially the start of this age.


Concerning Jesus‘s connection to the astrological Age of Pisces, Carpenter comments:


Finally it has been pointed out...that in the quite early years of Christianity the Fish came in as an accepted symbol of Jesus Christ. Considering that after the domination of Taurus and Aries, the Fish (Pisces) comes next in succession as the Zodiacal sign for the Vernal Equinox, and is now the constellation in which the Sun stands at that period, it seems not impossible that the astronomical change has been the cause of the adoption of this new symbol.285


Indeed, it is likewise important to point out that the LAMB too was associated with Jesus early on. This fact represents a residual reference to the Age of Aries, while the Fish is the Age of Pisces, the next age in the precession of the equinoxes. Coupled with the astrological symbolism in other parts of the Bible, it would be logical to conclude that we are seeing more of the same here. Concerning this development, Murdock concludes:


As Moses was created to usher in the Age of Aries, so was Jesus to serve as the Avatar of the Age of Pisces, which is evident from the abundant fish imagery used throughout the gospel tale. This zodiacal connection has been so suppressed that people with the fish symbol on the back of their cars have no idea what it stands for, although they are fallaciously told it represents ―ICHTHYS,‖ as anagram for ―Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior,‖ ichthys also being the Greek word for fish.286



1295
History of religion / Re: What's The story of religion?
« on: September 21, 2016, 01:37:59 PM »


35. This is why Jesus in early occult art is always shown with his head on the cross, for Jesus is the sun, the “Sun of God,” the “Light of the World,” the “Risen Savior,” who will “come again,” as it does every morning, the Glory of

God who defends against the works of darkness, as he is “born again” every morning, and can be seen “coming in the clouds,” “up in Heaven,” with his “Crown of Thorns,” or, sun rays.


All of these characteristics can be found in the Bible (King James Version):


―Light of the World‖ (Jn 9:5)

―The Risen Savior‖ (Mt 28:6) ―come again‖ (Jn 14:3) ―Glory of God‖ (2 Cor 4:6)

defends against the works of darkness (Rom 13:12)


―born again‖ (Jn 3:3)

―coming in the clouds‖ (Mk 13:26) in Heaven (Jn 3:13)


―Crown of Thorns‖ (Jn 19:5)


The saintly halo originated with the sun-god Helios, as pointed out even by Christian writers, such as Wayne Blank of Daily Bible Study:


The heads of Saints didn‘t really glow as is so often portrayed in religious art. The use of the halo, or nimbus, originated with the pagan Greeks and Romans to represent their sun god, Helios. Later artists adopted it for use in Christian images.


The halo is actually just the sun behind the person‘s head... It‘s easy to recognize once one realizes what it is, although it‘s also often stylized to make it less obvious.


Originally a very devious way of mixing idolatrous sun worship with Christianity by converts who were not all that converted, the pagan halo became an unfortunate tradition in Christian art.270


As concerns Christ‘s solar nature, Dr. K.A. Heinrich Kellner, a professor of Catholic Theology at the University of Bonn, states:


The comparison of Christ with the sun, and of His work with the victory of light over darkness, frequently appears in the writings of the Fathers. St. Cyprian spoke of Christ


  1. Maxwell, 41.


  1. Blank, ―Sunday is Not the Sabbath.‖


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as the true sun (sol verus). St. Ambrose says precisely, ―He is our new sun (Hic sol novus noster).‖…271

For more on the subject, see Murdock‘s Jesus as the Sun God throughout the Ages, as well as


―Jesus Christ, Sun of God‖ in Suns of God.



‗Cristo sole‘—Christ as the sun god with chariot and horses

c. 240 AD/CE


(St. Peter‘s Basilica, Vatican)


36. Now, of the many astrological-astronomical metaphors in the Bible, one of the most important has to do with the ages. Throughout the scriptures there are numerous references to the “Age.” In order to understand this, we need to be familiar with the phenomenon known as the precession of the equinoxes. The ancient Egyptians along with cultures long before them recognized that approximately every 2,150 years the sunrise on the morning of the spring equinox would occur at a different sign of the Zodiac.


First of all, it should be understood that the figure of 2,150 years is not an exact date for the precession of the equinoxes, which is around 25,800 years long, rounded up to 26,000. Secondly, although in the second century, the Greek astronomer Hipparchus of Nicea became the first to formalize the precession in writing, around 130 BCE, this knowledge seems to date back several centuries to millennia before that time. As Murdock elaborates:


Another important factor in ancient astrotheology is the precession of the equinoxes, a phenomenon caused by the earth‘s off-axis tilt, whereby the sun at the vernal equinox (spring) is back-dropped by a different constellation every 2,150 or so years, a period called an ―age.‖ One cycle of the precession through the 12 signs of the zodiacal ages is called a ―Great Year,‖ and is approximately 26,000 years long. According to orthodox history, the precession was only ―discovered‖ in the second century BCE by the Greek astronomer Hipparchus; however, it is clear from ancient texts, traditions, artifacts and monuments that more ancient peoples knew about it and attempted to compensate for it from age to age. In Hamlet’s Mill, Santillana and Dechend demonstrate knowledge of the precession at much earlier times, stating: ―There is good reason to assume that he [Hipparchus] actually rediscovered this, that it had been known some thousand years previously, and that on it the Archaic Age based its long-range computation of time.‖272


  1. Kellner, 151.


  1. Acharya, SOG, 40.


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Astronomer Dr. Krupp agrees:


Circumstantial evidence implies that the awareness of the shifting equinoxes may be of considerable antiquity, for we find, in Egypt at least, a succession of cults whose iconography and interest focus on duality, the bull, and the ram at appropriate periods for Gemini, Taurus, and Aries in the precessional cycle of the equinoxes.273

This scenario is described further thus:


Each year the sun passes entirely around the zodiac and returns to the point from which it started—the vernal equinox—and each year it falls just a little short of making the complete circle of the heavens in the allotted period of time. As a result, it crosses the equator just a little behind the spot in the zodiacal sign where it crossed the previous year. Each sign of the zodiac consists of thirty degrees, and as the sun loses about one degree every seventy two years, it regresses through one entire constellation (or sign) in approximately 2,160 years, and through the entire zodiac in about 25,920 years. (Authorities disagree concerning these figures.) This retrograde motion is called the precession of the equinoxes. This means that in the course of about 25,920 years, which constitute one Great Solar or Platonic Year, each one of the twelve constellations occupies a position at the vernal equinox for nearly 2,160 years, then gives place to the previous sign.


Among the ancients the sun was always symbolized by the figure and nature of the constellation through which it passed at the vernal equinox. For nearly the past 2,000 years the sun has crossed the equator at the vernal equinox in the constellation of Pisces (the Two Fishes). For the 2,160 years before that it crossed through the constellation of Aries (the Ram). Prior to that the vernal equinox was in the sign of Taurus (the Bull). It is probable that the form of the bull and the bull‘s proclivities were assigned to this constellation because the bull was used by the ancients to plow the fields, and the season set aside for plowing and furrowing corresponded to the time at which the sun reached the segment of the heavens named Taurus.274

Please see A.L. Berger‘s Obliquity and precession for the last 5 million years,275 and Nicholas

Campion‘s The Great Year for more on the precession phenomenon.



  1. Krupp, ISAA, 218.


  1. Hall, 151.

  1. Berger, 127.


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37. This has to do with a slow angular wobble that the Earth maintains as it rotates on its axis. It is called a precession because the constellations go backwards, rather than through the normal yearly cycle. The amount of time that it takes for the precession to go through all 12 signs is roughly 25,765 years. This is also called the “Great Year,” and ancient societies were very aware of this. They referred to each 2150 year period as an “age.”


In discussing this theme as it concerns Christianity, it is important to recall the highly astrological contents of the Bible, not only as metaphor, but also as explicitly signified in the stories themselves. For example, Job 38:31-33 (NKJV) says:


Can you bind the cluster of the Pleiades, Or loose the belt of Orion? Can you bring out Mazzaroth in its season? Or can you guide the Great Bear with its cubs? Do you know the ordinances of the heavens? Can you set their dominion over the earth?...


According to Strong‘s Concordance (H4216), the Hebrew word מרזה or ―Mazzaroth‖ means ―the 12 signs of the Zodiac and their 36 associated constellations.‖ Furthermore, there are many references to an ―age‖ in the Bible as well, such as the following examples (NASB):


―I am with you always, even to the end of the age.‖ (Mt 28:20)

―…it shall not be forgiven him, either in this age or in the age to come.‖ (Mt 12:32) ―…the harvest is the end of the age…‖ (Mt 13:39)


―…what will be the sign of Your coming, and of the end of the age?‖ (Mt 24:3) ―…in the age to come, eternal life.‖ (Lk 18:30)


―Where is the debater of this age?‖ (1 Cr 1:20) ―…he is wise in this age…‖ (1 Cr 3:18)

―…upon whom the ends of the ages have come.‖ (1 Cr 10:11) ―…not only in this age but also in the one to come.‖ (Eph 1:21) ―…the powers of the age to come…‖ (Hbr 6:5)


―…he has appeared once for all at the end of the age to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself.‖ (Hbr 9:26) (RSV)


The Greek word in question is αἰών or ―aion‖/‖aeon,‖ which Strong‘s (G165) defines as:


  1. for ever, an unbroken age, perpetuity of time, eternity

  2. the worlds, universe

  3. period of time, age


While this term is often rendered ―world,‖ a more appropriate word for ―world‖ in Greek is

κόσμος or ―kosmos.‖ In any case, the Greek word αἰών appears 128 times in 102 verses in the New Testament, demonstrating its importance.


When other factors are included in the analysis, such as the ubiquitous mythical motifs of the bull, ram and fish, it appears that some of these biblical quotes may refer to the precessional ages. Indeed, the ―aions‖ or ―aeons‖ become personified within Gnosticism, a development that Church father Hippolytus calls a ―Chaldean heresy,‖ ―Chaldean‖ referring to the famous astrologer sect. We also find references in the early Church fathers to ―new ages‖ or a ―new age,‖ using the word ―aion‖ or ―aeon,‖ such as in the Acts of the Disputation by Archelaus, or ὁ


νέος αἰὼν—―the new age‖—in the Commentary on Luke attributed to Eusebius.276


It is unclear if these ―new ages‖ refer to the astrological eras based on the precession of the equinoxes; however, the evidence indicates that members of the power structure and intelligentsiaalso frequently initiates into brotherhoods and mystery schoolswere not only aware of the precession but indeed attempted to align their ideas, scriptures and iconography to these various ―ages‖ or ―aeons.‖


276 Roberts, ANF, VI, 186. The original Greek is ἀυίησι τὸν βῶλον μετὰ τοῦ νέου αἰῶνος, which is translated by Roberts, et al., as: ―Then, again, he lets the soil go with the new æon.‖ See ΕΥΣΕΒΙΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΑΣ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΚΑΤΑ ΛΟΥΚΑΝ ΕΥΑΓΓΕΛΙΟΝ (―Eusebius of Caesarea on The Gospel According to Luke‖), line 00902.


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The fact that in the second century these aeons were unquestionably identified with the 12 apostles, who were likewise equated with the signs of the zodiac, lends credence to this concept of aeons at times also representing the zodiacal signs or ages, centuries before the so-called Christian era. The same can be said of the god ―Aion of the Aions,‖ who was clearly solar, apparently representing the archetypical sun surrounded by the 12.



1296
History of religion / Re: What's The story of religion?
« on: September 21, 2016, 01:36:48 PM »


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Pagan examples:


The 12 Ahhazu or Demons of the Sumerians236

The 12 Tablets/Adventures of Gilgamesh237

The 12 Gods of Egypt238

The 12 Divisions of the Tuat239

The 12 Companions of Horus/Osiris

The 12 Olympian Gods


The 12 Tasks of Hercules

The 12 Daughters of Priam240

The 12 Children of Amphion and Niobe241

The 12 Daughters of Boeotia and Metope242

The 12 Gods of the Romans and Etruscans

The 12 Sons of the Etruscan Mother Goddess243

The 12 Shields of Mars244

The 12 Altars of Janus245

The 12 Devas of India246

The 12 Names of the Indian Sun God Surya

The 12 Terrifying Aspects of Shiva247

The 12 Adityas of the Indian ―Mother of Worlds‖248

The 12 Labors of the Virgin-Born Arjuna249

The 12 Generals of Ahura-Mazda250

The 12 Aesir of the Norse251

The 12 Berserkers of the Norse252

The 12 Mountains of Ebhlenn253

The 12 Horse-Children of Boreas254

The 12 White Horses of the Polish Sun God255

The 12 Stones of Cenn Cruiach256

The 12 Rivers of the Elivagar257

The 12 Horses and Hounds of Gwydion258


The 12 Moons of China259


  1. Turner, 28.


  1. Encyclopedia Britannica, XII, 19.

  1. See Murdock, CIE, 262, et seq.; Turner, 177.


  1. Turner, 3.


  1. Turner, 389.

  1. Turner, 47.

  1. Turner, 74.

  1. Turner, 10.

  1. Griffiths, DV, 95.

  1. Burchett, 41.

  1. Turner, 147.


  1. Turner, 99.

  1. Turner, 15.

  1. Turner, 69.

  1. Turner, 33.

  1. Turner, 22.

  1. Turner, 98.

  1. Turner, 162.

  1. Turner, 105.


  1. Larousse, 284.

  1. Turner, 117. The Celtic figure Cenn Cruiach was known as the "Lord of the Mound" whose "likeness was produced in gold, surrounded by twelve stones."


  1. Turner, 165.

  1. Turner, 199.

  1. Turner, 225.


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The 12 Generals of the Japanese Divine Physician260


The 12 Yiyantsinni of the Navaho, Pueblo, Iroquois261 The 12 First People of the Navajo262


We have already discussed the hidden meaning of the 12 tribes, et al., according to Josephus and Philo: In short, the number represents the months of the year and signs of the zodiac. We have also seen that the 12 represent the hours of day and night. The assignment of ―the Twelve‖ as zodiacal signs is evident from their presence in Zoroastrian mythology, as related by Patricia Turner and Charles Russell Coulter:


Akhtar, The (Persia)


They are the twelve constellations created by Ahura Mazda, who are regarded as generals of his army....263


Moreover, in Gnosticism the 12 signs were the ―aeons,‖ which were concretely equated with the twelve apostles in the second century.264 In addition, in the seventh century, the famed Churchman Venerable Bede reiterated the tradition of identifying the 12 apostles with the zodiacal signs,265 which was hundreds of years old by that time.


As but one example of how gospel characters were created to reflect the zodiac, George R. Goodman states:


... but the greatest denouement awaits the investigator who makes use of the Julian calendar in the Roman Catholic calendar of Saints in connection with the large zodiac. He will find that the death of John the Baptist is fixed on August 29th. On that day, a specially bright star, representing the head of the constellation Aquarius, rises whilst the rest of his body is below the horizon, at exactly the same time as the sun sets in Leo (the kingly sign representing Herod). Thus the latter beheads

John, because John is associated with Aquarius, and the horizon



cuts off the head of Aquarius!266

Aquarius Beheaded




Murdock summarizes this astrotheological motif:

(Cellarius, Atlas, pl. 27)



...it is no accident that there are 12 patriarchs, 12 tribes of Israel

and 12 disciples, 12 being the number of the astrological signs, as well as the 12

―houses‖ through which the sun passes each day and the 12 hours of the day and night. Indeed, like the 12 Herculean tasks, the 12 ―helpers‖ of Horus, and the 12 ―generals‖ of Ahura-Mazda, Jesus‘s 12 ―disciples‖ are symbolic for the zodiacal signs and do not depict any literal figures who played out a drama upon the earth circa 30

CE.267


  1. Turner, 511.

  1. Turner, 81. These are 12 men who help the creator hold up the sun with poles.

  1. Turner, 471.


  1. Turner, 33.

  1. Murdock, CIE, 262.

  1. Murdock, CIE, 254.

  1. Goodman, 182.

  1. Acharya, CC, 166-167. For more information, see ―The Disciples are the Signs of the Zodiac‖ in The Christ Conspiracy, pp. 166-183.


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Mithra surrounded by the signs of the Zodiac


Bas-relief, Modena, Italy (Cumont, Revue archéologique, I, 1902, p. 1)


34. Coming back to the cross of the Zodiac, the figurative life of the Sun, this was not just an artistic expression or tool to track the sun’s movements. It was also a Pagan spiritual symbol, the shorthand of which looked like this. This is not a symbol of Christianity. It is a Pagan adaptation of the cross of the Zodiac.


While we can never know the exact time of origin of this very ancient symbol, the cross, we can ascertain that it was related to either the zodiac or the sun, or both. Given the obvious Pagan influence upon Christianity, it is rational to consider the Christian cross an adaptation of its predecessors, extending its traditional significance. It is widely believed that the cross relates to the manner by which Jesus died; yet, there is no historical evidence for this contention, leaving us with the common, mythical explanation, especially when all the other parallels are taken into consideration. Hence, the meaning is likely preserved as the solar/stellar symbolism of the crux: the vernal equinox ―crossing,‖ the cruciform depictions ―with arms outstretched‖ of other figures, and the cross of the zodiac.


Olcott summarizes the cross‘s solar significance:


Chief among these ecclesiastical solar symbols is the cross, symbol of the Christian faith, a symbol that antedated the birth of Christ, and one that found its origin in solar worship. It occurs upon the monuments and utensils of every primitive people, from China to Yucatan. It may be asked, how did the cross, symbol of the sun, originate?...


The simple cross, with perpendicular and transverse arms of equal length, represents the nave and spokes of the solar wheel, sending forth its rays in all directions. In the ancient parish church of Bebington, Cheshire, England, there is to be seen to this day not only the solar wheel, as one of the adornments of the reredos, but deltas, acorns, and Maltese crosses (all of which are pagan symbols) enter profusely into the decorative features of the edifice....268

Jordan Maxwell likewise explains the zodiacal cross:


On the round surface of the yearly calendar, you draw a straight line directly across the middle, cutting the circle in halfone end being the point of the winter solstice; the other end being the point of the summer solstice. Then draw another straight line (crossing the first one). One end of the new line being the spring equinox; the other end being the autumn equinox... This is referred to by all major encyclopedias and reference work, both ancient and modern, as ―The Cross of the Zodiac.‖ Thus, the life of God‘s


268 Olcott, 300-301.


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―Sun‖ is on ―the Cross.‖ This is why we see the round circle of the Sun on the crosses of Christian Churches.269



1297
History of religion / Re: What's The story of religion?
« on: September 21, 2016, 01:35:35 PM »


The Southern Cross (Crux)

as seen after midnight on Dec. 25, 1 AD/CE rising in the south


It is important to point out that, just like that of Virgo, the relationship between the divine child and the cross is figurative and symbolic, and different scholars have varying hypothesizes regarding which equinox/solstice the Crux was most traditionally oriented to, mythologically speaking. Regardless, the association is clear in the astrotheological mythos.


The visibility of the stars and changing of the sky vis-à-vis the Southern Cross is described by astronomers David Ellyard and Wil Tirion:


...From 35 degrees south latitude, stars south of minus 55 degrees declination are always in view (if the sky is clear). So we can always see the Southern Cross and the Pointers, though you will find them in different parts of the sky depending on the time of the night and the year....


...the Southern Cross, which is high in the south-east in the early evening in May, will be high in the south-west three months later. In November it will be low in the south-west (and almost upside down), while an early February evening will find it low in the south-east but rising.225


It is claimed that the Southern Cross was not delineated as a separate constellation until centuries after it was purportedly incorporated into mythology in this manner, because it is not overtly described until that time.


In view of all the astrotheological information that clearly was passed along within religion and mythology, we could suggest that this motif itself is evidence of the constellation‘s significance in ancient times, even if it was not called the ―Southern Cross.‖ Certainly, when all things are weighed, and we discover mythology and astrotheology throughout the rest of the gospel storyas well as the knowledge that the cross itself is a solar symbol dating back thousands of yearswe are wise to consider that this striking motif is yet another of the same type.


It is important to point out that interpretations vary in regard to the cross symbolism, as different religions supply different information and thus interpretation. Indeed, there are other reasons for the three days and the cross motif, such as the vernal equinox, so in fact we can scientifically place it in the realm of mythology.


225 Ellyard, 12-13.


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The fundamental element common among these mythical variations is that the cross is astronomical, astrological or astrotheological in nature. As we have seen abundantly, the cross is a solar symbol that predated Christianity by many centuries, as did the image of the human figure on a cross.


30. And after this time on December 25th, the sun moves one degree, this time north, foreshadowing longer days, warmth, and Spring. And thus it was said: the sun died on the cross, was dead for three days, only to be resurrected or born again. This is why Jesus and numerous other sun gods share the crucifixion, three-day death, and resurrection concept.


With the circle of the zodiac being 360 degrees, and the year solar approximating 360 (+5) days, the ancients perceived the sun as moving one degree per day.


Concerning the winter solstice, Dr. S.B. Roy states:


Everyone looked to the day of the winter solstice when the sun would turn North. The astronomers would know the date even though the sun itself was not visible. This was the great day, for the spring would now come.226

Bonwick expands on the symbolism as it relates to the Egyptian mythos:


―Maspero, the Italian Egyptologist, inclines the same way. ―This daily birth and death of the sun,‖ says he, ―indefinitely repeated, had suggested to the Egyptians the myth of

Osiris. Likes all the gods, Osiris is the sun. Osiris-Khem-Ament, Infernal Osiris, sun of night, is re-born, as the sun in the morning, under the name of Horpechroud, Hor Child, the Harpocrates of the Greeks. Harpocrates [Horus], who is Osiris, struggles against Set, and the Bat, as the rising sun dissipates the shades of night. He avenges his father, but without annihilating his enemy. This struggle, which re-commences each day, and symbolizes the divine life, serves also as a symbol of human life.‖


But the sun appears to die and rise again at the solstice. For instance, on our shortest day, December 21st, the sun descends its lowest on the southern side. It is our depth of winter, our death of the sun. For three days the sun appears to stand still; that is, rising each morning at the same place, without advancing. Then it exhibits sudden vitality, leaves its grave December 25th, re-born, and progresses upward day by day towards us in the northern hemisphere. At the equinoxsay the vernalat Easter, the same phenomenon occurs. The sun has been below the equator, and suddenly rises above it, to our natural rejoicing. It has been, as it were, dead to us, but now it exhibits a resurrection.227


In this same regard, Rev. Dunbar T. Heath of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland remarks: ―...We find men taught everywhere, from Southern Arabia to Greece, by hundreds of symbolisms, the birth, death, and resurrection of deities, and a resurrection too, apparently 'after the second day,; i.e., on the third day (Lucian, De Dea Syria, 6.)‖228 Indeed, we do, because these stories are solar myths revolving around the sun and its movements through the heavens, which can be observed around the world.


31. It is the sun’s transition period before it shifts its direction back into the


Northern Hemisphere, bringing Spring, and thus salvation.


This mythical solar motif is summarized by Doane:


This festival of the Resurrection was generally held by the ancients on the 25th of March, when the awakening of Spring may be said to be the result of the return of the Sun from the lower or far-off regions to which he had departed. At the equinoxsay,


  1. Roy, 117.


  1. Bonwick, 174.

  1. Heath, 4-5.


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the vernalat Easter, the Sun has been below the equator, and suddenly rises above it. It has been, as it were, dead to us, but now it exhibits a resurrection. The Saviour rises triumphant over the powers of darkness, to life and immortality...229

Also encapsulating this theme of the salvational return of the sun after winter, William T. Olcott states:


At the feast of the winter solstice men testified their gladness at witnessing the return of the all-powerful sun. To the inhabitants of Greenland it meant the early return of the hunting season, and all nations regarded it as a sign that springtime and harvests were on the way, and the dormant life of the winter season was on the wane.


In many countries this festival season was known as ―Yole,‖ or ―Yuul,‖ from the word Hiaul, or Huul, which even to this day signifies ―the sun‖ in some languages. From this we get our word ―wheel,‖ and the wheel is one of the ancient symbols of the sun, the spokes representing the sun‘s rays. As we shall see later this symbol was a prominent feature in one of the great solar festivals....


Plutarch, referring to the solar festivals of Egypt, says, that ―about the winter solstice they lead the sacred cow seven times in procession around the temple, calling this the searching after Osiris, that season of the year standing most in need of the sun‘s warmth.‖


In China, the Great Temple of the Sun at Pekin is oriented to the winter solstice, and the most important of all the State observances of China takes place there December 21st, the sacrifice of the winter solstice.

In our own time a number of Christian religious observances and festivals are of distinct solar origin. Notable among these feast days is Christmas. ―The Roman winter solstice,‖ says Tylor, ―as celebrated on December 25thin connection with the worship of the Sun-God Mithra appears to have been instituted in this special form by Aurelian about A. D. 273, and to this festival the day owes its apposite name of ‗Birthday of the Unconquered Sun.‘ With full symbolic appropriateness, though not with historical justification, the day was adopted in the western church where it appears to have been generally introduced by the fourth century, and whence in time it passed to the eastern church as the solemn anniversary of the Birth of Christ, Christmas Day. As a matter of history no valid or even consistent early Christian tradition vouches for it.‖230


(spectrum.mit.edu/category/issue/2009-spring)


  1. Doane, 495-496.


  1. Olcott, 228-229.


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32. However, they did not celebrate the resurrection of the sun until the spring equinox, or Easter. This is because at the spring equinox, the Sun officially overpowers the evil darkness, as daytime thereafter becomes longer in duration than the night, and the revitalizing conditions of spring emerge.


The winter-spring sun‘s transition is described mythologically thus:


For weeks after the winter solstice, the puny, newborn sun struggles against the powers of Darkness. Myths present the youngster as growing up in obscurity or concealment. But as the weeks pass, the young sun god gathers strength, rising higher and higher in the sky, his brightness increasing rapidly until finally on March 21st, he emerges victorious.


This is the day of the spring equinox, when the sun crosses the equator. It is the turning point, the day of his Passover or Crossification. Night and day are of equal length all over the world on this date... Now begins a period in which the hours of light exceed the hours of darkness, symbolized as the sun's resurrection from the Underworld...and with its regeneration, life and vegetation can continue; the young sun redeems the world from darkness.231

To repeat M.M. Mangasarian:


The fact that Jesus' death was accompanied with the darkening of the Sun, and that the date of his resurrection is also associated with the position of the Sun at the time of the vernal equinox, is further intimation that we have in the story of the birth, death, and resurrection of Jesus, an ancient and nearly universal Sun-myth, instead of verifiable historical events.232

Adding to this knowledge, Barbara Walker concludes:


Christians ever afterward kept Easter Sunday with the carnival processions derived from the mysteries of Attis. Like Christ, Attis arose when ―the sun makes the day for the first time longer than the night‖...233


As denoted before, there are multiple, astronomical meanings for the ―crucifixion.‖ The god hanging on a cross, as we find in the story of Jesus, is a pre-Christian motif that revolves around the sun on the cross of the equinoxes, when the day and night are equal in length. As Murdock elucidates:


the cross has long been a symbol of the sun, representing significantly the crux of the equinoxes, upon which the sun is ―crossified.‖ Hence, it can truly be said that the sun of God was ―crucified‖ at the vernal equinoxand this motif, we contend, is at the basis of the gospel ―crucifixion‖ at ―Easter.‖234


That the date for "Easter" is in reality based on astronomy, rather than an actual crucifixion of the Lord of the universe, is demonstrated by the centuries-long battle within Christendom as to when precisely this spring holiday should be celebrated. As stated by professor of History at the University of California, Berkeley, Dr. John L. Heilbron, in The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories:


The old theologians decreed that Easter should be celebrated on the Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox - that spring day on which the hours of daylight and darkness are equal.235


  1. Busenbark, 119.


  1. Mangasarian, 35-36.

  1. Walker, B., WEMS, 78.

  1. Murdock, 363-364.

  1. Heilbron, 3.


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33. Now, probably the most obvious of all the astrological symbolism around Jesus regards the 12 disciples. They are simply the 12 constellations of the Zodiac, which Jesus, being the Sun, travels about with. In fact, the number 12 is replete throughout the Bible.


The symbolism of ―The Twelve‖ has been discussed under the sections concerning Horus and

Mithra. Briefly, the 12 motif in the tales of pre-Christian and non-Christian saviors and others is equated with the hours of day and night, the months of the year, and the signs of the zodiac.

We have already seen that the 12 ―companions‖ of Mithra are the signs of the zodiac. When we understand that the Christian religion was born, in part, out of Mithraism, using virtually the exact same symbolism, then we have an obvious pattern that needs to be addressed. When it comes to the 12 of Jesus, given the ubiquitous historical precedent put forth by prior religions, the relationship becomes obvious, enough so that it has been cited by historians and other writers for centuries.


In the final analysis we can safely assume that the apostolic grouping of ―12‖ was indeed a literary device and not the actual count of a group of followers who lived around 30 AD/CE. The use of 12 in the Bible itself is so ubiquitous that it is logical to presume these groupings reflect not an actual count, but, rather, a common formulaic theme, based on the prevalence of this sacred number in the Pagan world as well.


Biblical examples:


The 12 Princes of Ishmael (Gen 17:20) The 12 Sons of Jacob (Gen 35:22) The 12 Tribes of Israel (Gen 49:28) The 12 Prophets and Kings of Israel The 12 Wells of Water (Exd 15:27) The 12 Pillars of the Lord (Exd 24:4)

The 12 Stones of the Breastplate (Exd 39:14) The 12 Cakes of the Tabernacle (Lev 24:5) The 12 Princes of Israel (Num 1:44)


The 12 Oxen of the Tabernacle (Num 7:3)

The 12 Chargers of Silver, Bowls of Silver and Spoons of Gold (Num 7:84) The 12 Bullocks, Rams, Lambs and Kids of the Offering (Num 7:87)

The 12 Rods of the Princes of Israel (Num 17:6) The 12 Stones of Joshua (Jos 4:8)

The 12 Cities (Jos 18:24, 19:25, 21:7, 21:40) The 12 Judges of Israel (Jdg 3, 4, 6, 10, 12, 13) The 12 Pieces of the Concubine (Jdg 19:29) The 12 Servants of David (2 Sa 2:15)

The 12 Officers of Solomon (1 Ki 4:7)


The 12 Lions of Solomon (1 Ki 10:20)

The 12 Pieces of Jeroboam‘s Garment (1 Ki 11:30)

The 12 Stones of Elijah (1 Ki 18:31)

The 12 Bronze Bulls of Solomon (Jer 52:20) The 12 Disciples/Apostles of Jesus (Mt 10:1-2) The 12 Baskets of Bread (Mt 14:20)


The 12 Thrones in Heaven (Mt 19:28)

The 12 Legions of Angels (Mt 26:53)


The 12 Patriarchs of Israel (Acts 7:8)

The 12 Stars of the Woman‘s Crown (Rev 12:1)


The 12 Gates, Angels and Pearls of Holy Jerusalem (Rev 21:12, 21)

The 12 Fruits of the Tree of Life (Rev 22:2)


1298
History of religion / Re: What's The story of religion?
« on: September 21, 2016, 01:34:12 PM »


―The Virgin Birth is astrotheological, referring to the hour of midnight, December 25th, when the constellation of Virgo rises on the Horizon. The Assumption of the virgin, celebrated in Catholicism on August 15th, symbolizes the summer sun‘s brightness blotting out Virgo. Mary‘s Nativity, observed on September 8th, occurs when the constellation is visible again.‖


Acharya S/D.M. Murdock, Suns of God, 221


View from Egypt


  1. Taylor, The Devil’s Pulpit. Dupuis (V, 96) recounts ―Albert le Grand‖ as saying: ―Nous savons...que le signe de la Vierge Céleste montoīt sur l'horison au moment où nous fixons la naissance de Notre Seigneur


Jésus-Christ...tous les mystères de son incarnation divine et tous les secrets de sa vie merveilleuse, depuis sa Conception jusqu'à son Ascension, se trouvent tracés dans les Constellations, et figurés dans les Etoiles, qui les ont annoncés.‖ On the previous page, Dupuis cites "Coesi Coel. Astron., p. 74."


  1. Carpenter, 30-31.


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The identification of the Virgin Mary with goddesses and other divine feminine forms such as Virgo has been made since ancient times by Christians themselves, including the Egyptian Copts, who merged the Virgin Mary with Isis in significant ways. There are several aspects the Virgin Mary shares with these figures of myth and astrotheology. Indeed, the case has been made that Mary is but a mythical hybrid of Judeo-Pagan religious figures and concepts of the time, including and especially the ―Triple Goddess.‖214


House of Bread (Virgo and Bethlehem): The Hebrew word ―Bethlehem‖ (לחם בית) means

―house of bread‖ (Strong‘s H1035), while Virgo the constellation is typically shown as a maiden holding a sheath of wheat, which, of course, is used to make bread.


Hazelrigg summarizes this symbolism in the Christian narrative:


According to the gospels: ―Joseph went up to Nazareth, which is in Galilee, and came into the City of David, called Bethlehem, because he was of that tribe, to be inscribed with Mary his wife, who was with child.‖ And here, in the City of David of the celestial expanse, called Bethlehem, the sixth constellation, Virgo, the harvest mansion, do we discover Joseph (the constellation of Bootes, Ioseppe) and his wife Mary with the child. Here is personified a constellation whose very name (Ioseppe, the manger of Io, or the Moon) typifies the humble place of accouchement of all the Virgin Mothers, and, as related to Virgo, the genesis of all Messianic tradition.215


Another interesting issue is the historicity of Bethlehem itself, as there is a debate as to whether or not this town was occupied at the supposed time of Christ‘s alleged advent.216 As stated by Marisa Larson of National Geographic:


Archaeological excavations have shown that Bethlehem in Judaea likely did not exist as a functioning town between 7 and 4 B.C., when Jesus is believed to have been born. Studies of the town have turned up a great deal of Iron Age material from 1200 to 550 B.C. as well as material from the sixth century A.D., but nothing from the first century B.C. or the first century A.D. Aviram Oshri, a senior archaeologist with the Israeli

Antiquities Authority, says, ―There is surprisingly no archaeological evidence that ties

Bethlehem in Judaea to the period in which Jesus would have been born.217


It appears that the ―little town of Bethlehem‖ is an interpolation created to fulfill prophesy from the Old Testament. We can see the relationship clearly when comparing Genesis 49:10 and Micah 5:2 with Matthew 2:1-6:


The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor the ruler‘s staff from between his feet, until he comes to whom it belongs; and to him shall be the obedience of the peoples. (Gen 49:10)


But you, O Bethlehem, Ephrathah, who are little to be among the clans of Judah, from you shall come forth for me one who is the be ruler in Israel, whole origin is from old, from ancient days. (Micah 5:2)


Jesus is a descendant of Judah...After Jesus is born in Bethlehem, Herod asks the wise men where he is. They answer that he is in

Bethlehem, ―so it is written by the prophet: ‗And you, O Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, are by no means least among the rulers of Judah; for from you shall come a ruler who will govern my people Israel.‘‖ (Mt 2:1-6)


Concerning this issue, Murdock concludes, ―Like so many other places in Israel, Bethlehem was first situated in the mythos and then given location on Earth.‖218


  1. See Murdock‘s Suns of God and Christ in Egypt for more on Mary and the Goddess.


  1. Hazelrigg, 108.

  1. See ―In what town was Jesus born?‖ by B.A. Robinson.

  1. Larson, ―Bethlehem of Judaeaor of Galilee?‖

  1. Acharya, CC, 190.


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28. There is another very interesting phenomenon that occurs around December 25th, or the winter solstice. From the summer solstice to the winter solstice, the days become shorter and colder. And from the perspective of the northern hemisphere, the sun appears to move south and get smaller and more scarce. The shortening of the days and the expiration of the crops when approaching the winter solstice symbolized the process of death to the ancients. It was the death of the sun. And by December 22nd, the sun’s demise was fully realized, for the sun, having moved south continually for six months, makes it to its lowest point in the sky. Here a curious thing occurs: the sun stops moving south, at least perceivably, for three days.


Regarding the motif of the three-day entombment and rebirth of the sun, Murdock summarizes:


...many of the worlds crucified godmen have their traditional birthdays on December 25th (―Christmas‖). This date is set because the ancients recognized that (from a geocentric perspective in the northern hemisphere) the sun makes an annual descent southward until after midnight of December 21st, the winter solstice, when it stops moving southerly for three days and then starts to move northward again. During this time, the ancients declared that ―Gods sun‖ had ―died‖ for three days and was ―born again‖ after midnight of December 24th. Thus, these many different cultures celebrated with great joy the ―sun of Gods‖ birthday on December 25th.219


The significance of this solar death/rebirth and its allegorical connection to various godman is confirmed by many scholars, including astronomer Dr. Krupp as concerns Osiris:


The myth of Osiris involves his own death and resurrection, a theme that echoes the daily cycle of the sun‘s death and its rebirth at dawn.220

Concerning the annual solar death and resurrection, Frazer relates:


In the Julian calendar the twenty-fifth of December was reckoned the winter solstice, and it was regarded as the Nativity of the Sun, because the day begins to lengthen and the power of the sun to increase from that turning-point of the year. The ritual of the nativity, as it appears to have been celebrated in Syria and Egypt, was remarkable. The celebrants retired into certain inner shrines, from which at midnight they issued with a loud cry, ―The Virgin has brought forth! The light is waxing!‖ The Egyptians even represented the newborn sun by the image of an infant which on his birthday, the winter solstice, they brought forth and exhibited to his worshippers. No doubt the Virgin who thus conceived and bore a son on the twenty-fifth of December was the great Oriental goddess whom the Semites called the Heavenly Virgin or simply the Heavenly Goddess; in Semitic lands she was a form of Astarte...


Thus it appears that the Christian Church chose to celebrate the birthday of its Founder on the twenty-fifth of December in order to transfer the devotion of the heathen from the Sun to him who was called the Sun of Righteousness [Jesus]....221


The solar and vegetative death and re-conception occur at the vernal equinox, with a birth at the winter solstice. Discussing the former motif vis-à-vis Attis, Dr. George R.H. Wright states:


The fertility cult of the dying god Attis and the Great Mother Cybele was introduced to Rome from its seat at Pessinus in Asia Minor in 204 BC... Attis the son of a virgin mother (Nana) sacrificed himself by a tree and the great festival of the cult centered around the raising up of a sacred (pine) tree swatched like a corpse in a winding sheet


  1. Acharya, CC, 154.


  1. Krupp, EAS, 16.

  1. Frazer, GB (1922), 303-305.


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to which was fastened an effigy of the young dying god.... In Spring time, precisely at the vernal equinox, there was enacted a three day cycle of death (on the tree), burial and resurrection.... At the dead of night a light shone in darkness and the tomb stood openthe god had risen from the dead. And the following day, March 25th, the resurrection was made fit subject for general rejoicing...222


Because of the cycles of nature, there is a seemingly confused dichotomy with regard to the rituals signifying this three-day solar death and resurrection, as found in several religions and cults. In the case of Attis, for example, the ritual fell on or around the 25th of March, the vernal/spring equinox, a day that marks the ―rebirth of the sun,‖ when the ―light of day overpowers the darkness‖ or when the day becomes longer than the night. So, in the solar death-resurrection motif we have combined allegories: The daily cycle, as well as the winter solstice and the spring equinox.


M.M. Mangasarian, an ex-Presbyterian minister, expands on this comparison and summarizes:


The selection of the twenty-fifth of December as [Jesus‘s] birthday...having been from time immemorial dedicated to the Sun, the inference is that the Son of God and the Sun of heaven enjoying the same birthday, were at one time identical beings. The fact that

Jesus‘ death was accompanied with the darkening of the Sun, and that the date of his resurrection is also associated with the position of the Sun at the time of the vernal equinox, is a further intimation that we have in the story of the birth, death, and resurrection of Jesus, an ancient and nearly universal Sun-myth, instead of verifiable historical events.223


29. And during this three-day pause, the sun resides in the vicinity of the Southern Cross, or Crux [Australis], constellation.


In the solar mythology, the sun is said to be hung on a cross during the first part of the solar cycle, as it is also at the equinoxes. This period is likewise three days or a triduum. Gerald Massey explains this theme:


In the Ritual [Egyptian Book of the Dead] the reconstructed and rearisen mummy says,


―I am the great constellation of Orion (Sahu), dwelling in the solar birthplace in the midst of the spirits.‖ That is, he rises as Orion, the Star in the East that once showed the place where the babe lay, or where the reborn god arose on the horizon of the resurrection....


At that time the Southern Cross, on the opposite side, was a figure of the Autumn crossing, the sign of the sacrificial offering, the crucified of the solar allegory, so far as the suffering, descending, diminishing sun was ever represented as the crucified; and every time Orion the conqueror of darkness rose, the Cross of Autumn set...224


  1. Wright, 92.


  1. Mangasarian, 35-36.

  1. Massey, NG, II, 437.


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1299
History of religion / Re: What's The story of religion?
« on: September 21, 2016, 01:33:05 PM »


For more on the subject of the star in the east and three kings appearing at the savior‘s birth in pre-Christian mythology, see Murdock‘s Christ in Egypt, pp. 198-209.


25. He was a child teacher at 12, at the age of 30 he was baptized by John the Baptist, and thus began his ministry. Jesus had 12 disciples which he traveled about with performing miracles such as healing the sick, walking on water, raising the dead, he was also known as the “King of Kings,” the “Son of God,” the “Light of the World,” the “Alpha and Omega,” the “Lamb of God,” and many, many others. After being betrayed by his disciple Judas and sold for 30 pieces of silver, he was crucified, placed in a tomb and after three days was resurrected and ascended into Heaven.


The above motifs all appear in the canonical gospels, in the New Testament section of the Christian Bible.


  1. Walker, B., WEMS, 749.


  1. Carus, 49; Mangasarian, 74. For the illustration, Carus cites: ―After Mus. Bord., I., 49, from

Baumeister, Plate I., p. 448.‖


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26. First of all, the birth sequence is completely astrological. The star in the east is Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky, which, on December 24th, aligns with the three brightest stars in Orion’s Belt. These three bright stars in Orion’s belt are called today what they were called in ancient times: The

Three Kings. The Three Kings and the brightest star, Sirius, all point to the place of the sunrise on December 25th. This is why the Three Kings “follow” the star in the east, in order to locate the sunrise—the birth of the sun.


This contention is based on general star alignments, as we have already seen abundantly concerning other gods such as Osiris and Horus. Also, this astrotheological symbolism likely goes back much farther in time; we simply do not know when it was initially recognized. Regardless, the alignment on December 24th is obvious enough: The three stars of Orion clearly line up with Sirius and point to the east, where the sun rises.


The moniker of ―Three Kings‖ for these stars in the belt of Orion is documented all over the world. For example, South Africans call Orion‘s Belt Drie Konings—―Three Kings‖—while in French they are the ―Trois Rois.‖


In this regard, Carpenter remarks:


Go out next Christmas Evening, and at midnight you will see the brightest of the fixed stars, Sirius, blazing in the southern skynot however due south from you, but somewhat to the left of the Meridian line. Some three thousand years ago (owing to the Precession of the Equinoxes) that star at the winter solstice did not stand at midnight where you now see it, but almost exactly on the meridian line. The coming of Sirius therefore to the meridian at midnight became the sign and assurance of the Sun having reached the very lowest point of his course, and therefore of having arrived at the moment of his re-birth….


To the right, as the supposed observer looks at Sirius on the midnight of Christmas Eve, stands the magnificent Orion, the mighty hunter. There are three stars in his belt which, as is well known, lie in a straight line pointing to Sirius. They are not so bright as Sirius, but they are sufficiently bright to attract attention. A long tradition gives them the name of the Three Kings.209


View from Egypt, 12-24-00


209 Carpenter, 16-17.


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There are many examples of kings, queens, heroes and other figures being born under a star or other celestial configuration and being presented with gifts. As we can see from all of the above, the theme of the messiah‘s birth being attended by a star and/or ―dignitaries‖ is thus not original or unique to Christianity.


27. The Virgin Mary is the constellation Virgo, also known as Virgo the Virgin. Virgo is also referred to as the “House of Bread,” and the representation of Virgo is a virgin holding a sheaf of wheat. This House of Bread and its symbol of wheat represent August and September, the time of harvest. In turn,

Bethlehem, in fact, literally translates to “house of bread.” Bethlehem is thus a reference to the constellation Virgo, a place in the sky, not on Earth.


Virgo the Virgin and Mary: The identification of a ―virgin mother‖ with the constellation of

Virgo is common enough in history. For example, we have already seen that the Egyptian goddess Isis is a virgin mother, as are Neith and several other mythical figures. Concerning the Virgo/virgin mother-goddess motif, in Christ in Egypt, Murdock relates:


The identification of Isis with the Virgin is...made in an ancient Greek text called The Katasterismoi, or Catasterismi, allegedly written by the astronomer Eratosthenes (276-194 BCE), who was for some 50 years the head librarian of the massive Library of

Alexandria. Although the original of this text has been lost, an ―epitome‖ credited to

Eratosthenes in ancient times has been attributed by modern scholars to an anonymous ―Pseudo-Eratosthenes‖ of the 1st to 2nd centuries AD/CE. In this book, the title of which translates as ―Placing Among the Stars,‖ appear discussions of the signs of the zodiac. In his essay on the zodiacal sign of Virgo (ch. 9), under the heading of

―Parthenos,‖ the author includes the goddess Isis, among others, such as Demeter,

Atagartis and Tyche, as identified with and as the constellation of the Virgin. In Star Myths of the Greeks and Romans, Dr. Theony Condos of the American University of Armenia translates the pertinent passage from the chapter ―Virgo‖ by Pseudo-Eratosthenes thus:


Hesiod in the Theogony says this figure is Dike, the daughter of Zeus...and Themis...

Some say it is Demeter because of the sheaf of grain she holds, others say it is Isis, others Atagartis, others Tyche...and for that reason they represent her as headless.210

Dr. Schmidt expands on the symbolism with regard to Isis/Nut:


Virgo, who now lends her name to this sign of the zodiac, is the heavenly Nut, the virgin mother of Osiris, who was called the ―perfect one‖ and ―the


ancient one,‖ and symbolized light and goodness, concord or harmony, peace and happiness. This virgin, the ―great mother,‖ the ―queen of heaven,‖ the ―inscrutable Neith, whose veil no mortal could lift and live...‖211


The identification of the Virgin Mary with Virgo was obvious and well known enough such that the renowned theologian Albertus Magnus or Albert the Great (1193?-1290) remarked (Lib. de Univers.):


We know that the sign of the celestial Virgin did come to the horizon at the moment where we have fixed the birth of our Lord Jesus Christ. All the mysteries of the incarnation of our Saviour Christ; and all the circumstances of his marvelous life, from his


  1. Murdock, CIE, 156.


  1. Schmidt, 53.


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conception to his ascension, are to be traced out in the constellations, and are figured in the stars.212


As concerns the ―House of Bread‖ and ―Virgo,‖ these are two separate motifs, with a shared theme: Virgo relating to virginity and House of Bread to the birth of the sun/son in Bethlehem.


Summarizing this astrotheological theme, Carpenter says:


Immediately after Midnight then, on the 25th December, the Beloved Son (or Sun-god) is born. If we go back in thought to the period, some three thousand years ago, when at that moment of the heavenly birth Sirius, coming from the East, did actually stand on the Meridian, we shall come into touch with another curious astronomical coincidence. For at the same moment we shall see the Zodiacal constellation of the Virgin in the act of rising, and becoming visible in the East divided through the middle by the line of the horizon.


The constellation Virgo is a Y-shaped group, of which α, the star at the foot, is the well-known Spica, a star of the first magnitude. The other principal stars, γ at the centre, β and ε at the extremities, are of the second magnitude. The whole resembles more a cup than the human figure; but when we remember the symbolic meaning of the cup, that seems to be an obvious explanation of the name Virgo, which the constellation has borne since the earliest times....


At the moment then when Sirius, the star from the East, by coming to the Meridian at midnight signalled the Sun‘s new birth, the Virgin was seen just rising on the Eastern skythe horizon line passing through her centre. And many people think that this astronomical fact is the explanation of the very widespread legend of the Virgin-birth.213



1300
History of religion / Re: What's The story of religion?
« on: September 21, 2016, 01:31:42 PM »


Mithra surrounded by the 12 signs of the zodiac c. 150 AD/CE


(Mithraeum, London)


Miracles: Regarding Mithra‘s miracles, Mithraic Studies editor John R. Hinnells states:


...the side panels of many Mithraic reliefs and paintings are interpreted as representations of the primeval life of the god, in which he performed miracles, experience various adventures, and celebrated an archetypal communion meal before he ascended to heaven.188

Death/Three Days/Resurrection: In the Roman Empire, Mithraism became the cult of the undertakers guild. Hence, there was a focus on death and the afterlife, experienced in myth and ritual. In discussing the death-oriented Mithraic rituals, professor of New Testament and Early Christian Literature at the University of Chicago Rev. Dr. Harold R. Willoughby cites Church father Tertullian and remarks:


A simulation of death in the Mithraic mysteriesis perfectly intelligible. Death was the logical preliminary to a renewal of life; hence the pretence of death by the neophyte was a perfectly natural antecedent to the regenerative experiences of baptism and sacramental communion that followed in the Mithraic ritual. That this was precisely the interpretation put upon this bit of liturgical fiction is clearly suggested by a passage in Tertullian. In discussing the Mithraic rites of baptism and communion, the Christian lawyer affirmed: ―Mithra there brings in the symbol of a resurrection.‖ This striking use of the phrase imago resurrection is doubly significant. It proves that a simulation of death was an integral part of Mithraic ritual, and also that it was but antecedent to an experience of regeneration.189


These death rituals were part of the Mithraic mysteries, as related by Rev. Dr. J.P. Lundy:


Dupuis tells us that Mithra was put to death by crucifixion, and rose again on the 25th of March. In the Persian Mysteries the body of a young man, apparently dead, was exhibited, which was feigned to be restored to life. By his sufferings he was believed to have worked their salvation, and on this account he was called their Saviour. His priests watched his tomb to the midnight of the vigil of the 25th of March, with loud cries, and in darkness; when all at once the light burst forth from all parts, the priest cried, Rejoice, O sacred initiated, your God is risen. His death, his pains, and sufferings have worked your salvation.190


  1. Hinnells, 291.


  1. Willoughby, 110-111.

  1. Lundy, 168.


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In Religions of the World, Gerald L. Berry discusses Mithra‘s three-day burial and removal from the tomb:


...On Black Friday (cf. Good Friday) the taurobolium, or bull-slaying, was represented. At this festival, the sacrament often comprised blood drinking. Mithras, worn out by the battle, was symbolically represented by a stone image lain on a bier as a corpse. He was mourned for in liturgy, and placed in a sacred rock tomb called ―Petra,‖ from which he was removed after three days in a great festival of rejoicing.191

In writing about the Mithraic festival of Mihragān, Iranian studies professor Dr. Mary Boyce remarks:


...for centuries Mihragān...was celebrated in the spring. For many generations, therefore, Mithras feast was observed at a time traditionally associated with the Zoroastrian feast of the resurrection.192


Boyce also says, ―The Zoroastrian theologians are indeed recorded as saying...that as an autumn feast Mihragān was a symbol of resurrection and the end of the world...193


Epithets: Among other titles, Mithra was said to be, ―Mighty in strength, mighty rulers, greatest king of gods! O Sun, lord of heaven and earth, God of Gods!‖194 He was also called ―the mediator.‖195


Mithra shared many such epithets with Christ, as Berry demonstrates:


Both Mithras and Christ were described variously as ―the way,‖ ―the truth,‖ ―the light,‖ ―the life,‖ ―the word,‖ ―the son of god,‖ ―the good shepherd...‖196


In this same regard, Iranian scholar Dr. Payam Nabarz states, ―Mithras is described as the lord of wide pastures, the lord of truth and contracts.‖197

And Dr. Marvin Meyers, a professor of Religious Studies at Chapman College, says:


Already among the ancient Indo-Iranian peoples, Mithras was known as a god of light, truth, and integrity.... The Avesta calls Mithra ―the lord of wide pastures‖...198


Sunday Worship: The Mithraic sacred day being Sunday represents a well-known tradition. As the Catholic Encyclopedia states, ―Sunday was kept holy in honour of Mithra…‖199 Berry concurs:


Since Mithras was a sun-god, Sunday was automatically sacred to him—the ―Lords Day‖—long before Christ.200


Dr. Ezquerra also states, ―Some say the Lords Day was celebrated on Sunday because that was the Dies Solis, the day of the Sun, which in turn had something to do with Mithraism.‖201

Concerning Mithraism and Christianity, the Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia summarizes:


The birth of Mithra and of Christ were celebrated on the same day; tradition placed the birth of both in a cave; both regarded Sunday as sacred; in both the central figure was a


  1. Berry, 57.

  1. Hinnells, I, 108.

  1. Hinnells, I, 114.

  1. Legge, II, 266.

  1. De Jong, 172.


  1. Berry, 57.

  1. Nabarz, 25.

  1. Meyer, 199.

  1. CE, X, 404.

  1. Berry, 57.

  1. Ezquerra, 409.


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mediator (mesitēs) who was one of a triad or trinity; in both there was a sacrifice for the benefit of the race...202


If tradition in India is an indication, this celebration of Mithra‘s sacred time on Sunday

possibly dates back to Vedic ages, 3,000 or more years ago, with his Indian counterpart Mitra being celebrated into modern times on this day as well: ―...the deity is invoked every Sunday under the name of Mitra in a small pitcher placed on a small earthen platform...‖203

23. The fact of the matter is there are numerous saviors, from different periods, from all over the world, which subscribe to these general characteristics. The question remains: why these attributes, why the virgin birth on December 25th, why dead for three days and the inevitable resurrection, why 12 disciples or followers? To find out, let’s examine the most recent of the solar messiahs. Jesus Christ was born of the Virgin Mary on December 25th in Bethlehem...

The December 25th birthday is not given in the gospels; rather, it is a traditional date assigned to the birth of Jesus based on prior Pagan traditions. As we have seen, ―December 25th‖ is one of the dates viewed by the ancients as the end of the winter-solstice period, when, from a geocentric perspective, the sun begins its long journey north towards the summer solstice.


If we factor in the other solar and astrotheological motifs within Christianity, both in the New Testament and in Christian tradition, along with the highly important Pagan festivals of the day such as celebrations of the solstices and equinoxes, we can understand why Christians later appended the December 25th/winter-solstice holiday to their religion. In fact, certain early Church fathers were clear on this point of having their savior born at the winter solstice. For example, concerning the origins of this solar holiday vis-à-vis Christianity, the authoritative

Catholic Encyclopedia states:


The earliest rapprochement of the births of Christ and the sun is in [the writings of Church father] Cyprian [200-258]… ―O, how wonderfully acted Providence that on that day on which that Sun was born…Christ should be born.‖


In the fourth century, Chrysostom…says:… ―But Our Lord, too, is born in the month of December…the eighth day before the calends of January [25 December]…, But they call it the ‗Birthday of the Unconquered.‘ Who indeed is so unconquered as Our Lord…? Or, if they say that it is the birthday of the Sun, He is the Sun of Justice.‖204


The Roman ―Unconquered Sun‖ is both Sol Invictus and Mithra, and we have seen other gods share this winter-solstice birth, with good reason, as the return of the sun was one of if not the most important days of the year for many peoples, especially in the far north. Hence, we have a relatively early Church father who not only admits but also insists that Christ‘s birth usurps that of the sun. He also insists on the logical equation of Christ with the sun, which had been established in the Old Testament book of Malachi, just before Matthew‘s gospel, with him prophesying the coming Messiah as the ―Sun of Righteousness.‖ (Mal 4:2)


The December 25th/winter-solstice birthday was adopted by Christianity in the third century. The Christian world has thus been celebrating Jesus‘s birthday on December 25th for the past nearly 1700 yearsit is obvious why this birthday was attached to Christian tradition: Because it represented the winter solstice, the time of the year when the sun is ―born,‖ and Jesus was the ―new sun‖ of the Christians.


  1. Jackson, S., VII, 419.


  1. Gonda, 131.

  1. CE, III, 727.


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24. ...his birth was announced by a star in the east, which three kings or magi followed to locate and adore the new savior.


In the New Testament (Mt 2:1-12), the number of ―wise men‖ or magii.e., astrologers—following the star at Jesus‘s birth is not given. However, it is traditionally assumed to be three because of the three gifts (frankincense, myrrh and gold) presented by these magi or ―kings‖ during their visit with the divine child. The earliest extant numbering of the three magi is by Church father Origen (185-224 AD/CE) in his Homilies on Genesis (14.3),205 who seems not to blink an eye in his equation, as if it were solidly part of Christian tradition by this time.


The Greek word used in the NT to describe these ―wise men‖ is μάγοι or magoi/magi, the singular of which is defined by Strong‘s Concordance (G3097) as:


1) a magus


Phrygian-capped ―magi‖ approach the divine child


Fresco, 4th cent. AD/CE Catacomb of Marcus & Marcellianus,


Rome, Italy (Jensen)


a) the name given by the Babylonians (Chaldeans),

Medes, Persians, and others, to the wise men, teachers, priests, physicians, astrologers, seers, interpreters of dreams, augers, soothsayers, sorcerers etc.


  1. the oriental wise men (astrologers) who, having discovered by the rising of a remarkable star that the Messiah had just been born, came to Jerusalem to worship him


  1. a false prophet and sorcerer


Hence, these figures are not technically deemed ―kings.‖ However, Old Testament scriptures held up as ―prophecy‖ of the coming messiah discuss ―kings‖ as coming with gifts, such as Psalm 72:10: ―The kings of Tarshish and of the isles shall bring presents: the kings of Sheba and Seba shall offer gifts.‖


The first to mention the magi as ―kings‖ was Tertullian in Adv. Marcion (3.13), referring to Psalms (67:30, 72:10) and to Isaiah (60:3): ―And nations shall come to your light, and kings to the brightness of your rising.‖ The magi as ―kings‖ was further emphasized by St. Caesarius of Arles (6th cent.): ―Ille magi reges suntthese magi are indeed kings.‖206


If the Bible does not denote these things exactly, then why have they become Christian tradition, beginning in the earliest centuries of the common era? So solidly part of Christianity have these three kings become that they are the subject of much art, as well as songs and other stories. So, why the ―Three Kings?‖


On the surface, it would seem that these notions were set in motion by Church fathers such as Origen and Tertullian. However, if one steps back to examine the Pagan mythological motifs preceding Christianityof which Origen and Tertullian were very awarethe traditional notion of there being ―Three Kings,‖ rather than an unknown number of ―Magi/Wise Men,‖ becomes clearer, as these literary themes existed in Paganism.


Going back to the scripture in question, Matthew (2:1-9) reads:


Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem, Saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for we have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him….‖


  1. Origen/Heine, 198.


  1. For more on this subject, see Jensen.


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and lo, the star, which they had seen in the East went before them, till it came to rest over the place where the child was.


The summary of this story is that at Christ‘s birth appeared a star in the east, which was used by wise men or astrologers to locate the ―King of the Jews,‖ i.e., Jesus.


The question becomes whether or not there are any other tales with this same motifand why? The answer is yes, as Barbara G. Walker points out with regard to the myth of Osiris, previously cited and demonstrated:


Osiris‘s coming was announced by Three Wise Men: the three stars Mintaka, Anilam, and Alnitak in the belt of Orion, which point directly to Osiris‘s star in the east, Sirius

(Sothis), significator of his birth...207


Hence, in this meaning of the multifold myth, Osiris‘s birth is heralded by a bright star in the east, with three stars in the belt of Orion following. This birth occurred when the Nile flooded in the summer, around the solstice, although because of the wandering Egyptian calendar this date would have occurred on each day of the year, with the cycle being completed every 1,460 years.


Furthermore, the baby solar falcon-god Sokar, who is identified with Horus, is depicted as being brought out in a manger at the winter solstice with the three gods appearing.


Also, in the museum in Naples has been kept an ancient marble urn showing the birth/nativity of the Greek god Dionysus, with two groups of three figures on either side of the god Mercury, who is holding the divine baby, and a female figure who is receiving him.208



1301
History of religion / Re: What's The story of religion?
« on: September 21, 2016, 01:30:30 PM »


―[S]cene in the underworld. Dionysos mounting a chariot is about to leave his mother, Semele, and ascend‖ (Kerenyi, pl. 47)


As a related aside, it is interesting to point out that the Catholic Communion as practiced today in the Christian world also had a place within the cult of Dionysus, as Campbell points out:


Dionysus-Bacchus-Zagreusor, in the older, Sumero-Babylonian myths, Dumuzi-absu, Tammuz...whose blood, in this chalice to be drunk, is the pagan prototype of the wine of the sacrifice of the Mass, which is transubstantiated by the words of consecration into the blood of the Son of the Virgin.179

22. Mithra of Persia, born of a virgin on December 25th, he had 12 disciples and performed miracles, and upon his death was buried for three days and thus resurrected, he was also referred to as “The Truth,” “The Light,” and many others. Interestingly, the sacred day of worship of Mithra was Sunday.


Carpenter summarizes the myth of Mithra:


Mithra was born in a cave, and on the 25th December. He was born of a Virgin. He traveled far and wide as a teacher and illuminator of men. He slew the Bull (symbol of the gross Earth which the sunlight fructifies). His great festivals were the winter solstice and the Spring equinox (Christmas and Easter). He had twelve companions or disciples (the twelve months). He was buried in a tomb, from which however he rose again; and his resurrection was celebrated yearly with great rejoicings. He was called Savior and Mediator, and sometimes figured as a Lamb; and sacramental feasts in remembrance of


  1. Weigall, 220.


  1. Murdock, RZC, 19.

  1. Campbell, MG, vol. 4, p. 23.


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him were held by his followers. This legend is apparently partly astronomical and partly vegetational; and the same may be said of the following about Osiris.180

Carpenter also notes:


The birth feast of Mithra was held in Rome on the 8th day before the Kalends of January, being also the day of the Circassian games, which were sacred to the Sun. (See F. Nork, Der Mystagog, Leipzig.)181

Virgin Birth/December 25th (Winter Solstice): Although the commonly know myth depicts


Mithra as being born from a ―rock‖182itself a miraculous birththere is another version of the Mithraic nativity that portrays the god as being born from the virgin goddess Anahita. Addressing the status of Mithra‘s birth, Murdock comments:


As concerns the debate regarding the Perso-Roman god Mithras ―virgin birth,‖ not a few scholars and writers of Persian/Iranian extract have discussed the Persian goddess of love Anahita as Mithras virgin mother….


In the scholarly digest Mithraic Studies: Proceedings of the First International Congress, Dr. Martin Schwartz, a professor of Iranian Studies at the University of California, discusses the ―Armenian national epic‖ concerning Mithra, who is called the ―Great Mher.‖ In recounting a myth regarding the Great Mher (Mithra), Dr. Schwartz relates the story of his father, Sanasar, who along with his twin brother Baltasar is ―born of a virgin who becomes pregnant from the water of the ‗Milky Fountain of Immortality...‖ He next says:


Combining these data with the tradition found in Elise that Mithra was born of God through a human mother...one may suggest a transference of the miraculous birth of the Sosyants to Mithra.


In other words, in certain traditions Mithra was said to have been born of the union of God with a human mortal, possibly a virgin mother like that of his father.183



Sassanid king Khosrow flanked by Anahita and Ahura Mazda

7th cent. AD/CE Taq-e Bostan, Iran (Phillipe Chavin)


  1. Carpenter, 21.

  1. Carpenter, 21.

  1. It should be noted that the ancient Latin word for ―matter‖ is materia, as in ―material,‖ which shares the same root with mater, meaning ―mother.‖ Indeed, materia may also be rendered ―mother-stuff,‖ while mater is not only ―mother‖ but also ―source.‖ (Smith, W., 669) In this regard, Mithra‘s ―rock‖ birth can likewise be said to be from ―virgin mater.‖

  2. Murdock, RZC, 19.


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Mithra‘s birthday on December 25th is so well known that even the Catholic Encyclopedia (―Mithraism‖) must admit it: ―The 25 December was observed as his birthday, the natalis invicti, the rebirth of the winter-sun, unconquered by the rigours of the season.‖184


Concerning Jesus‘s birth and the commemoration of ―Christmas,‖ Christian apologist Thomas Thorburn remarks:


The earliest church commemorated it at various times from September to March, until in 354 A.D. Pope Julius I assimilated the festival with that of the birth of Mithra (December 25), in order to facilitate the more complete Christianization of the empire.185

Twelve Disciples: Very simply, ―the Twelve‖ are the signs of the zodiac, metaphorically introduced in the mysteries, and this motif is likely the source of Jesus‘s 12. During the very era when Christ had supposedly walked the earth, two prominent Jewish writers, Philo (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 AD/CE) and Josephus (37-c. 100 AD/CE), explained that the 12 Jewish tribes were symbolic of the signs of the zodiac. In Christ in Egypt, Murdock writes:


As Josephus says (Antiquities, 3.8): ―And for the twelve stones [of Exodus 39:9-14], whether we understand by them the months, or whether we understand the like number of the signs of that circle which the Greeks call the zodiac, we shall not be mistaken in their meaning.‖ (Josephus/Whiston, 75.) Earlier than Josephus, Philo (―On the Life of Moses,‖ 12) had made the same comments regarding Moses: ―Then the twelve stones on the breast, which are not like one another in colour, and which are divided into four rows of three stones in each, what else can they be emblems of, except of the circle of the zodiac?‖ (Philo/Yonge, 99.)186


Philo wrote before Christ had supposedly started his ministry, yet he never heard of him. In the meantime, he had heard of the 12 tribes representing the zodiacal signs, and we subsequently read the suggestion in the gospel (Mt 19:28) that Jesus allegedly picked his disciples based on the tribes, which were in turn, according to Philo and Josephus, equated with the zodiacal 12.


Concerning the Twelve within Mithraism, Murdock says:


Mithra surrounded by the 12 ―companions‖ is a motif found on many Mithraic remains and representing the 12 signs of the zodiac. The comparison of this common motif with Jesus and the 12 has been made on many occasions, including in an extensive study entitled, ―Mithras and Christ: some iconographical similarities,‖ by Professor A. Deman in the same volume of Mithraic Studies.187


The point here is not whether or not these companions are depicted as interacting in the same manner as the disciples of Jesus but that the theme of the god or godman with the 12 surrounding him is common enoughand with very popular deities in the same regionto have served as a precedent for the Christian Twelve with Christ at their center. It surely would have struck any intelligent and half-way educated member of the Roman Empire as very odd when Christians attempted to tell their supernatural tales of a Jewish godman with 12 companions, in consideration of the fact that there were already so many of these saviors in variety of cultures.


  1. CE, X, 404.


  1. Thorburn, 33.

  1. Murdock, CIE, 261-262.

  1. Murdock, RZC, 20.


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1302
History of religion / Re: THE ORIGIN OF RELIGIOUS WORSHIP.
« on: September 21, 2016, 12:10:33 AM »
48
 [ Chap.
regulated the religious and political order, and with the artists who erected the first temples and statues of the Gods.
According to these explanations, it would appear clearly demonstrated, that the Universe and its parts, or in other words Nature and its principal agents must not only have been worshipped as Gods, but that this was actually so, from which there is resulting this necessary consequence, namely: “that “it is through Nature and her members, and through the performance of the physical causes, that the theological system “ of all the ancient nations ought to be explained.” That we must look to Heaven, to the Sun, the Moon, the Stars and the Elements, if we wish to find the Gods of all nations, and to discover them under the veil, which allegory and mysticism have often thrown over them, be it in order to stimulate our curiosity, or to inspire us with more awe. This worship having been the first, and the most universally employed, is that, which bears entirely on the performance “(jeu)” of the physical causes and on the mecanism of the organization of the World. All that, which shall receive a reasonable construction, considered in that point of view; all that, which in the ancient poems on the Gods and on the sacred legends of the different nations, shall contain an ingenious picture of Nature and her operations, must be considered as appertaining to that religion, which may be called the universal religion. All that, which can be explained without difficulty by the physical and astronomical system, must be considered as part of the fictitious adventures, which allegory has introduced into the songs on Nature. On this basis rests the whole system of explanations, which has been adopted in the present work. We have said, that nothing was worshipped, that nothing was sung but Nature; she alone was portrayed, therefore everything must be explained through her: the conclusion is inevitable.

CHAPTER III.
OF THE ANIMATED AND INTELLIGENT UNIVERSE.
Before entering upon the explanation of our system and the results, which are its consequence, it will be well to consider in the Universe all the relations, under which the Ancients contemplated it.
It would be a mistaken idea to believe, that they considered the World merely as a machine, without life and intelligence, moved by a blind and necessary force. By far the greater and soundest part of the philosophers have been of the opinion, that the Universe contained in an eminent degree the principle of life and of movement, with which Nature had endowed them, and which was in them only, because of its eternal existence in her, as in an abundant and teeming source, from which the brooks vivified and animated all that had life and intelligence. Man was not yet vain enough to imagine himself more perfect than the World, and to admit in an infinitesimal portion of the great All that, which he himself refused to that great All; and in that transient being, that which he did not grant to the always subsisting Being.
As the World seemed animated by a principle of life, which circulates in all its parts, holding it in eternal activity, it was believed that the Universe lived ns man did and the other animals, or rather that these lived only, because the Universe, being essentially animated,. communicated them for a few instants an infinitesimal portion of its immortal life, which it infused into the coarse and inert matter of sublunary bodies. Was it restored back to itself? man and beast died and the Universe alone, always alive, circulated around the remains 7

50    [ Chap.
of their bodies by its perpetual motion, and organized new Beings. The active Fire or the subtile substance, which animated it, by incorporating itself in its immense mass, was the universal soul of it. This is the doctrine, which is embodied in the system of the Chinese, on Yang and Yn, one of which is the celestial matter, moveable and luminous, and the other the terrestrial one, inert and gloomy, of which all bodies are composed. This is the dogma of Pythagoras, contained in those beautiful verses in the sixteenth book of the iEneid, where Auchises reveals to his son the origin of the souls and their fate after death.
“ You must know, my son, he said, that Heaven and Earth, “ the S'ea, the luminous globe of the Moon and all the Stars, “ are moved by a principle of eternal life, which perpetuates “their existence; that there is a great intelligent Spirit expended in all the parts of the vast body of the Universe, “which, while mixing itself in All, is agitating it by an eternal “ motion. It is this soul, which is the source of life of man, “of the beasts, of the birds and all the monsters living within “ tlie bosom of the Ocean. The vital force, which animates “ them, emanates from that eternal Fire, which shines in the “ Heavens, and which while it is held captive in the raw mat- “ ter of the bodies, is only developed as much, as the various “ mortal organizations permit it, which subdue its power and “activity. At the death of each creature, these germs of a “ particular life, these portions of an universal breathv return “ to their principle and to their source of life, which circulates “ in the starred sphere.”
Tim ran « (Timee) of Locris, and after him Plato and Proclus made a treatise on the universal spirit or soul, called the soul of the World, which under the name of Jupiter undergoes so many metamorphoses in ancient mythology and which is represented under so many forms, which were borrowed from animals and plants in the system of the Egyptians. The Uni

Chap. III.] THE OBIGIN OE ALL BELIGIOUS WOESHIP.
51
verse was therefore considered as a living creature, communicating its life to all Beings engendered through its eternal fecundity.
It was not only reputed to be, as if it were in a state of life, but also as highly intelligent and peopled with a crowd of particular spirits, scattered over entire Nature, the source of which was in its supreme and immortal spirit.
The World, says Timeeus, includes all; it is animated and gifted with reason; this made so many philosophers say, that the World was a living and intelligent Being.
Cleanthes, who regarded the Universe as-God, or as the universal and uncreated cause of all effects, attributed to the World a soul and a spirit, and that the Divinity properly belonged to this intellectual soul. God according to him, established his principal seat or residence in the ethereal substance, in that subtle and luminous element; which circulates so abundantly around the firmament and thence is extending to all the Stars, which thus participate its divine nature.
In the second book of Cicero, on the nature of Gods, one of the interlocutors tries to prove by many arguments, that the Universe is necessarily gifted with intelligence and wisdom. One of the principal reasons, which he adduces, is, that it is not Very likely, that man who is merely an infintesimally small portion of the great All should have sense and intelligence, while the whole of an infinitely superior nature, than that of man, should be deprived of it. “ One and “ the same kind of souls, says Marcus Aurelius, has been dis- “ tributed to all creatures not endowed with reason, and an “ intelligent spirit to all reasonable beings. As all terrestrial “bodies are formed out of the same clay, and all that lives and “ all that breathes sees only one light, inhale and emits only
the same air, for the same reason there is only one soul, although it is distributed in an infinity of organized bodies; “ there is only one mind, although seemingly partaken with

52
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“ others. For instance, the light of the Sun is only one, al- 6( though it is seen extending over walls, mountains and over “ thousand different objects.”
The result of thes'e philosophical principles is, that the matter of particular bodies is embodied in one universal matter, of which the body of the World is composed; that the souls and the particular spirits are imbodied in one soul and in one universal spirit, which moves and rules this immense mass of matter, forming the body of the World. Thus the Universe is a vast body, moved by one soul, governed and directed by one spirit, which have the same extent and which are acting within all its parts, or in other words, within all that exists, because nothing exists outside the Universe, which is the congregation of all things. Reciprocally, in the same manner that universal matter is divided in an innumerable quantity of particular bodies under changed forms; so also the life or the universal soul, as well as the mind or the spirit, divide themselves into the bodies and take there a character of life and particular intelligence in the infinite multi tnde of vases, which receive them; snch for instance as the immense body of water, known by the name of Ocean, furnishes through evaporation the various kinds of waters, distributed in lakes and fountains, in rivers and in plants, in all vegetables and animals, where the fluids circulate under forms and with particular qualities, only to reenter after-wards into the basin of the seas, where they commingle into one single mass of homogeneous quality. This was the idea, which the Ancients had of the soul or of life and of the universal mind, which is the source of life and of the spirits, distributed amongst all particular beings, with whom they communicate by a thousand channels. From this fruitful source sprang those innumerable spirits, which were placed in Heaven, in the Sun, the Moon, and in all the Stars, in the Elements, in the Earth and the Waters and generally in every place, where the universal cause seems to

Chap. 27/.]
53
have fixed the seat of some particular action and some of the agents of the great work of Nature. Thus was composed, the court of the Gods, which inhabit the Olympus; also that of the Divinities of the Air, the Sea and of the Earth; thus the general system of the administration of the World was organized, the care of which was confided to spirits of different orders and different denominations, may they be Gods, or Genii, Angels or celestial Spirits, Heroes, Izeds, Azes, &c.
Henceforth, there was nothing in the World, which was accomplished by physical means, by the force alone of matter and by the laws of motion; every thing depended upon the will and from the orders of spiritual agents. The council of the Gods regulated the destiny of mankind and decided of the fate of entire Nature, subordinate to their laws and directed by their wisdom. It is under this form, that theology shows itself with all those nations, which possessed a regular worship and rational theogonies. The savage, up to this very day locates life everywhere he finds movement and intelligence in all those causes, of which he ignores the mecanism, in other words in the whole of Nature ; hence the opinion that the Stars are animated and ruled by spirits; this opinion was common with the Chaldeans, the Persians, the Greeks, the Jews and the Christians, because the latter placed angels in every Star, which had the care of conducting the celestial bodies and of regulating the movement of the spheres.
The Persians have also their angel Chur, who directs the course of the Sun; and the Greeks had their Apollo, who had his seat in that luminary. The theological books of the Persians speak of seven great spirits under the name of Amshas- pands, which form the court of the God of light, and which are only the Genii of the seven planets. The Jews made of it their seven Archangels, which were always in the presence of the Lord. These are the seven great powers, which Avenar tells us, were set over the World by God, 'or the seven angels

54   TI-IE ORIGIN OF ALL RELIGIOUS WORSHIP. [Chap. III.
charged with the care of conducting the seven planets; they correspond to the seven Usiarks, which according to the doctrine of Trismegistes govern the seven spheres. They have been preserved by the Arabs, the Mahometans and by the Copthes. Thus with the Persians, each planet is superintended by a Genius placed in a fixed Star. The Star Taschter has charge of the planet Tir or Mercury, who has become the Angel Tiriel, and which the Cabalists call the spirit of Mereury; Hafrorang is the Star charged with the planet Behram or Mars, &e. The name of these Stars are to-day the names of as many Angels with the modem Persians.
To the number seven of the planetary spheres, there has been added the sphere of the fixed Stars and the circle of the Earth and thus was produced the system of the nine spheres. The Greeks appropriated thereto nine intelligences, under the name of Muses, who by their songs formed the universal harmony of the World. The Chaldeans and the Jews placed there other intelligences, under the name of Cherubims and Seraphims, &c., to the number of nine choirs, which rejoiced the Eternal with their concerts.
The Hebrews and the Christians admit four angels, charged with keeping watch on the four corners of the World. Astrology had conferred this care to four Planets; the Persians to four great Stars, which are placed at the four cardinal points of Heaven.
The Indians have also their Genii, which are set over the various regions of the World. The astrological system had subjected each climate, and each city to the influence • of a Star. For this an Angel was substituted, or the spirit which was presumed to preside over that Star and to be its soul. Thus the sacred books of the Jews admit a tutelar Angel of Persia, as a tutelar Angel of the Jews.
The number twelve, or that of the signs, gave the origin to the idea of the twelve great guardian Angels of the World, of

Chap. ZZJ.l .   55
which Hyde has preserved the names. Each of the divisions of the time into twelve months had its Angel, as well as the Elements. There are also Angels, who are set over the thirty days of each month. All things of this World, according to the Persians, are administered by Angels, and this doctrine is traced with them up to the highest antiquity.
The Busilidians had their 360 Angels, who were set over 360 Heavens, which they had imagined. These are the 360 iEons of the Gnostics.
The administration of the Universe was divided between this multitude of spirits, which were either Angels or Izeds, Gods or Heroes, Genii or Gines, &c., each one of them had charge of a certain department, or of a particular function; the cold, the heat, the rain, the drought, the production of the fruits of the earth, the increase of the herds, the arts, the agricultural operations, &c., all were under the superintendence of an Angel.
Bad, with the Persians, is the name of an Angel, who is set over the winds. Mordad, is the Angel of death. Aniran is set over the nuptials. Fervardin is the name of the Angel of air and of water. Curdat is called the Angel of the Earth and its fruits. This theology was transferred to the Christians. Origines speaks of the Angel of vocation of the Gentiles, of the Angel of grace. Tertullian mentions the Angel of prayer, the Angel of baptism, the Angel of marriage, the Angel presiding over the formation of the foetus. Chrysostom and Basil celebrate the Angel of peace. It will be seen that the Fathers of the Church have thus copied the hierarchical system of the Persians and Chaldeans.
In the theology of the Greeks, it was supposed, that the Gods had divided amongst them the different parts of the Universe, the different arts, the various works. Jupiter presided in Heaven, Neptune over the Water, Pluto over the subterranean world, Vulcan over the Fire, Diana over the chase,

56   . [Chap.
Ceres over the Earth and the crops, Bacchus over the vintage, Minerva over the arts and architecture. The mountains had their Oreads, the fountains their Naiads, the forests their Driads and Hamadriads. It is the same dogma under other names, and Origines of the Christians shares the same opinion, when he says:   “I have no hesitation whatsoever in saying,
“ that there are celestial virtues, who have the government of “this World; one presides over the earth, another over the “plants; such a one over rivers and fountains; such another “ over the rain, over,the winds.” Astrology placed a part of these powers in the Stars; thus the Hyads were set over the rain, Orion over the storms, Sirius over the hot season (dog days) the Bam over the flocks, &c. The system of the Angels and of the Gods, amongst which are distributed the various parts of the World and the different operations of the great work of Nature, is nothing else but the ancient astrological system, in which the Stars exercised the same functions, which their Angels and their Genii have since filled.
Proclus makes a Pleiad preside over each sphere; Celeno is set over the sphere of Saturn, Stenope over that of Jupiter, &c. In the Apocalypse these same Pleiads are called the seven Angels, which smite the World with the seven last plagues.
The natives of the isle of Thule worshipped celestial, serial and terrestrial Genii; they also placed some in the water, in the rivers and fountains.
The Sindovistas of Japan worship Divinities distributed in the Stars, and spirits, which are set over the elements, over the plants, over the animals, over the various events of life.
They have their Udsigami, which are the tutelar Divinities of a province, of a city, of a village, &c.
The Chinese worship the Genii, which are placed in the Sun and in the Moon, in the Planets, in the Elements, and those which preside over the Sea and the Bivers, over the Fountains, woods and Mountains, corresponding precisely to the

57
Chap. III.']
Naiads, the Dryads and other Nymphs of the theogony of the Greeks. All those Genii, according to the learned, are the emanation of the great All, or in other words of Heaven and of the universal soul, which moves it.
The Chen of the Chinese of the sect of Tao, are an administration of spirits or intelligences, which are ranged in different classes and charged with the different functions of Nature. Some are inspectors of the Sun, others of the Moon, those of the Stars, those of the "Winds, others of the Weather, of the Seasons, of the Days, of the Nights, of the Hours.
The Siamese like the Persians, acknowledge Angels which are set over the four corners of the World; they place several classes ofgAngels over the seven Heavens; the stars, the winds, the rain, the earth, the mountains, the cities are under the inspection of Angels or Intelligences. They make a distinction between males and females; thus the guardian Angel of the Earth is a female.
In consequence of the fundamental dogma, which places God in the universal soul of the World, says Dow, a soul pervading all parts of Nature, the East Indians worship the Elements and all the great parts of the body of the Universe, as they believe that they contain a portion of the Divinity. This is the cause, which has originated amongst the people, the worship of subaltern Divinities; because the Indians in their vedarn, make the Divinity or the universal soul pervade all parts of matter. Thus they admit, besides their trinity or treble power, a multitude of Intermediate Divinities, Angels, Genii, Patriarchs, &c. They worship Vayu, the God of the wind; this is the iEolus of the Greeks; Agny the God of the Eire;   Varugthe God of the Ocean;   the God of the
Moon; Prajapatee, the God of Nations; Cubera is set over wealth, &c.
In the religious system of the East Indians, the Sim the Moon and the Stars are so many Dewatas or Genii. The World 8
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58   . [   .
has seven degrees, each of which is surrounded by its Sea and by its Genius; the perfection of each Genius is gratuated like that of stories or degrees. This is the system of the ancient Chaldeans, about the great Sea or firmament, and about the various Heavens, peopled by Angels of a different nature and composing a gratuated hierarchy.
The God Indra, who as the Indians believe, is set over the air and the wind, is presiding also over the inferior Heaven and over the subaltern Divinities, the number of which amounts to three hundred and thirty-two millions; these subaltern Gods are subdivided into different classes. The superior Heaven has also its Divinities; Adytya is conducting the Sun; Nishagara the Moon, &c.
The Chingaleese give lieutenants to the Divinity: all the is- landfof Ceylon is filled with tutelar idols of cities and provinces. The prayers of these islanders are not addressed directly to the supreme Being, but to his lieutenants and to the inferior Gods, as the depositaries of a portion of his power.
The Molucchians have their Nitos, which are under the command of a superior chief, called Lanthila. Each city, town and hamlet has its Nitos, or its tutelar Divinity; they give to the Genius of the Air the name of Lanitho.
At the Philippine islands, the ?worship of the Sun, the Moon and the Stars is accompanied with that of subaltern spirits, some of which are superintending the seeds, others the fisheries, these the cities and those the mountains, &c.
The natives of the island of Formosa, who looked upon the Sun and the Moon as two superior Divinities, believed that the Stars were Demi Gods or inferior Divinities.
The Paisees subordinate to the supreme God seven ministers, under which are ranged twenty-six others, amongst which the government of the World is divided. They pray to them to intercede in their behalf for their wants, as being the mediators between man and the supreme God.

Chap. III.] .   59
The Sabeans placed Angels, which they called mediators between them and the supreme God, whom they qualified the Lord of Lords.
The islanders of the isle of Madagascar admit, besides the sovereign God, Spirits, the duty of which is that of moving and governing the celestial spheres, others, which have the department of the air, of the meteors, some that of the waters: while others are watching over mankind.
The natives of Loango have a great many idols for Divinities, who divide amongst themselves the empire of the World. Amongst those Gods or Genii there are some, wnich preside over the win$s, others over the lightning, others over the crops; some have command over the fishes of the sea and of tho rivers; others over the forests, &c.
The nations of Celtica admitted Spirits, which the first Being had spread in all parts of matter in order to animate and to conduct it. They added Genii to the worship of the different parts of Nature and of the Elements, which were presumed to reside there and to conduct it. They supposed says Peloutier, that each part of the visible World was united with an invisible Spirit, which was the soul of it. The same opinion was held by the Scandinavians. “ According to the belief of “ those people, says Mallet, it would appear, that from the supreme Deity, which is the animated and spiritual World, “ an infinity of subaltern Divinities and of Genii had emanated, “which had for their seat and temple each part of the World: “ there resided not only Spirits, but they also directed its op- “ erations. Each Element had its Spirit or its proper Divini- “ty. There were some of it in the Earth, others in the “ Water, in the Eire, in the Air, in the Sun, in the Moon and “in the Stars. The trees, the forests, the rivers, the mountains, “the rocks, the winds, the lightning, the storm, contained “ them also, and deserved on this account religious worship.” The Sclavonians had Kupalu, who was set over the produc
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   [ Chap. III.
tions of the Earth; and Bog, the God of Water. Lado or Lada presided over love.
The Burkans of the Kalmucks, reside in the World, which they adopt, and in the Planets; others occupy the celestial regions. Sakji-Muni resides on Earth; Erlik-Kan in Hell, where he reigns over the souls.
The Kalmucks are convinced that the Air is filled with Genii; they give to these serial Spirits the name of Tengri; some are beneficent and others are malevolent.
The natives of Thibet have their Lahes, which are Genii, that emanated from the divine substance.
In America, the savages from the island of St. Domingo recognized under a sovereign God, other Divinities by the name of Zemes, to which, in each hut, idols were consecrated: The Mexicans, the Virginians supposed also, that the supreme God had left the Government of the World, to a class of subaltern Gods. It is with this invisible World or this compound of Spirits, which were hidden in every part of Nature, that the priests had established a commerce, which has caused all the misfortunes and the shame of mankind. According to the foregoing enumeration of the religious opinions of the different nations of the World it appears demonstrated, that the Universe and its parts have been worshipped, not only as causes, but also as living, animated and intelligent causes, and that this dogma is not traced to one or two nations only, but that it is a dogma, which is universally spread over the whole Earth. It hasbeen equally shown, whathas been the source of this opinion: that it originated from the dogma of an only and universal soul, or of a soul of the World, eminently intelligent, disseminated .over all the points of matter, where Nature exercises as cause some important function, or produces some regular effect, be it eternal or constantly reproduced. The single great cause, or the God-Universe was therefore decomposed into a number of partial causes, which were subordinate to its unity,

Chap. ///.] .   61
and which were considered as so many living and spiritual causes of the nature of the supreme cause, of which they are either parts or emanations. The Universe was therefore an only God, composed of the assemblage of a multitude of Gods, which concurred as partial causes to the action of the whole, which it exercised itself in itself and on itself. Thus arose this great administration, one in its wisdom and in its primitive force, but infinitely multiplied in its secondary agents, called Gods, Angels, Genii, &c., which, it was believed, could be treated with, as people treated the ministers and agents of human administrations.
It is here that worship commences; because we address our wishes and prayers only to Beings, which are capable of hearing and executing our wishes. Thus said Agamemnon in Homer, while addressing the Sun. Oh which sees all and hears   all.This is not here a mere poetical figure or metaphor;
it is a dogma constantly received, and the first philosopher, who dared to proclaim, that the Sun was nothing but a mass of fire, was regarded as an impious man. It will be observed, how prejudicial must have been such opinions to the progress of natural philosophy, when all the phenomena of Nature could be explained through the will of spiritual causes, which resided in the place, where the actions of the cause was manifested. But while this threw great obstacles in the way of the study of natural philosophy, that of Poetry found there great resources for fiction. All was animated in it, as all seemed to be so in Nature.
Ce n’est plus la vapeur qui produit le tonnerre,
C’est Jupiter arme pour effrayer la Terre;
Un orage terrible aux yeux des matelots,
C’est Neptune en courroux qui gourmante les flots.
Echo n’est plus un son qui dans l’air retentisse,
C’est une Nymphe en pleurs, qui se plaint de Narcisse.
(Boileau, Art Poe't. L. III.)
Such was the language of poetry since the highest antiquity; and in conformity with these data, we shall proceed with the

62   . [Chap.
explanation of mythalogy and of religious poems, of which, it contains the remains. As the poets were the first theologians, so we shall analyse also according to the same method all the traditions and sacred legends, under whatsoever name that the agents of Nature shall find themselves disguised in the religious allegories, be it that Spirits were supposed uuited to visible bodies, which they animated, or that they had been separated by abstraction, and that a World of Spirits had been created, which were placed outside the visible World, but the outlines of which had always been sketched in accordance with it and upon its divisions.

CHAPTER IV.
OF THE GREAT DIVISIONS OF NATURE INTO ACTIVE AND PASSIVE CAUSES, AND INTO PRINCIPLES OF LIGHT AND DARKNESS!
The thus animated and spiritual Universe, or the great cause, bejng subdivided into a number of partial and likewise intelligent causes, was also divided into two great masses or parts, one called the active, and the other the passive cause, or the male and female part, which composed the great Androgynus, the two sexes of which were presumed to unite, in order to produce everything, in other words, the World acting in itself and upon itself. Here we have one of the great mysteries of ancient theology. Heaven contained the first part; the Earth and Elements up to the Moon comprised the second.
Two things have always struck mankind in the Universe and in the forms of the bodies which it contains : namely that, which seems to remain there always, and that which is merely transient; the causes, the effects, the places which are assigned them, otherwise, the places where one part acts, and those where the other part reproduces itself. Heaven and Earth represent the image of this remarkable contrast of the eternal Being and of the transient Being. In the Heavens, nothing seems to be born, nothing to grow, to get old and to die, when we rise above the sphere of the Moon. The latter alone seems to show some trace of alteration, destruction and reproduction of forms in the changes of her phases, when at the same time on the other hand, she offers an image of perpetuity in her proper substance, in her motion, and in the periodical and invariable succession of these same phases. She is like the most elevated limit of the sphere of beings, subject

64   . [ Chap. IV.
to alteration. Above her everyting moves in constant and regular order, and is preserving eternal forms. All celestial bodies show themselves perpetually the same, in their size, in their colors, in their same diameters, in their respective distances, if we except the planets and other movable stars : their number never grows nor diminishes. Uranus neither begets children, nor does he lose any, All is with him, eternal and immutable, at least to us, all seems to be so.
Such is not the case with the Earth. If on one side she shares the eternity of Heaven in her mass, in her force and her own qualities, on the other hand, she carries in her bosom and on her surface an innumerable number of bodies, which are extracted from her substance and from that of the elements surrounding her. These have only a momentary existence and pass successively through all the forms in the various organizations, which terrestial matter experiences: they have scarcely emerged from her bosom, when they subside into it immediately. It is to this particular species of matter, which is successively organized and decomposed, that man has applied the idea of being transient and of effect, whilst he attributed the prerogative of causes to the Being, which is perpetually existing, whether in Heaven and in the Stars, or on Earth with her elements, her rivers and mountains.
Here are then two great divisions, which must have been conspicuous in the Universe, and which separate the existing bodies throughout Nature by very distinct differences. On the surface of the Earth, matter is seen undergoing a thousand different forms, according to the different contextures of the germs, which she contains, and the various configurations of the moulds, which receive them, and where they are developed. Here she creeps under the forms of a flexible shrub ; there she elevates herself majestically in that of a robust oak ; elsewhere she is bristling with thorns, blooming in«roses, variegated in flowers, ripening in fruits, stretching herself in roots, or is

Chap.   IV]THE ORlGON OP ALL RELIGIOUS WORSHIP.   65
rounding in a bushy mass, and covers with its dense shade the green turf, in which she nourishes the cattle, which is also herself, put into action in a more perfect organization, and moved by the fire, that principle, which gives life to animated bodies. In this new state she has again her germs, her devel- opement, her growth, her perfection or maturity ; her youth, her age, her death, leaving rubbish behind, which is destined to recompose new bodies. Under this animated form she may be seen alike creeping in insect and reptile, elevating herself in the bold eagle, spiking herself with the darts of the porcupine, covering herself with down, with hair, with plumage of various colors, fastening herself to rocks by the roots of the polypus, crawling as a turtle, skipping as a stag, or a nimble deer, or crushing the earth with its ponderous mass, as in the elephant, roaring as a lion, bellowing as a bull, singing under the form of a bird, finally articulating sounds under that of man, combining ideas, knowing and imitating herself, creating the arts and reasoning over all his operations, and over those of Nature. This is the known boundary of perfection of organized matter on the surface of the Earth.
Next to man are those extremes, which form the greatest contrast with animated matter in those bodies, which are organized in the midst of water, and which live in shells. Here the fire of intellect, sense and life are almost entirely extinct, and a light shade separates there the animated being from that, which only vegetates. Nature takes there still more variegated forms, than on land : the masses there are enormous and the figures still more monstrous; but the matter, which is annimated by the fire Ether is always there distinguishable. The-reptile creeps here in the slime, while the fish is cutting the body of the water, aided by fins, over the tortuous eel, de- vehrping its fold towards the bottom of the fluid. The enormous whale shows here a mass of living matter, which has no equal amongst the dwellers on the Earth, and in the Air, al- 9

66
 [ Chap.
though each of the three elements may have animals, which may offer very often parallels. A common character is distinguishable in all; it is the instinct of reproduction, which brings them together to that effect, and another not so gentle an instinct, which inclines them, to pursue each other for food, and which also is coherent with the want of perpetuating the transformation of the same matter under a thousand forms, and to make it revive by turns in the various elements, which serve as habitations to organized bodies. This is the Protheus of Homer according to some allegorists.
Nothing of the kind is offered for the contemplation of man beyond the elementary sphere, which is believed to extend to the last strata of the atmosphere, and even up to the orbit of the Moon. There the bodies take another character; that of constancy and perpetuity, which distinguishes them essentially from the effect. The Earth conceals therefore, in her fruitful womb the cause or germs of beings, which she brings forth, but she is not the sole cause. The rains, which fertilize her, seem to come from Heaven or from the abode of the clouds, which the eye locates there. The heat comes from the Sun; and the vicissitudes of the seasons are connected with the movements of the luminaries, which seem to bring them back. Heaven was therefore as much cause as the Earth, but an active cause, producing all the changes, without itself experiencing any, and producing them in another, unlike itself.
Ocellus of Lucania was therefore right, when he says : “ that the existence of generation and cause of geneneration “in the Universe had been observed, and that generation was “placed, where there was a change and dislocation of the “parts, and the cause, where there was stability of Nature. “As the World, adds this philosopher, is ungenerated and indestructible, that it has no beginning, and that it shall have “no end; it is therefore necessary, that the principle, which

Chap. TV. ]    67
“operates the generation in another, unlike itself, and the “one, which operates in itself, had existed.
“ The principle, which operates in another unlike itself, is “all that, which is above the Moon, and principally the Sun, “which, by its going- and returning, constantly changes the “ air, as far as cold and heat are concerned, from which result “ the changes on Earth, and of everything, which pertains to “ the Earth. The zodiac, in which the Sun moves is still an- “ other cause, which concurs to the generation : in one word, “the composition of the World includes the active and passive “cause; the one, which generates outside of it, and the other, “ which begets in it. The first is the World above the Moon; “ the second is the sublunary World, of these two parties: one c< divine and always constant, the. other mortal and always “changing, is composed what is called the World, of which “one of the principles is always moving and governing, and “the other is always moved and governed.”
This is a summary of ancient philosophy, which has passed in the theologies and cosmogonies of the different nations.
This distinction of the two-fold manner, in which the great cause acts in the generation of beings, which are produced by her and within her, must have originated comparisons with the generations here below, where two causes concur in the formation of the animal, the one actively, the other passively; one as male the other as female, one as the father, the other as the mother. The Earth must have been regarded as the womb of Nature; as the receptacle of the germs, and as the nurse of the beings, which are produced in her bosom; Heaven, as the principle of the seed and of fecundity. They must have stood towards each other in the relation ol male and female, or rather as husband and wife, and their conjunction must have appeared like the image of marriage, wherefrom all beings take their origin. These comparisons have actually been made. Heaven, says Plutarch, appeared to

68   THE ORIGIN OR ALL RELIGIOUS WORSHIP. [ Chap. IV
mankind, as if it was exercising the functions of father, and the Earth that of mother. “ Heaven was the father, because “it poured out its seed in the shape of rain into the womb of “the Earth; the Earth, while receiving it, became fruitful and “ brought forth, seemed to be the mother.” Love presided, according to Hesiod, at the clearing away of the chaos. This is then the chaste marriage of Nature with herself, which Virgil has sung in those beautiful verses of the second book of the “Georgies.” “ The Earth, says the poet, expands in “ spring, in order to ask of Heaven the germ of fecundity. “ Ether, that mighty God, descends then in order to join his “ wife, which is gladdened by his presence. At the moment, “ when he pours out his seed in the form of rain, by which “she is moistened, the union of both their immense bodies “gives life and nourishment to all beings.” It is also in spring and on the 25th of March, when the sacred fictions of the Christians suppose, that the Eternal communicates with their Virgin-Goddess, in order to redeem the calamities of Nature and to regenerate the Universe.
Columella in his treatise on Agriculture, has also sung the courtship of Nature, or the marriage of Heaven and Earth, which is consummated every year in spring. He portrays the eternal Spirit, source of the life or of the soul, which animates the World, as overcome with Love and fired with all the passion of Venus, which unites with Nature or with itself, because she forms a part of it, and which fills her own bosom with new productions. It is the Union of the Universe with itself, or that mutual action of its two sexes, which he calls the great secrets of Nature, her sacred orgies, her mysteries, which have been portrayed by the ancient Initiations with innumerable emblems. From this are derived the Ithyphallic feasts and the consecration of Phallus and Cteis, or the sexual organs of man and woman in the ancient sanctuaries.
Snch is also the origin of the worship of Lingam with the

Chap. IV.'] .   69
East Indians, which, is nothing else bnt the union of the organs of generation of the two sexes, which those nations kept exposed in the temples of Nature, because of their being the always subsisting emblem of universal fecundity. The East Indians hold this symbol in the greatest veneration, and its worship is traced with them up to the highest antiquity. Under this form, they worship their great God Isuren, the same as the Greecian Bacchus, in honor of whom that people raised the Phallus.
The candlestick of seven branches, designed to represent the planetary system, through which the great work of sublunary generations is consummated, is placed before the Lingam, and the Brahmins light it, when they are paying homage to that emblem of the double force of Nature.
It is the duty of the Gurus (“ Goto adorn the Lingam with flowers, almost exactly as the Greeks adorned the Phallus. The Taly, which the Branma consecrates, and which the new husband hangs on the neck of his wife, to be worn byher all her lifetime, is frequently a Lingam, or the emblem of the union of the two sexes.
The Egyptians had also cofisecrated the Phallus in the mysteries. of Isis and Osiris. According to Kirker, the Phallus was even found to be honored in America. If this should be the case, then this worship has had the same universality as that of Nature, or of that Being, which unites in itself that double power. We learn from Diodorus, that the Egyptians were not the only nation,, which had. consecrated that emblem; that the Assyrians, the Persians and the Greeks had it as well as the Romans, and in fact the whole of Italy.
Everywhere it was held sacred as an image of the organs of generation of all animated beings, according to Diodorus, or as a symbol designed to represent the natural and spermatic force of the Stars, according to Ptolomy.

70
 [ Chap. IV.
The Christian doctors, quite as ignorant as they were wicked, and always at work to decry and to pervert the theological ideas, ceremonies, statues and sacred fables of the ancients, were therefore wrong to inveigh against the feasts and the images, which had the worship of universal fecundity for objects. Those images and symbolical expressions of the two great forces of the God-Universe, were as simple as they were ingenious; they had been imagined in those ages, when the organs of generation and their union had not yet been blemished by the ridiculous prejudice of mysticism, or dishonored by the abuse of lewdness. The operations of Nature and of her agents were held as sacred as herself : our religious errors and vices have only profaned her.
The double sex of Nature, or its distinction into active and passive cause, was also represented with the Egytians by an androgynal Divinity, or by the God   which vomits from
its mouth the symbolical egg, designed to represent the World. The Brahmins of India expressed the same cosmo- gonical idea by a statue, which was imitative of the World and which represented the two sexes; The male bore the image of the Sun, as being the center of the active principle; the female represented that of the Moon, which fixes the beginning and the first lying in of passive Nature, as we have seen in the passage of Ocellus of Lucania.
From the reciprocal union of the two sexes of the World or of Nature, as universal cause, have originated the fictions, which are found at the head of all theogonies. Uranus married Ghea, or Heaven had the Earth for wife. These are the two physical beings, of which Sanchoniaton, the author of the theogony of the Phoenicians, speaks, when he says that Uranus and Ghea were two spouses, which gave their names, the one to Heaven, the other to Earth, from which marriage the God Time or Saturn was born. The author of the theogony of the Cretans, of the Atlantes, Hesiod, Apollodorus, Proclus,

Chap. IV.'] .
71
and all those, who wrote the genealogy of the‘Gods or causes} place Heaven and Earth at the head of it. These are the two great causes, from which all things have emanated. The name of king and queen, given to them by certain theogonies, belonging to the allegorical style of antiquity, and ought not to be an obstacle to recognize there the two first causes of Nature. We shall also discover in their marriage the union of the active and passive causes, which is one of those cosmo- gonical ideas, which all religions have endeavorod to portray. We shall therefore take off Uranus and Ghea of the number of the first princes, which have reigned over the Universe, and the epoch of their reigns shall be stricken from the chronological records. The same will be the case with Prince Saturn and Prince Jupiter, with Prince Helios or the Sun and ?with the Princess Selena or the Moon, &e. The fate of the fathers shall decide that of their children and nephews, in other words, that the sub-divisions of the two primary great causes shall not be of a different nature, than the causes themselves, of which they are a part.
To this first division of the Universe into active and passive cause, a second one is added, which is that of the principles, one of which is the principle of Light and of goodness, and the other the principle of Darkness and of evil. This dogma forms the basis of all theogonies, as has been well remarked by Plutarch- ‘‘We must not be under the impression, says “ that philosopher, that the principles of the Universe are inanimate bodies, as Democritus and Epicurus have imagined, “ nor that unqualified matter is organized and ordained by “ one single mind or Providence, mistress of all things, as the “Stoics have said; because it is impossible, that a single “being'—be it good or bad, should be the cause of all, as God “ cannot be the cause of any evil.”
“The harmony of this World is a combination of contraries, “ like the chords of a lyre or the string of a bow, which bend

72   . [Chap.
“and unbend. Never, as the poet Euripides said, is the good “separated from the evil: there must be a mixture of the one “ and the other.”
“This opinion of the two principles, continues Plutarch, is “of the highest antiquity; it has passed from the theologians “ and the legislators, to the poets and philosophers. The au- “ thor is unknown, but the opinion itself is proved by the traditions of the human family; it is consecrated by the mysteries “ and the sacrifices of the Greeks and of the Barbarians. The “Dogma of the principles, which are opposed to each other in “Nature, and which by their contrarieties produce a mixture of “ good and of evil, is there recognized. It cannot therefore “ be said, that there is a sole dispenser, who is drawing off the “ events, like liquor from two casks, in order to mix them to- “gether, and to give us that mixture to drink; because Nature “ produces nothing here below, which might be without that “ mixture. But there are two contrary causes, which must be “ acknowledged, two antagonistic powers, of which one car- “ ries to the right, the other to the left, and thus govern our “life and all this sublunary World, which for that very reason “is subject to so many changes and irregularities of our “species, because nothing can exist without a cause; and if “ Good cannot be the cause of Evil, it is therefore abso- “ lutely necessary, that there is a cause for Evil, as well as “there is one for Good.”
It should seem from this last phrase of Plutarch, that the real origin of the dogma of the two principles, proceeds from the dificulty, under which mankind has ever labored, to explain by one and the same cause, the good and the evil of Nature, and to make virtue and crime, light and darkness, issue from one common source. Two such antagonistic effects appeared to them to require two causes equally antagonistic in their nature and in their action. This dogma, adds Plutarch, has been generally recieved by most nations, and chiefly

Chap. IVA
73
by those, which were most celebrated for their wisdom. They have all acknowledged two Gods, of different occupations, if I may be allowed this expression, one of which was the author “ of good, and the other of the evil, which is found in the “ World- They gave to the first the title of God the most “ high, and to the other that of Demon.”
Indeed, we see in the Cosmogony or the Genesis of the Hebrews two principles, one called God, who does good, and who after the termination of each of his works exclaims: that he saw, what he had made, was good-, and after him there comes another principle, called Demon, or Devil, and Satan, who destroys the good, which the first has made, and “who introduces the evil, death and sin into the Universe.” This cosmogony, as we shall see elsewhere, was copied from the ancient cosmogony of the Persians, and its dogmas were copied from the books of Zoroaster, who also admits two principles, according to Plutarch, one called Oromaze and the other Ahriman. “ The Persians said of the first, that he was of the “ nature of Light, and of the other, that he was of that of Dark- “ness. The Egyptians called the first, Osiris, and the second “Typhon, who was the eternal enemy of the first.”
All the sacred books of the Persians and Egyptians contain the marvellous and allegorical story of the various battles, which were given by Ahriman and his Angels to Oromaze, and which were given by Typhon to Osiris. These fables have been repeated by the Greeks in the war of the Titans and Giants with feet, in the shape of serpents, against Jupiter or against the principle of Goodness and of Light; because in their theology, as it is well observed by Plutarch, Jupiter corresponded to the Oromaze of the Persians and to the Osiris of the Egyptians.
To the examples quoted by Plutarch, which are taken from the theogony of the Persians, Egyptians, Grecians and the Chaldeans, I shall add some others, which shall corroborate 10

74    [ Chap. IV.
what he asserts, and which shall finally prove, that this dogma was universally spread all over the World, and that it belongs to all theologies.
The natives of the Kingdom of Pegu admit two principles, one the author of Good and the other of Evil. They attempt chiefly to lower the latter. Thus it happens, that the natives of the island of Java, who acknowledge a supreme ruler, of the Universe, address also their oblations and their prayers to the evil spirit, in order that he might not do them any harm. The same is the case with the Molucchians and with all the savages of the Phillipine islands. The natives of the island of Formosa have their good God, Ishy, and their devils, Chouy; they offer sacrifices to the evil Genius and rarely to the good one. The Negroes of the Gold Coast admit also two Gods, one of which is good and the other bad; one is white, and the other is black and wicked. They trouble themselves very little with the first one, whom they call the good man, but they fear principally the second one, to whom the Portuguese have given the name of Demon; it is him, whom they try to propitiate.
The Hottentots call the good principle, the Captain above, and the bad principle, the Captain below. The Ancients also thought, that the source of ail evil was in the gloomy matter of the Earth. The Giants and Typhon were children of the Earth. The Hottentots say, that it is better to let the good principle alone; that it is not necessary to pray to it, that it will always do good; but that it is necessary ^o address prayers to the bad one, that he may not do any mischief. They call their bad Divinity Tuquoa, and they represent it as of small size, crooked and of bad temper, enemy of the Hottentots, and they say that it is the source of all the evils, which afflict the World, but beyond that its power ceases.
The natives of Madagascar acknowledge also the two principles; they give to the bad one, the attributes of the serpent,

Chap. IV.~\ .   75
which the cosmogonies of the Persians, Egyptians, the Jews and the Greeks also attributed to it; they call the good principle Jadhar, or the great almighty God; and the bad one Angat. To the first one they erect no temples, neither do they address to him their prayers, because he is good, just as if fear alone, more than gratitude had made the Gods. Thus the Mingrelians honor above all that of their idols, which is in repute of being the most cruel.
The inhabitants of the island of Tenerif acknowledge a supreme God, to whom they give the name of Ackguaya—Xerac, which means the greatest, the most sublime, the preserver of all things. They also believe in a bad Genius, which they call Guayotta.
The Scandinavians have their God Locke, who makes war to the Gods and chiefly to Thor; he slanders the Gods, says the Edda,, and is the great artificer of frauds. He has a wicked spirit; of him are born three monsters, the wolf Eeuris, the serpent Midgard, and Hela or Death. He, like Typhon produces tide Earthquakes.
The Tehuvaches and the Morduans acknowledge a supreme Being, from whom mankind derives all the good it enjoys. They admit also malevolent Genii, whose occupation is to persecute mankind.
The Tartars of Katzchinzi address their prayers to a beneficent God, while turning their faces towards the East, or towards the source of light; but they stand more in fear of a malevolent Divinity, which they worship in order, that it might not do them any harm. They consecrated to it in Spring a black stallion; they called this malevolent Divinity Toils. The Ostiaks and the Yoguls call it Kul, the Samoyedes, Sjudibe; theMotores, Huala; the Kargassians Sedkyr.
The natives of Thibet also admit malevolent Genii, which they place above the air.
The religion of the Bonzes supposes likewise two principles.

76
 [ Chap. IV.
The Siamese sacrifice to a principle of evil, which, they consider as the author of all the evil, which happens to mankind, and it is chiefly in their afflictions that they apply to it for relief.
The East Indians have their Ganga and their Gurnatha, which are'Genii, that have the power to do evil, and which they try to appease by prayers, sacrifices and processions. The inhabitants of Tolgoni in India, admit two principles, which govern the Universe; a good one, which is the Light; and the other bad, which is Darkness. The ancient Assyrians shared the opinion of the Persians on the two principles, and they worshipped, says Augustin, two Gods, one good and the other bad, as it is easy to be convinced of it by their books. The Chaldeans had their good and bad Stars, to which they joined Spirits, which shared their nature, whether good or bad.
We find again also in the new World this same dogma, which had been generally received by the old one, on the distinction of the two principles, and of the beneficent and malevolent Genii.
The Peruvians worshipped Pacha- Gamac, the God, author of Good, to whom they opposed Cupai the Genius author of Evil.
The Caraibes admitted two kinds of Spirits; some of which were good, which had their abode in Heaven, and of which every one of us has his own, which is his guide on Earth: these are our Guardian Angels; others were malevolent Spirits, which hover in the air and take pleasure to annoy the mortals.
The natives of Terra firma thought that there was a God in Heaven, that this C-od was the Sun. They admitted besides, a bad principle, the author of all the evils, which we suffer; and and in order to propitiate his good will, they offer him flowers, fruit, corn and perfumes. These were the Gods, of which the Kings had some reason to say, that they themselves were their

Ghcqj. IV.~] .   77
representatives and images on Earth. The more they are feared, the’more they are flattered, the more homage is showered upon them.
This is the reason, why the Gods have always been treated like Kings and like men of influence, of whom we either are in fear or expect something. All the prayers and all the wishes, which the Christians address to their God and to their Saints are always selfish. Religion is merely a commerce of barter. That Tenebrious Being, which is so venerated by the Savages, appears to them very often, as their priests say, who are at the same time legislators, physicians and ministers of war; because the priests everywhere have taken possession of all the branches of power, which force or imposture exercise over the credulous mortals.
The Tabuyes in America, situated in about the same latitude as the Madegassians in Africa, have also nearly the same opinion with regard to the two principles.
The natives of Brazil acknowledge a bad Genius, which they call Aguyan; they have their conjurers, who pretend to stand in connection with this Spirit..
The Aborigines of Louisiana admitted two principles, one is the cause of Good and the other of Evil; the latter according to their notions, governs the whole World.
Those of Florida worshipped .the Sun, the Moon and the Stars, and acknowledged also a Genius of evil by the name of To’ia, which they try to conciliate, by the celebration of feasts in his honor.
The Canadians and the Savages in the neighborhood of Hudson’s Bay, worship the Sun, the Moon and the Thunder. The Divinities to which they address most frequently their wishes, are the malevolent Spirits, of which they stand greatly in fear, as they believe them to be all powerful to do evil.
The Esquimaux have a God, which is exclusively good, called IJkuma, and another called Ouikam, which is the author

78    [Chap. IV.
of all their evils. He is the originator of the storms, which upset their boats and causes their labor to be of no account; becanse it is always a Genius, who does everywhere the good or the evil, which befall mankind.
The savages, who have their location near Davis’ Straits admit certain good and bad Genii, and that is nearly all, of which their religion consists.
It would be unnecessary to continue any further the enumeration of the various nations, ancient as well as modern in the two hemispheres, which admitted the distinction of the two principles, that of a God and Genii, which were the sources of Goodness and of Light, and that of a God and Genii, which were the sources of Evil and of Darkness. The reason why this opinion has been so universally extended was, because all those, who have reasoned upon the causes of the opposite effects in Nature, have never been able to reconcile their explanations with the existence of one sole cause. As there were good and bad men, it was believed that there might also exist good and bad Gods; some of' which were the dispensers of good and others the authors of the evils, to which mankind is heir, because as has already been mentioned, man has always represented the Gods, as he is himself, and the court of the immortals was the image of that of Kings and of all those, who govern tyrannically.
The picture, which we have drawn, is a complete proof of the assertion of Plutarch, that the dogma of the two principles had been generally received by all nations, that it runs back to the highest antiquity, and that it is to be found with the Barbarians as well as with the Greeks. This philosopher adds, that it had received its largest development with those nations, which were most renowned for their wisdom. We shall see indeed, that it forms the principal basis of the theology of the Egyptians and Persians, two nations, which have greatly influenced the religious opinions of others, and chiefly

Chap. JK]    79
those of the Jews and the Christians, which have the same system of the two principles, or very nearly so. They have also their Devil and their bad Angels, constantly at war with God, the author of all goodness. The Devil is the counsellor of crime with them, and bears the name of tempter of mankind. This truth will be better understood by the explanation, which we shall give of the first two chapters of the Genesis and of the Apocalypse of John. The Devil, or the principle of evil under the form of serpent and dragon, plays there a most conspicuous figure, and counteracts the good, which the good God wants to do for man. In this sense we may say with Plutarch, that the dogma of the two principles had been consecrated by mysteries and sacrifices with all nations, which have had an organized religious system.
The two principles were not left alone or isolate. Each of them had their family Genii, their Angels, their Izets, their Dews, &c. Under the standards of each of them as chieftains, there were ranged numbers of Spirits or Intelligences, which had affinity with their nature, in other words, with that of Goodness and of Light, or with that of Evil and Darkness; because Light had always been regarded as pertaining to the essence of the principle of goodness, and as the primary bene- ficient Divinity, of which the Sun was the principal agent. To it we owe the enjoyment of the brilliant spectacle of the Universe, of which we are deprived by darkness, which plunges Nature into a species of nonentity.
In the midst of the shades of an intensely dark night, when Heaven is charged with thick and heavy clouds, when all the bodies have disappeared before our eyes, when we seem to live alone with ourselves and with the black shades surrounding us, what is then the measure of our existence? How little does it differ from complete nonentity, especially when not surrounded in memory and thought with the image of the objects, which broad daylight has shown us? All is dead for us,

80
. [   .IV.
and in some respect, we ourselves are dead to Nature. Who can give us life again and draw our soul from that mortal lethargy, which chains its activity to the shades of chaos ? A single ray of light can restore us to ourselves and to entire Nature, which seems as if it had withdrawn from us. Here is the principle of our veritable existence, without which our life would be only a sensation of continued weariness. It is the want of light in its creative energy, which has been felt by all men, who have not seen anything more dreadful, than its absence. Here is then the first Divinity, the fiery splendour of which, spouting out from the midst of Chaos, caused man and the whole Universe to spring into exis+ence according to the principles of the theology of Orpheus and Moses. This is that God Bel of the Chaldeans, the Oromaze of the Persians, whom they invoke as the source of all the blessings of Nature, whilst the origin of all the evil is placed in darkness and in Ahriman its Chief. They hold therefore Light in great veneration and stand in dread of Darkness. Light is the life of the Universe, the friend of man and his most agreeable companion; with it he never feels lonesome; he looks for it as soon as missed, unless in order to rest his tired limbs, he should desire to withdraw from the spectacle of the World and seek repose! in sleep.
But how much is he annoyed, when he awakes before daylight and is forced to await its reappearance. How glad is he, as soon as he has a glimpse of its first rays, and when Aurora, whitening the horizon, restores again to his sight all those pictures, which had disappeared in the shades of night. He sees again those children of the Earth, stretching out their gigantic forms high into the air, those lofty mountains, crowning with their ridges his horizon, and forming the circular barrier, which terminate the course of the Stars. The earth slopes down towards their feet and spreads out in vast plains, intersected by rivers, and covered with meadows, woodland and crops, the aspect of which was hidden from his view a

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History of religion / THE ORIGIN OF RELIGIOUS WORSHIP.
« on: September 21, 2016, 12:06:37 AM »
THE ORIGIN
OP ALL
RELIGIOUS WORSHIP.
OF THE GOD-UNIVERSE AND HIS WORSHIP.

https://archive.org/details/originallreligi00dupugoog

The word God seems intended to express the idea of a power universal and eternally active, which gives impulse to the movements of all Nature, following the laws of a harmony alike constant and wonderful, and developing itself in various forms, which organized matter can take, which blends itself with and animates everything and which seems to constitute One, and only to belong to itself, in its infinite variety of modifications. Such is the vital force, which comprehends in itself the Universe, or that systematic combination of all the bodies, which one eternal chain binds amongst themselves and which a perpetual movement rolls majestically through the bosom of space and Time without end. When man began to reason upon the causes of his existence and preservation, also upon those of the multiplied effects, which are born and die around him, where else but in this vast and admirable Whole could he have placed at first that sovereignly powerful cause, which brings forth everything, and in the bosom of which all reenters, in
CHAPTER I.

 
16
 [_ Chap.
order to issue again by a succession of new generations and under different forms. This power being that of the World itself, it was therefore the World, which was considered as God, or as the supreme and universal cause of all the effects produced by it, of which mankind forms a part. This is that great God, the first or rather the only God, who has manifested himself to man through the veil of the matter which he animates and which forms the immensity of the Deity. This is also the sense of that sublime inscription of the temple of Sals : I am all that has been, all that is, and all that shall be, and no mortal has lifted yet the mil,that covers me.
Although this God was everywhere and was all, which bears a character of grandeur and perpetuity in this eternal World, yet did man prefer to look for him in those elevated regions, where that mighty and radiant luminary seems to travel through space, overflowing the Universe with the waves of its light, and through which the most beautiful as well as the most bene- ficient action of the Deity is enacted on Earth. It would seem as if the Almighty had established his throne above that splendid azure vault, sown with brilliant lights, that from the summit of the heavens he held the reins of the World, that he directed the movements of its vast body, and contemplated himself in forms as varied as they are admirable, wherein he modifies himself incessantly. “ The World, says Pliny, or ivhat “ we otherwise call Heaven, which comprises in its immensity the “ idhole creation, is an eternal, an infinite God, which has never been “ created, and which shall never come to an end. To look for some- “ thing else beyond it, is useless labor for man, and out of his reach. “ Behold that truly sacred Being, eternal and immense, which “ eludes within itself everything ; it is All in or rather itself is “ All. It is the work of Nature, and itself is Nature.”
Thus spoke the greatest philosopher as well as the wisest of ancient naturalists. He believed that the World and Heaven ought to be called the supreme cause and God. According
Hosted by
 
Chap. 2.]    12
to his theory, the World is eternally working within itself and upon itself, it is at the same time the maker and the work. It is the universal cause of all the effects, which it contains. Nothing exists outside of it, it is ail that has been, all that is, and all that shall be, in other words :   Nature itself or God,
because by the name of God we 'mean the eternal infinite and sacred Being, which as cause, contains within itself all that is produced. This is the character, which Pliny attributes to the World, which he calls the great God, beyond whom we shall seek in vain for another.
This doctrine is traced up to the highest antiquity with the Egyptians and the East Indians. The former had their great Pan, who combined in himself all the characters of universal Nature, and who was originally merely a symbolical expression of her fruitful power.
The latter have their God Vishnu, whom they confound frequently with the World, although they make of him sometimes only a fraction of that treble force, of which the universal power is composed. They say, that the Universe is nothing else but the form of Vishnu ; that he carries it within his bosom ; that all that has been, all that is, and all that shall be, is in him ; that he is the beginning and the end of all things ; that he is All, that he is a Being alone and supreme, who shows himself right before our eyes, in a thousand forms. He is an infinite Being, adds the Bagawadam, inseparable from the Universe, which essentially is one with him, because say the Indians, Vishnu is All, and All is in him ; which is entirely a similar expression as the one used by Pliny, in order to characterize the God-Universe, or the World, the supreme cause of all the effects produced.
In the opinion of the Brahmins, as well as that of Pliny, the great-maker or the great Demiurgos is not separated or distinguished from his work. The World is not a machine foreign to the Divinity, which is created and moved by it and outside 3

18
 [Chap. I.
of it; it is the developement of the divine substance ; it is one of the forms under which God shows himself before our eyes. The essence of the "World is one and indivisible with that of Bramah, who organizes it. He, who sees the World, sees God, so far as men can see him ; as he, who sees the body of a man and his movements, sees man, so much as can be seen of him, altho’ the principle of his movements, of his life and of his mind, remain concealed under the envelope, which the hand touches and the eyes perceives. It is the same with the sacred body of the Deity or of the God-Universe. Nothing exists but in him and through him ; outside of him all is nonentity or abstraction. His power is that of the Divinity itself. His movements are those of the great Being, principle of all the others ; and his wonderful order is the organization of his visible substance and of that portion of himself, which God shows to man. In this magnificent spectacle, which the Deity presents to us of itself, were conceived the first ideas of God and the supreme cause ; on him were fixed the eyes of all those, who have investigated the source of life of all creatures. The first men worshipped the various members of this sacred body of the World, and not feeble mortals, who are carried away in the current of the torrent of ages. And where is indeed the man, who could have maintained the parallel, which might have been drawn between him and Nature ?
If it is alleged, that it is to Force, to which altars were first erected, where is that mortal, whose strength could have been compared to that immeasurable, incalculable one, which is scattered all over the World and developed under so many forms and through so many different degrees, producing such wonderful effects ; which holds the Sun in equilibrium in the centre of the*planetary system ; which propels the planets, and yet retains them in their orbits; which unchains the winds, heaves up the seas or calms the storm; which darts the lightning, displaces and overthrows mountains by volcanic erup
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Chap. Z] THE ORIGON OE ALL RELIGIOUS WORSHIP.   19
tions, and holds the whole Universe in eternal activity ? Can it be believed, that the admiration, which this force even to this day produces on our minds, did not equally affect the first mortals, who contemplated in silence the spectacle of the World, and who tried to divine the almighty cause, which set so many different springs in motion ? Instead of supposing that the son of Alcmena had replaced the God-Universe and brought him into oblivion, is it not more simple to assume, that man, not being able to paint or represent the power of Nature, except by images as feeble as himself, endeavored to find in that of the lion or in that of a robust man the figurative expression, with which he designed to awaken the idea of the force of the World ? It was not the man or Hercules, who had raised himself to the rank of the Deity, it was the Deity which waslowered and abased to the level of man, who lacked the means to paint or represent it. Therefore, it was not the apotheosis of man, but rather the degradation of the Deity by symbols and images, which has seemed to displace all in the worship rendered to the supreme cause and its parts, and in the feasts designed to celebrate its greatest operations. If it is to the gratitude of mankind for benefits received, that the institution of religious ceremonies and the most august mysteries of antiquity, must be attributed, can it be believed, that mortals, whether Ceres or Bacchus, had higher merits in the eyes of men, than that Earth, which from its fruitful bosom brings forth the crops and fruits, which Heaven feeds with its waters, and which the Sun warms and matures with its fire ? that Nature, showering upon us its bountiful treasures, should have been forgotten, and that only some mortals should have been remembered, who had given instructions how to use it? To suppose such a thing, would be to acknowledge our ignorance of the power, which Nature always exercised over man, whose attention is ceaselessly claimed by her, on account of his absolute dependence on her, and of his wants. True it is, that

20      I.
sometimes audacious mortals wanted to contend with the veritable gods for their incense and to share it with them, but such an extorted worship lasted only so long, as flattery and fear had an interest in its continuation. Domitian was nothing but a monster under Trajan. Augustus himself was soon forgotten, but Jupiter remained master of the Capitol. Old Saturn was always held in veneration amongst the ancient communities of Italy, where he was worshipped as the G od of time, the same as Janus, or the Genius who opens to him the course of the seasons. Pomona and Flora preserved their altars, and the various constellations continued to be the heralds of the feasts of the sacred calendar, because they were those of Nature.
The reason, why the worship of man has always met with obstacles in its establishment and maintenance amongst its equals, is to be found in man himself, when compared with the great Being, which we call the Universe. In man all is weakness, while in the Universe all is grand, all is strength, all is power. Man is born, grows and dies, and scarcely shares for an instant the eternal duration of the "World, of which he occupies such an infinitesimal point. Being the issue of dust, he very soon returns to it entirely, while Nature alone remains with its formations and its power, and from the remains of mortal beings is reconstructing new ones. It knows no old age, nor alteration of its strength. Our fathers did not see it come into existence, nor shall our great grand children see it come to an end. When we shall descend into the grave, we shall leave it behind just as young, as when we first sprung into life from its bosom. The farthest posterity shall see the Sun rise as brilliant, as we see it now, and as our fathers saw it. To be born to grow, to get old and to die, express ideas, which do not belong to universal Nature, they being only the attributes of mankind and of the other effects produced by the former, “The Universe, says Ocellus of Lucania, when con-

Chap. /.]
21
“sidered in its totality, gives ns no indication whatsoever,
“ which would betray an origin or portend a destruction, no- “body has seen it spring into existence, nor grow or improve, “it is always the same in the same manner, always uniform “ and like itself.” Thus spoke one of the oldest philosophers, whose writings have come down to us, and since then our observations have made no additions to our knowledge. The Universe seems to us the same, as it appeared to him. Is not this character of perpetuity belonging to the Deity, or to the supreme cause ? What would then God be, if he was not all that, which to us seems to be Nature and the internal power which moves it ? Shall we search beyond this World for that eternal uncreated Being, of which there is no proof of existence ? Is it in the class of produced effects, that we shall place that immense cause, beyond which we see nothing but phantoms, the creatures of our own imagination ? I know, that the mind of man, whose reveries are uncontrollable, has gone beyond that, which the eye perceives, and has overleaped the barrier, which Nature has placed before its sanctuary. It has substituted for the cause it saw in action, an other cause, which it did not see, as beyond and superior to it, without in the least troubling itself about the means to prove its reality. Man asked, who had made the World, just as if it had been proved, that the World had been made ; nor did he at all enquire, who had made this God, foreign to the World, entirely convinced, that one could exist, without having been made ; all of which the philosophers have really thought of the World, or of the universal and visible cause. Because man is only an effect, he wanted also the World to be one, and in the delirium of his metaphysics, he imagined an abstract Being called God, separated from the World and from the cause of the World, placed above the immense sphere, which circumscribes the System of the Universe, and it was only himself alone the guarantee of the existence of this new cause ; and thus did
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22

[Chap. I.
man create God. But this audacious conjecture is not his first step. The ascendancy, which the visible cause exercises over him is too strong for conceiving the idea of shaking it off so soon. He believed for a long while in the evidence of his own eyes, before he indulged in the illusions of his own imagination, and lost himself in the unknown regions of an invisible World. He saw God, or the great cause in the Universe, before he searched for him beyond it, and he circumscribed his Worship to the sphere of the World, which he saw, before he imagined a God in a World, which he did not see. This abuse of the mind, this refinement of metaphysics is of a very recent date in the history of religious opinions, and may be considered as an exception of the universal religion, which had for its object the visible Nature, and the active and spiritual force, which seems to spread through all its parts, as it may be easily ascertained by the testimony of historians, and by the political and religious monuments of the ancients.

CHAPTER 11
EVIDENCES OE HISTORY AND OF POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS.
OF THE UNIVERSALITY OF THE WORSHIP OF NATURE.
Henceforth we shall not be satisfied with mere arguments, in order to prove that the Universe and its members, considered as so many parts of the great cause or of the Great Being, must have attracted the attention and the homage of mortals. We shall be able to demonstrate by facts, and by a summary of the religious history of all nations, that that, •which ought to' have come to pass, has really happened, and that all men of all countries, since the highest antiquity, have had no other Gods, but those of Nature, in other words, the World and it most active and most luminous parts, Heaven, Earth, the Sun and the Moon, the Planets, the fixed Stars, the Elements and in general all, which bears a character of cause and perpetuity in Nature. To portray and to praise in songs the World and its operations, was in olden times the same, as portraying and glorifying the Deity.
In whatever direction we may look on the ancient as well as on the new continent, Nature and its principal agents have had everywhere their altars. Its august body and its sacred members were the object of veneration of all nations. “ Chsere- mon ” and the wisest priests of Egypt believed with Pliny, that nothing but the World and the visible cause should be admitted, and 'they supported their opinion by that of the oldest Egyptians/’ who, they Say, “ did only acknowledge as Gods, “ the Sun, the Moon, the Planets, the Stars composing the Zodi- “ ac, and all those decades which by their rising and setting mark “ the divisions of the signs, their subdivisions into decans, the “ horoscope and the stars which preside there, and which are

24    [ Chap.
“ called ttie mighty rulers of Heaven. They aver, that the “ Egyptians—who looked upon the Sun as a great God, archi- “ tect and moderator of the Universe—explained not only the “ fable of Osiris, but also all their religious fables generally “ by the Stars and by the action of their movements, by their “ apparition and by their disappearance, by the phases of the “ Moon, by the increase or the diminution of its light, by the “ progressive march of the Sun, by the divisions of the Heavens “ and of time into two great parts, one of which was assigned “ to the Day, and the other to the Night ; by the Nile and “finally by the action of physical causes. Those are—they “say'—the Gods, sovereign arbiters of destiny, which our “ fathers have honored by sacrifices and to which they have erected images.” Indeed, we have shown in our larger work, that even the animals, which were consecrated in the temples of Egypt and honored by worship, represented the various functions of the great cause and had reference to Heaven, to the Sun and the Moon, and to the different constellations, as it has been well observed by Lucian. For instance, that beautiful star Sirius, or the dog star, was worshipped under the name of Anubis, and under the form of a sacred dog was fed in the temples. The hawk represented the Sun, the bird. Ibis, the Moon, and astronomy was the soul of the whole religious system of the Egyptians. They ascribed the government of the World to the Sun and the Moon, which were worshipped under the name of Osiris and Isis, as the two primary and eternal Divinities, from which depended all that great work of generation and vegetation in this sublunary World. In honor of that luminary, which dispenses the light, they built the city of the Sun or Heliopolis, and a temple in which they placed the statue of that God. It was gilded and represented a young beardless man, whose arm was raised and who held in one hand a whip, in the attitude of a charioteer. In his left hand was the lightning and a bundle of ears of corn.

Chap. 27.]    25
They represented thus the power and at the same time the beneficence of that God, who darts the lightning and makes the crops grow and ripen.
The river Nile, which in its periodical overflow fertilizes the fields of Egypt with its mud, was also honored as a God, or as one of the beneficent causes of Nature. It had its altars and temples at Nilopolis or at the city of the Nile. Near the cataracts, above Elepbantis, there was a college of priests, appointed for its worship. The most magnificent feasts were given in its honor, principally at the moment, when it commences to overflow the plain, which was thereby fertilized every year. They carried its statue around the fields with great ceremonies ; afterwards the people went to the theatre and assisted at public feasts ; they celebrated dances and chanted hymns similar to those, with which they addressed. Jupiter, whose functions devolved on the soil of Egypt upon the Nile. All the other active parts of Nature received the respectful homage of the Egyptians. There was an inscription on an ancient column in honor of the immortal Gods, and the Gods which are mentioned there, are the Breath or the Air, Heaven, Earth, the Sun and the Moon, Night and Day.
Finally, in the Egyptian system, the World was looked upon as a great Divinity, composed of the assemblage of a multitude of Gods or partial causes, which represented only the several members of that great body, called the World or the God "Universe.
The Phoenicians, who with the Egyptians, have mostly influenced the religion of other nations, and have spread over the globe their theogonies, attributed Divinity to the Sun and Moon and the Stars, and regarded them as the only causes of the production and destruction of all beings. The sun was their great Divinity under the name of Hercules.
The Ethiopians, the fathers of the Egyptians, living in a burning climate, worshipped nevertheless the divinity of the Sun, 4


THE ORIGIN 03? ALL RELIGIOUS WORSHIP.
[Chap.
but above all that of the Moon, which presided over the nights, the sweet coolness of which, made them forget the heat of the day. All the Africans offered sacrifices to these great Divinities. It was in Ethiopia, where the famous table of the Sun was found. Those Ethiopians, who lived above Meroe, acknowledged eternal Gods of an incorruptible nature, according to Diodorus, such as the Sun and the Moon, and all the Universe or the World. The same as the Incas of Peru, they called themselves the children of the Sun, which they regarded as their first progenitor : Persina was the priestess of the Moon, and the King her consort was priest of the Sun.
The Troglodytes £iad a fountain, dedicated to the Star of Day. In the neighborhood of the temple of Ammon, there was a rock, sacred to the south-wind, and a fountain of the Sun.
The Blemmyes, situated on the confines of Egypt and Ethiopia, immolated human victims to the Sun. The rock of Bagia and the island of Nasala, situated beyond the territory of the Ichthyophagi, were dedicated to the same luminary. No man dared to approach the island, and frightful stories'deterred the most daring mortals to put a profane foot on it.
There was also a rock in ancient Cyrenaica, on which no one dared to lay a hand, without committing a crime, because it was dedicated to the east wind.
The divinities, which were invoked as witnesses in the treaty of the Carthaginians with Philip, the son of Demetrius, were the Sun, the Moon, the Earth, the Rivers, the Prairies, and the Water. Massinissa, in thanking the Gods on the arrival of Scipio in his empire, addresses himself to the Sun.
The natives of the island of Socotora and the Hottentots preserve to this day the ancient veneration, which the Africans had always for the Moon, which they regard as the principle of sublunary vegetation; they applied to her, when they wanted rain, sunshine or good crops. She is to them a kind
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Chap.   II]    27
and beneficent Divinity, such as was Isis with the Egyptians.
All the Africans, who inhabit the coast of Angola and of Congo, worship the Sun and the Moon. The natives of the island of Tenerif worshipped them also, as well as the planets and other stars, on the arrival of the Spaniards.
The Moon was the great Divinity of the Arabs. The Sara- zens gave her the epithet of Gabar or the Great; her Cresceiit adorns to this day the religious monuments of the Turks. Her elevation under the sign of the Bull, constituted one of tlie principal feasts of the Saracens and of the sab can Arabs. Each Arab tribe was under the invocation of a constellation, The tribe Hamiaz was consecrated to the Sun; the tribeCemah to the Moon; the tribe Miza was under the protection of the Star Aldebaran; the tribe Tai under that of Canopus; the tribe Ka’is under that of Sirius; the tribes Lachamus and Idamus worshipped the planet Jupiter; the tribe Asad that of Mercury, and so forth the others. Each one worshipped one of the celestial bodies as its tutelar genius. Atra, a city in Arabia, was consecrated to the Sun and was in possession of rich offerings, which had been deposited in her temple. The ancient Arabs gave sometimes to their children the title of servants to the Sun.
The Caabah of the Arabs was before the time of Mahomet, a temple dedicated to the Moon. The black stone which the Musulmans kiss with so much devotion to this day, is, as it is pretended, an ancient statue of Saturmus. T^he walls of the great mosque of Kufah, built on the foundation of an ancient Pyrea or temple of the fire, are filled with figures of planets artistically engraved. The ancient worship of the Arabs was the Sabismus, a religion universally spread all over the Orient. Heaven and the Stars were the first objects thereof.
This religion was that of the ancient Chaldeans, and the Orientals pretend that their Ibrahim or Abraham was brought up in that doctrine. There is still to be seen at Hella, over

28
 [ Chap.
the ruins of the ancient Babylon, a mosque called^Mesehed Eschams, or the mosque of the Sun. It was in this city, that the ancient temple of Bel or the Sun, the great Divinity of the Babylonians, existed, it is the same God, to whom the Persians erected temples and consecrated images under the name of Mithras. They worshipped also the Heavens under the name of Jupiter, the Moon and Venus, Eire, Earth, Air or the Wind, Water, and they acknowledge no other Gods since the remotest antiquity. In reading the sacred books of the ancient Persians, which are contained in the collection of the books of Zend, we find on every page invocations addressed to Mithras to the Moon, to the stars, to the elements, to mountains, to trees and to all parts of Nature. The fire Ether, which circulates in the whole Universe and of which the Sun is the most apparent centre, was represented in the Pyreas or fire temples by the sacred fire, which was kept burning by the Magi.
Each planet, which contains a portion of it, had its Pyrea or particular temple, where incense was burned in its honor; people went to the chapel of the Sun, in order to worship that luminary and to celebrate its feast, to that of Mars and Jupiter &c. to adore Mars and Jupiter and so of the other planets. Darius, King of the Persians, invoked the Sun, Mars and the eternal Fire, before giving battle to Alexander. Above his tent there was an image of this luminary, enclosed in crystal, reflecting far off its rays. Amongst the ruins of Persepolis, there may be seen the figure of. a King, kneeling before the image of the Sun; near it, is the sacred fire preserved by the Magi, and which Perseus, as they say, had formerly brought down from Heaven to the Earth.
The Parsees, or the descendants of Zoroaster, still address their prayers to the Sun, the Moon and the Stars, and principally to the Eire, as the most subtle and the purest of all the elements. They preserved this fire especially in Aderbighian, where the great Pyrea or fire temple of the Persians was, and
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29
Chap. II.~]
at Asaae^in-dho country of the Parthians. The Guebres, established at Surat, preserve carefully in a temple, remarkable for its simplicity, the sacred fire, with the worship of which their fathers had been intrusted by Zoroaster. Niebuhr has seen one of these hearths, where as they pretend, the fire was preserved for over two hundred years, without ever having been extinguished.
Yalarsaces built a temple at Armavir in the ancient Phasiah on the shores of the Araxes and consecrated there a statue to the Sun and the Moon, Divinities, which were worshipped formerly by the Iberians? the Albanians and the Colchians. The latter planet was principally worshipped in all that part of Asia, in Armenia and Capadocia, also the God , which the Moon engendered by its revolution. All Asia minor, Phrygia, Jonia were covered with temples, dedicated to these two great flambeaux of Nature. The Moon, under the name of Diana, had a magnificent temple at Ephesus. The God Month had also his own near Laodicea1 and in Phrygia; the Sun was worshipped at Thymbra in Troas, under, the name of Apollo.
The island of Rhodes was consecrated to the Sun, to which a collossal statue was erected, known by the name of the Colossus of Rhodes.
The Turks in the North of Asia, established near the Caucasus, held the Eire in great veneration, also Water and Earth, which they celebrated in their sacred hymns.
The Abasges or Abascians, inhabiting the extreme end of the Black Sea, worshipped still in the time of Justinian, woods and forests, and their principal Divinities were trees.
All those Scythian nations, which led a nomatic life in those immense countries in the North of Europe and of Asia, had for their principal Divinity the Earth, from which they drew their nourishment, for themselves and their herds; they made h<er the wife of Jupiter or of Heaven, by the rain of which, she is fe-

30    [
cundated. The Tartars, established at the East of Imaiis, worship the Sun, the Light, the Eire, the* Earth, and they offer to those Divinities the premices of their food, chiefly in the morning.
The ancient Massagetes had for their sole Divinity the Sun, to which they immolated horses.
The Derbices, a people of Hyrcania, worshipped the Earth.
All the Tartars in general have the greatest veneration for the Sun, which they regard as the father of the Moon, which borrows its light from it. They make libations in honor of the Elements, and principally of Eire and Water.
The Yotiacs of the government of Orenburg adore the Divinity of the Earth, which they call Mon-Kalzin; the G-od of the Water, which they call Yu-Imnar, they adore also the Sun, as the seat of their great Divinity.
The Tartar mountaineers of the territory of Udiusk (Oudi- usk) worship Heaven and the Sun.
The Moskanians sacrificed to a Supreme Being, which they called Schkai, being the name, which they give to Heaven. When they made their prayers, they turned towards the East, like ail the nations of Tchudic origin.
The Tchuvaches counted the Sun and the Moon amongst the number of their Divinities; they sacrificed to the Sun at the commencement of spring, at their seed time and to the Moon on each renewal.
The Tunguses worship the Sun and make it their principal Divinity; they represent it under the emblem of Eire.
The Huns worshipped Heaven and Earth, and their leader took the title of Tanjau or the son of Heaven.
The Chinese, located at the eastern confines of Asia, worship Heaven under the name of the great , and his name signifies according to some, the spirit of Heaven, and according to others the material Heaven. This is the TJranus of the Phoenicians, of the Atlantes and of the Greeks. The supreme

Chap. II]
31
Being is denoted in the Chu-King, by the name of Tien or Heaven and of Chang-Tien, the supreme Heaven. The Chinese say of this Heaven, that it penetrates all and comprises all.
In China there are temples of the Sun and the Moon and of the North stars. Thait-T9urn may be seen to go to Miac, in order to offer a burnt offering to Heaven and Earth. Similar sacrifices are made also to the mountain and river Gods.
Augustha makes libations to the august Heaven and to the queen Earth.
The Chinese erected a temple to the Great Being, the effect of the union of Heaven, Earth and the Elements, a being which answers to our World and which they call Tay-Kai: it is at the epoch of the two solstices, when the Chinese are worshipping Heaven.
The Japanese adore the stars and they suppose, that they are animated by Spirits or by Gods. They have their temple of the splendor of the Sun, and they celebrate the feast of the Moon on the seventh of September. The people passes the night in rejoicings at the light of that luminary.
The inhabitants of the land of Yeyo worship Heaven.
It is not yet 900 years ago, that the inhabitants of the island of Formosa acknowledged no other Gods but the Sun and the Moon, which they regarded as two Divinities, or supreme causes, an idea absolutely similar to that, which the Egyptians and the Phoenicians had of these two luminaries.
The Aracanese have built a temple to the Light, in the island of Munay, known by the name of temple of the atoms of the Sun.
The inhabitants of Tunquin worshipped seven heavenly idols, which represent the seven planets, and five terrestrial ones, consecrated to the elements. The Sun and the Moon have their worshippers in the island of Ceylon, the Taprobane of the Ancients; the other planets are also worshipped there. The two first mentioned luminaries are the only Divinities of

82
 [ Chap.
the natives of the island of the Sunatra; the same Gods are revered in the islands of Java, of Celebes and of Sonde, also at the Moluccas and the Philippine islands.
The Talapoins, or the religionists of Siam profess the greatest veneration for all the elements and for all parts of the sacred body of Nature.
The Hindoos have a superstitious veneration for the water of the river Ganges; they believe in its divinity, as the Egyptians believed in that of the Nile. The Sun has been one of the great Divinities of the East Indians, if we may believe Clement of Alexandria. The Indians and even the spiritualists worship the twTo great luminaries of Nature, the Sun and the Moon, which they call the two eyes of the Divinity. They celebrate every year on the 9fch of January a feast in honor of the Sun. They admit five elements, to which they have erected five pagods.
The seven planets are adored to this day under various names in the kingdom of Nepal; tney sacrifice to them every day.
Lucian avers, that the Indians, when worshipping the Sun, turn their faces towards the East, and that amidst of a profound silence, they executed a kind of a dance in imitation of the movements of that luminary. In one of their temples they had the God of Light represented, as mounted on a chariot drawn by four horses.
The ancient Indians had also their sacred fire, which they drew from the rays of the Sun on the summit of a very high mountain, which they regarded as the central point of India. The Brahmins preserve up to this day on the mountain Ti- runamaly a fire, which they hold in the greatest veneration. At sunrise they go to draw water from a pond, and they throw some of it towards that luminary as a testimonial of their respect and gratitude for having again reappeared and dissipated the darkness of night. On the altar of the Sun* they lighted

Chap. II.1
the flambeaux, which they had to carry before Phaotes, their newly made King, whom they desired to receive.
The author of the Bagawadam acknowledges, that several Indian tribes address t*heir prayers to the fixed stars and to the planets. Thus, the worship of the Sun, the Stars and the Elements formed the basis of the religion of the whole of Asia, in other words, of countries peopled by the greatest, the oldest and wisest of nations, by those, which influenced the religion of the nations of the West and in general those of Europe. So, that when we look on this last portion of the old World, we find the sabismus and the worship of the Sun, the Moon and the Stars equally extended, although often disguised under other names and under other forms so skillfully drawn up, that they were sometimes not recognized even by their own worshippers.
The ancient Greeks, if we may believe Plato, had no other Gods but those which the Barbarians of that time worshipped, when that philosopher lived, and those Gods were the Sun, the Moon, the Stars, Heaven and Earth.
Epicharmis, a disciple of Pythagoras, speaks of the Sun and? and Moon and the Stars, the Earth, Water and Eire as Gods. Orpheus considered the Sun as the greatest of all the Gods, and ascending before daybreak an elevated place, he awaited there the reappearance of that luminary, in order to render homage to it. Agamemnon, according to Homer, sacrificed to the Sun and to the Earth.
The chorus in the Oedipus of Sophocles, invokes the Sun as the first of all the God’s and as their Chief.
The Earth was worshipped in the island of Cos; it had a temple at Athens and at Sparta, also its altar and oracle at Olympia. That of Delphi was originally consecrated to it. In reading Pausanias, to whom we owe a description of Greece and of her religious monuments, we find everywhere traces of the worship of Nature; there are altars, temples and statues 5

34

consecrated to the Sun, the Moon, the Earth, to the Pleiads, the celestial Charioteer, the Goat, the Bear or Callisto, to the Night, Rivers, &c.
There were to be seen in Laconia sdven columns erected in honor of the seven planets. The Sun had its statue, and the Moon its sacred fountain at Thalma, in the same country.
The people of Megalopolis sacrificed to the wind Boreas, and had a sacred grove planted in his honor.
The Macedonians worshipped Estia or the Eire, and addressed their prayers to Bedy or to the element of Water; Alexander, King of Macedonia, sacrificed to the Sun, the Moon and to the Earth.
The oracle of Dodona required in all its answers, a sacrifice to the river Acheloiis; Homer gives the epithet of sacred to the waters of Alpheus; Nestor and the Pylians sacrificed a bull to that river. Achilles let his hair grow in honor of Sperchius, he invokes also the wind Boreas and Zephyr.
The rivers reputed sacred and divine, as much on account of the perpetuity of their course, as because they kept up vegetation, watered plants and beasts, and because Water is one of the first principals of Nature, and one of the most powerful agents of the universal power of the Great Being.
In Thessaly they fed sacred ravens in honor of the Sun. The same bird is found on the monuments of Mithras in Persia.
The temples of ancient Byzantium were consecrated to the Sun, the Moon and to Venus. Those three luminaries, also Areturus or the beautiful star of the herdsman Bootes, and the twelve signs of the zodiac had their idols there. Rome and Italy preserved also a great many monuments of the worship of Nature and of her principal agents. T'atius, when he came to Rome to share the scepter of Romulus, erected temples to the Sun, the Moon and Saturnus, to the Light and to the Fire. The eternal fire or Vesta was the most ancient object of

Chap.   II.] THE ORIGIN OR ALL RELIGIOUS WORSHIP.   35
worship of the Romans; virgins were intrusted with its preservation in the temple of that Goddess, like the Magi in Asia in their Pyreas; because it was the same worship as that of the Persians. It was, as Jornandes says, an image of the eternal fires, which shine in the Heavens.
Every one knows the famous temples of Tellusorof the Earth, in which very often the meetings of the Senate were held. The Earth took the name of mother, and was regarded as a Divinity with the Manes.*
A fountain was discovered in Latium, called the fountain of the Sun, in the vicinity of which two altars had been erected, on which iEneas, on his arrival in Italy, had offered a sacrifice. Romulus instituted the games of the circus, in honor of that Luminary, which measures the year in its career, and the four elements, which it modifies by its mighty action. Aurelia- nus erected at Rome the temple of the Star of Day, which he enriched with gold and precious stones. Augustus before him imported from Egypt the images of the Sun and the Moon, which adorned his triumph over Antonius and Cleopatra.
The Moon had its temple on the Monte Aventino.
If we pass over into Sicily, we see three oxen consecrated to the Sun. That island itself was called the island of the Sun. The oxen which were eaten by the companions of Ulysses, when they arrived there, were consecrated to that luminary.
The inhabitents of Assora worshipped the river Chrysas, which ran along their walls, and which supplied them with water. They had erected to it a temple and a statue. At Engyum the mother Goddesses were worshipped, which were the same Divinities as were adored at Creta, in other words, the great and the little Bear.
In Spain, the people of the province of Boetiea had built a temple in honor of the morning star and the twilight. The Accitanians had erected a statue by the name of Mars to the
* Gods of the lower World,

36
 [ Chap.
Sun, the radiant head of which expressed the nature of that Divinity. This same God was worshipped at Cadiz under the name of Hercules since the highest antiquity.
All the nations of the North of Europe, known under the general denomination of the Celtic nations, rendered religious worship to Eire, Water, Air, Earth, to the Sun, the Moon and the Stars, to the vault of Heaven, to the Trees, Eivers, Fountains, &c.
Julius Csesar. the conqueror of the Gauls, affirms, that the ancient Germans worshipped only the visible cause and its principal agents, the Gods only, of which they could see and feel the influence, the Sun the Moon, the Fire or Yulcan, the Earth under the name of Hertha.
A temple was found in the province of Narbone in ancient Gaul, erected to the wind Circius, which purifies the air. There was also a temple of the Sun at Toulouse., In the district of the   Gevaudanthere was a lake called Helanus, to which re
ligious honors were rendered.
Charlemain in his capitulars, forbid the old custom of placing- lighted candles near the trees and fountains, for the purpose of a superstitious worship.
Canute, King of England, prohibited in his realm the worship of the Sun, the Moon and the Fire of the running Water, of Fountains and Forests, &c.
The Francs, who entered Italy under the leadership of Theo- dibert, immolated the women and children of the Goths, and made an offering of them to the river Po, as the first fruits of the war. Also the Alemanni, according to Agathias, sacrificed horses to the rivers; and the Trojans to the Scamander, by throwing these animals alive into its waves.
The natives of the island of Thule, and all the Scandinavians placed their Divinities in the Firmament, in the Earth, in the Sea, into running Water, &c.
It will be seen from this abridged statement of the religious

Chap. ZZi] .   37
history of the ancient continent, that there is not a point in the three parts of the ancient World, where the worship of Nature and of her principal agents may not be found estab- lishe .l, and that civilized nations, as well as those that were not, have all acknowledged the power or dominion of the universal visible cause, or of the World and its most active parts over man.
If we pass over to America, a new scene is presented to us there everywhere, as mu<?h in the physical, as in the moral and political order. Everything is new, plants, quadrupeds, trees, fruits, reptiles, birds, customs and habits. Religion alone is still the same as in the old World, it is always the Sun, the Moon, Heaven, the Stars, Earth and the Elements which are worshipped there.
The Incas of Peru called themselves the sons of the Sun; they erected temples and altars to that luminary and instituted feasts in its honor; it was looked upon, the same as in Egypt and Phoenicia, as the fountain of all the blessings of Nature. In this worship, the Moon had also its share, as she was regarded as the mother of all sublunary productions, and was honored as the wife and sister of the Sun. Venus, the most brilliant planet after the Sun, had also its altars there, like the meteors, lightning, thunder, and chiefly the beautiful Iris or the rainbow. Virgins, like the Vestals at Rome, had charge of the perpetual maintainanee of the sacred fire.
The same worship was established at Mexico with all the splendour, which an intelligent people can give to its religion. The Mexicans contemplated the Heavens and gave it the name of Creator and of Admirable; there was not the least apparent part of the Universe, which was not worshipped by' them, and had its altars.
The natives of the Isthmus of Panama and of all that country, known by the name of Terra   believe in a God in
Heaven, and that God was the Sun, the husband of the Moon;

38
. [ Chap.
they worshipped these two luminaries, as the two supreme causes, which govern the World. It was the same with the natives of Brazil, of the Caribbee islands, of Florida, and with the Indians of the coast of Cumana, of Yirginia, of Canada and of Hudson’s bay.
The Iroquois call Heaven   Garon; the Hurons, ,
and both worship it as the great spirit, the good Lord, the father of life, they also give to the Sun the title of the Supreme Being.
The savages of North-America never make a treaty, without taking the Sun as a witness and as a guarantee, the same as was done by Agamemnon in Homer and by the Carthaginians in Polybius. They make their allies smoke the calumet, or the pipe of peace, and they blow the smoke towards that luminary. According to the traditions of the Pawnees, savages living on the shores of the Missouri, they received the calumet from the Sun.
The natives of Cayenne worshipped also the Sun, the Heavens and the Stars. In one word, everywhere in America, where traces of worship were discovered, it was observed, that it had for object some of the parts of the great All, or the World.
The worship of Nature must therefore be considered as the primitive and universal religion of the two hemispheres. To these evidences, which are drawn from the history of the nations of the two continents, are added others, which are taken from their religious and political monuments, from the divisions and distributions of the sacred and of the social order, from their feasts, from their hymns and from their religious cantos and from the opinions of their philosophers.
From the time, when men ceased to assemble on the summit of high mountains, in order to contemplate and to worship Heaven, the Sun, the Moon and the other Stars, which were the first Divinities, and that they gathered in temples, they

Chap. IT.] .
39
wanted to find again within those narrow precincts the images of their Gods and a regular representation of that astonishing Whole, known by the name of World or the great All, which they worshipped.
Thus the famous labyrinth of Egypt represented the twelve houses of the Sun, to which it was consecrated by twelve palaces, which communicated with each other, and which formed the mass of the temple of that luminary, which engenders the year and the seasons in circulating in the twelve signs of the Zodiac. In the temple of Heliopolis or of the city of the Sun, were found twelve columns covered with symbols, relative to the twelve signs and the Elements.
Those enormous masses of stone, consecrated to the Star of Day, had a pyramidal configuration, as the most appropriate to represent the solar rays and the form under -which the flame ascends.
The statue of Apollo Agyeus was a columu which ended in a point, and Apollo was the Sun.
The care of modeling the figures of the images and statues of the Gods of Egypt was not left to common artists. The priests gave the. designs, and it was upon spheres, or in other words, after the inspection of the Heavens, and its astronomical images, that they determined upon the forms. Thus we find, that in all religions the numbers seven and , of which the former applies to the seven planets and the other to that of the twelve signs, are sacred numbers, which are reproduced in all kind and sorts of forms. For instance, such are the twelve great Gods, the twelve apostles, the twelve sons of Jacob or the twelve tribes; the twelve altars of Janus; the twelve labors of Hercules or of the Sun; the twelve shields of Mars; the twelve brothers Arvaux; the twelve Gods Gonsentes; the twelve governors in theManichean system; the adeetyas of the East Indians; the twelve asses of the Scandinavians; the city of the twelve gates in the Apocalypse; the twelve wards of the

40   .   [ Chap. 11.
city, of which Plato conceived the plan; the four tribes of Athens, subdivided into three “fratries ” according to the division made by Cecrops; the twelve sacred cushions, on which the Creator sits in the cosmogony of the Japanese; the twelve precious stones of the rational or the ornament worn by the high- priest of the Jews, ranged three and three, as the seasons; the twelve cantons of the Etruscan league and their twelve “ lucu- mons” or chiefs of the canton; the confederation of the twelve cities of Jonia; that of the twelve cities of Eolia; the twelve Tcheu, into which Chun divided China; the twelve regions into which the natives of Corea divided the World; the twelve officers, whose duty it is to draw the sarcophagus in the obsequies of the King of Tunquin; the twelve led-horses; the twelve elephants, &c., which were conducted in that ceremony.
It was the same case with the number   For instance
the candlestick with seven branches, which represented the planetary system in the temple of Jerusalem; the seven enclosures of the temple; those of the city of Ecbatana likewise of the number of seven and dyed in the colors that were assigned to the planets; the seven doors of the cave of Mithras or the Sun; the seven stories of the tower of Babylon, surmounted by the eight, which represented Heaven, and which served as a temple to Jupiter, the seven gates of Thebes, each of which had the name of a planet; the flute of seven pipes put into the hands of the God Pan, who represented the great * All or Nature; the lyre of seven strings, touched by Apollo, or by the G-od of the Sun; the book of Fate, composed of seven books; the seven prophetic rings of the Brahmins, on each of which the name of a planet was engraved; the seven stones consecrated to the same planets in Laconia, the division into seven casts adopted by the Egyptians and by the Indians since the highest antiquity; the seven idols, which the Bonzes carry every year with great ceremony into seven different temples; the seven mystic vowels, which formed the sacred formula, ut-

Chap.   II.) .   41
tered in tlie temples of the planets; the seven Pyreas or altars of the monument of Mithras; the seven   or great
spirits invoked by the Persians; the seven archangels of the Chaldeans and of the Jews; the seven ringing towers of ancient Byzantium; the week of every nation, or the period of the seven days, each one being consecrated to a planet; the period of seven times seven years of the Jews; the seven sacraments of the Christians, &c. We find chiefly in that astrological and cabalistical book, known by the name of the Apocalypse of John the number twelve and seven repeated on every page. The first one is repeated fourteen times, and the second twenty-four times.
The number three hundred and sixty, which is that of the days of the year, without including the epagonienes or was also described by the 360 Gods, which the theology of Orpheus admitted; by the 360 cups of water of the Nile, which the Egyptian priests poured out, one each day, into a sacred cask in the city of Achante; by the 360 Eons or guostic Genii; by the 360 idols placed in the palace of the Dairi of Japan; by the 360 small statues surrounding that of Hobal or of the God Sun, Bel, worshipped by the ancient Arabs; by the 360 chapels built around the splended mosque of Balk, erected by the exertions of the chief of the family of the Barmecides; by the 360 Genii, who take possession of the soul after death, according to the doctrine of the Christians of St. John; by the 360 temples built on the mountain of Lowham in China; by the wall of 360 stales, with which Semiramis surrounded the city of Belus or of the Sun, the famous Babylon. All these monuments give us a description of the same division of the World, and of the circle divided into degrees, which the Sun travels over. Finally the division of the zodiac into twenty- seven parts, which signify the stations of the Moon, and into thirty-six, which is that of the   , were in like manner the
object of the political and religious distributions.
6 ’

42
.
[Chap.
Not only the divisions of Heaven, but the constellations themselves were represented in the temples, and their images were consecrated amongst the monuments of worship and on the medals of the cities. The beautiful star of the Capricorn, which is placed in the heavens in the constellation of the charioteer, had its statue in gilded bronze in the public square of the Phliassians. The Charioteer himself had his temples, his statues, his tomb, his mysteries in Greece, and was worshipped under the name of Myrtillus, Hippolytus, Spherocus, Cillas, Erechtheus, &c.
The statues and the tombs of the Atlantides, or of the Pleiads, Sterope, Phoedra, &c., were also to be seen there.
Near Argos the hill or mount was shown, which covered the head of the famous Medusa, the type of which is in the heavens at the feet of Perseus.
The Moon or the Diana of Ephesus, wore on her breast the figure of the Cancer, which is one of the twelve signs and is the abode of that planet. The celestial Bear, worshipped by the name of Calisto, and the Herdsman (Bootes) under that of A.rcas, had their tombs in Arcadia, near the Altars of the Sun.
The same herdsman Bootes had his statue in ancient Byzantium, also Orion, the famous Nimbrod (Nimrod) of the Assyrians: the last mentioned had his tomb at Tanagra in Bceotia.
The Syrians had the image of the Fishes, one of the celestial signs, consecrated in their temple.
The constellation of Nesra or the Eagle, of Aiyuk or the Capricorn, of Yagutho or the Pleiads, and of Suwaha or Al- hauvraha, the Serpentarius, had their statues with the ancient Sabeans. These names may still be found in the commentary of Hyde on XJlug-Beigh.
The religious system of the Egyptians was entirely sketched upon the Heavens, if we believe Lucian, and as it is easy to demonstrate.
In general it may be said, that the whole starred Heaven

Chap. //.]    43
had come down on the soil of Greece and Egypt, in order to be painted there and to be embodied in the images of the Gods, be they living or inanimate.
Most of these cities were built under the inspection and under the protection of a celestial sign. Their horoscope was drawn; hence the impression of the images of the constellations on their medals. Those of Antiochia on the Orontes represent the Ram with the crescent of the Moon; those of Ma- mertina that of the Bull; that of the Kings of Comagena the type of the Scorpion; those of Zeugma and of Anazarba that of the Capricorn. Almost all the celestial signs are found on the medals of Antoninus; the star Hesperus was the public seal of the Locrians, of the Ozoles and of the Opuntians.
It is also remarkable, that the ancient feasts are connected with the great epochs of Nature and with the eclestial system. Everywhere are to be found the solsticial and equinoctial festivals. The winter solstice is above all distinguished; it is then, that the Sun begins to rise again, and to take anew its route towards our climes; and that of the solstice of spring, when it brings back the long days to our hemisphere with the active and genial heat, which sets vegetation again in motion, which develops all the germs and ripens all the products of the Earth. Christmas and Easter of the Christians, those worshippers of the Sun under the name of Christ, which was substituted for that of Mithras, whatever the allusion, which ignorance and bad faith may try to make itself,—are yet an existing proof amongst us. All nations have had their feasts of Ember-week or of the four seasons. They may be found even with the Chinese. One of their most ancient emperors, Fohi, established sacrifices, the celebration of which were fixed at the two equinoxes and at the two solstices. Four pavilions were erected to the Moons of the four Seasons.
The ancient Chinese, says Confucius, established a solemn sacrifice in honor of Chang-Ty, at the time of the winter sol

44   .   [ Gimp.
stice. because it was then, that the Sun, after having passed through the twelve palaces, recommences again its career, in order to distribute anew the blessings of its light.
They instituted a second sacrifice in the season of spring, as a particular thansgiving day, of the gifts to mankind by means of the Earth. These two sacrifices could only be offered by the emperor of China, the son of Heaven.
The Greeks and the Homans did the same thing, for about the same reasons.
The Persians have their Neuruz or feasts of the Sun in its transit across the Ram, or of the sign of the equinox of spring, and the Jews have their feast of the passage under the Lamb. The Neuruz is one of the greatest festivities of Persia. The Persians celebrated formerly the entrance of'the Sun into each sign with the noise of musical instruments.
The ancient Egyptians walked the sacred cow seven times around the temple at the winter solstice. At the equinox of spring they celebrated the happy epoch, when the eclestial Eire warmed Nature again every year. That festival of the Fire and the triumphant light, of which our sacred Fire on holy Saturday, and our paschal wax taper are still the true image, existed in the city of the Sun in Assyria, under the name of the feast of the Pyres.
The feasts which were celebrated by the ancient Sabeans in honor of the planets, were fixed under the sign of their elevation, sometimes under that of their abode, as that of Saturnus of the ancient Romans was established in December under the Capricorne, the abode of that planet. All the feasts of the ancient calendar of the pontifs are connected with the rising and setting of some constellation or some star, as we can ascertain, by reading the fastes (or Calendars) cf Ovid.
It is chiefly in the games of the Circus, instituted in honor of the God, who dispenses the light, that the religious genius of the Romans and the connection of their feasts with Nature,

Chap. //.] THE ORIGON OF ALL RELIGIOUS WORSHIP.
45
are manifested. The Sun, the Moon, the Planets, the Elements, the Universe and its most conspicuous parts, all was represented by emblems, which were analogous to their nature. The Sun had its horses, which on the race course or Hippo - drom, imitated the career of that luminary in the Heavens.
The Olympic fields were represented by a vast amphitheatre or arena, which was consecrated to the Sun. In the midst of it there stood the temple of that God which was surmounted by his image. The East and the West, as the limits of the course of the Sun were traced and marked by boundaries, and placed towards the remotest part of the circus.
The races took place from East to West, until seven rounds were made, on account of the seven planets.
The Sun and the Moon had their chariots, the same as Jupiter and Venus; the charioteers were dressed in clothes, the color of which was analogous to the hue of the different elements. The chariot of the Sun was drasvn by four horses, and that of the Moon by two.
The Zodiac was represented in the circus by twelve gates; there was also traced the movement of the circumpolar stars or of the two Bears.
Everything was personified in those feasts; the Sea or Neptune, the Earth or Ceres, and so on the other elements. They were represented by actors, contending for the prizes.
These contests were instituted, they say, in order to illustrate the harmony of the Universe, of Heaven, of the Earth and of the Sea.
The institution of these games was attributed to Romulus by the Romans, and I believe that they were an imitation of the races of the hippodrom of the Arcadians and of the games of Elis.
The phases of the Moon were also the object of feasts and chiefly of the neomenia or the new light, with which this planet is invested at the commencement of each month, because the

46   . [ Gliap. II.
God Month had his temples, his statues and his mysteries.
The whole ceremonial of the procession of Isis, described in Apuleius, has reference to Nature and delineates its various parts.
The sacred hymns of the Ancients had the same object, if we may judge by those which have come down to us, and which are attributed to Orpheus, but whosoever may be their author, it is evident, that he only sings Nature.
Chun, one of the most ancient Emperors of China, ordered a great number of hymns to be composed, which were addressed to Heaven, to the Sun, to the Moon, the Stars, &c. The same is the case with almost all the prayers of the Persians, which are contained in the book of Zend. The poetical songs of the ancient authors, from whom we have the theog'onies, such as
Orpheus, Linus, Hesiod, &c., have reference to Nature and its agents. Sing, says Hesiod to the Muses,—sing the immortal Gods, children of the Earth and of the starred Heaven, Gods, which were born from the womb of Night and nourished by the Ocean; the brilliant Stars, the immense vault of the Heavens, and the Gods which were born of it, the Sea, the Rivers, &c.
The songs of lopas, in the banquet given by Dido to the Trojans, contain the sublime lessons of the sage Atlas, on the course of the Moon and of the Sun, on the origin of the human race, of the animals, &c. In the pastorals of Virgil, old Silenus sings the chaos and the organization of the World. Orpheus does the same in the Argonahtics of Appollonius; the cosmogony of Sanchoniaton or that of the Phoenicians hides under the veil of allegory the great secrets of Nature, which were taught to the neophytes. The. philosophers, the successors of the poets, who had proceeded them in the career of philosophy, deified all parts of the Universe, and searched for the Gods only in the members of that great God, or in that great All, called the World; so much had the idea of its D*

Chap.   II.]
47
vinity struck all those, who wanted to reason on the causes of our organization and of our destiny.
Pythagoras thought, that the celestial bodies were immor_ tal and divine; that the Sun, the Moon and all the Stars were as many Gods, which contained superabundant heat, which is the principle of life.He placed the substance of the Divinity in the Fire Ether, of which the Sun is the principal center.
Parmenides imagined a crown of light, which enveloped the World, and he also made of it the substance of the Divinity, of which the Stars participated the Nature. Alcmeon of Croton made the Gods reside in the Sun, the Moon and in the Stars. Anthistenes acknowledges only one Divinity, namely Nature. Plato attributes Divinity to the World, to Heaven, the Stars and to the Earth. Xenocrates admitted eight great Gods, the Heaven of the fixed Stars and the seven Planets. Heraclid of Pontus professed the same doctrine. Teophras- tus gives the title of first causes to the Stars and to the celestial signs. Zeno called God also the Ether, the Stars, Time and its parts. Cleanthes admitted the dogma of the Divinity of the Universe and chiefly of the Fire Ether, which envelopes and penetrates the spheres. The entire Divinity, according to this philosopher, was distributed in the Stars, the depositaries of as many portions of that divine Fire. Diogenes, the Babylonian, traces the whole mythology back to Nature or to physiology. Chrysipps recognizes tke World as God. He made the divine substance reside in the Fire Ether, in the Sun, the Moon, the Stars and finally in Nature and its principal parts
Anaximander regarded the Stars as so many Gods; Anaximenes gave that name to Ether and Air; Zeno gave it to the World in general and to Heaven in particular.
We shall no further proceed in our researches about the dogmas of the ancient philosophers in order to prove, that they agree with the most ancient poets, with the theologians, who composed the first theogonies, with the legislators, who

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History of religion / Re: The age of mythmaking: from dawn to Taurus 4200 BC
« on: September 20, 2016, 11:57:03 PM »
   
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sun-god of the solstitial sun by the Indian Mundas whose original home was in the mountains of South China, north of the Annamite country
Another version of the shooting of the deer-year-god with the arrow, which is told in the Sama Jataka, clears up several difficult points in the history of this widely distributed story2. It tells how the Buddha sun-god was born in a former existence as the sun-deer Sama of the race of the Nishadhas, that is of the race who did not adore the sun- god Ashadha of the year beginning with the month of that name at the summer solstice, the history of which will be told in Chapter IV. The year of the deer-sun began at the winter solstice, and during it he lived with his blind father and mother on the banks of the river Mriga-sammata, that is of the united (yam) deer (mriga).
His father and mother were ascetics who had taken the vow of chastity, that is to say belonged to that evolution of the Northern doctrine of fire-worship which laid stress on the merit of absolute chastity, as an imitator of the sexless fire drill and socket, the gods creating the holy fire. Their son was begotten by the father passing his hand over the navel of the mother, an idea derived from the supposed birth of life from the central navel of the world, the Southern mother-tree or fire-block, made pregnant by the rotation of the heavenly fire drill. This deer-sun-god born of the blind Northern father and Southern mother was shot, among his attendant deer, as the herd came down to drink the water of the deer-river, by an arrow from the bow of a hunter called Piliyakkha. This Piliyakkha, who takes the part of Rudra and the Wild Hunter, is described as a king of Kashi (Benares), but his name gives a clue to the origin of this form of the story of the death of the sun-deer. Piliyakko means in Pali, the Plaksha or Pakar tree (Ficus
1   M. G. Dumoutier, Etudes d’Ethnographie Religieuse Annamite Le Genie au Pied unique, Actes du Onzieme Congres des Orientalistes, sect. Extreme Orient B., vol. ii. pp. 275, 276, 278, 280.
2   A. St. John, ‘The Savanna Sama Jataka,’ or the Birth Story of Sama of the race (vanna) of the Sus. /.R.A.S., 1894, pp. 213 ff.
92   History and Chronology
infectoria), the sacred fig-tree which consecrates the place of pilgrimage and sacrifice called Puryag at the junction of the Jumna and Ganges. The branches of this tree were laid as a covering of the altar roofed with sheaves of Kusha grass, when animal sacrifices were offered on itL The place of pilgrimage consecrated to this mother-tree of the sacrifices of animal victims was the meeting-place where the Turanian Gonds, who killed animals in sacrifice, and who came down the Jumna, consummated their union with the previously united Munda-Dravido people, and formed the confederacy of the Kushika Naga race, whose capital was Kashi {Benares').
Sama was, at the prayer of his slayer Piliyakkha, recalled to life as the sun-god of the new year by the goddess Bahu- sundari, the beautiful Bahu, the Akkadian mother-goddess of the Southern abyss of waters, the cauldron of life, and she came down to bring back the sun-god to the rule of the year from the mountain, the mother-mountain of the Turanian races, born from the Cave-Cybele, whom they worshipped as their mother.
This story is evidently a Hindu variant of the European legend of St.;Hubert converted by the deer with the cross between its horns, which he was about to shoot, of which another variant is told, in which the repentant slayer of the deer is called St. Placidus, commander in Asia Minor of the armies of the Emperor Trajan1 2. And the proof of the relation between the two stories is given in the annexed picture of the story of St. Hubert by Albert Durer. Here we see the hunter Piliyakkha, St. Hubert, on one side of the stream of the Mriga-Sammata; on the other side stands the deer he slew, and above is the mountain castle of the goddess Bahu-Sundari, who resuscitated the dead deer-sun. I will now show the origin of the legend. Though this Asia Minor version, and the
1 Eggeling, Sat. Brah., iii. 3, 3, 10—12; S.B.E., vol. xxvi. pp. 202, 203.
3   Gaster, ‘TheNigrodha Miga Jataka and the Life of St. Placidus,’ /.R.A.S., 1894. P- 336.
PLATE I.
To face p. 92.
 
From the Picture by Albert Durer.
THE CONVERSION OF ST. HUBERT, CALLED IN THE SAMA JATAKA PlLIVAKKHA.
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part taken in the Jataka story by the cave-mountain goddess would seem to point to Asia Minor, whence the god Frey was said in the Edda to go northward, as the place whence the legend originated, yet this is not a conclusion borne out by facts. The original national deer-god was most certainly the Celtic god Cernunnos, whose home was in Northern France and North-western Europe, and more especially in the Belgian country of the Ardennes. It is on the Meuse, about twelve miles to the west of the shrine of St. Hubert, the highest point of the elevated Ardennes region, called the Hautes Fagnes, that we find the shrine of the Eddie god in the cave of Frey, containing palaeolithic remains. Also the day consecrated to St. Hubert points to an ancient connection between the cult of the converted slayer of the year-deer and the original year of the Pleiades, for St. Hubert’s Day is the 3rd of November, the day succeeding the three days’ festival beginning the November year of the Pleiades. The origin of all these stories of the deer-sun-god Cernunnos is clearly traced to a Northern source, whence they travelled southward to Asia Minor, by the story of Thoas, which shows how this originally Northern tale was thus dovetailed into the Southern story of the birth of the sun-god from the mother-tree. The name of Thoas, called the king of the Tauric Chersonnesus, has been shown by Dr. Sayce to be a form of the Arabic Ta’uz, which is a corruption of the Hebrew Tammuz, the Akkadian Dumu-ziI, the star Orion. He, in whose country strangers were sacrificed on the altars of Artemis, lay twelve nights with his daughter, Myrrha Myrina, or Smyrna, without knowing who she was. When he recognised her he pursued her, who was in the Indian story Rohinl, the star Alde- baran, Queen of the Pleiades, with his sword or club of Orion, with which he hunts the stars round the Pole ; and she to escape him changes herself into a cypress - tree,
Sayce, Hibberl Lectures for 1887, Lect. iv. p. 235, note 3, p. 239, note 1.
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History and Chronology
whence in ten lunar months the young sun-god Adonis was born. This story, which traces Orion to the Tauric ! Chersonnesus, where human sacrifices were offered to Artemis, furnishes further proof of the Northern origin of the Orion cult, and marks Asia Minor as the country where the Northern hunters were united with the Southern sons of the tree, who shed no blood in their sacrifices.
When we turn from the national mythology of Northwest Europe to the geological history of the Hautes Fagnes, we find further proof of the correctness of these deductions. It is clear that the progress to Asia Minor and the amalgamation in that country of the alien tribes, who united to form the population of the European villages 1 founded in the beginning of the Neolithic age, must have occupied a long portion of the latter part of the Palaeo- 1 lithic age of Northern Europe. I have already shown that there are strong reasons for believing that the deer- sun myth originated in the worship of the reindeer by I the dwellers in the caves of the Ardennes country and Northern France, who had domesticated it during the Glacial epoch; and hence it is in the geological history 1 of this country, whence the emigrants to Asia Minor set forth, that we must search for information elucidating the history of the movement.
The geological survey of the alluvial quaternary deposits of Belgium, lately completed under the superintendance of M. Rutot, gives us what appears to be a most satisfactory   j1
explanation of the causes which led to the establishment   1
of the most revered shrine of the deer-sun-god in the jj barren and arid region forming the summit of the Ardennes |j country. M. Rutot tells us how, during the epoch he calls n Hesbeyenne, the third of those into which he divides the f quaternary age, there occurred a period characterised by an f extraordinary downfall of rain caused by the rapid melting of the sinking glaciers formed in the Glacial epoch, when the land was elevated. This universal thaw was the result of the subsidence of the country, which sunk from 450 to

   
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600 feet, so that large tracts of land which were high above the sea during the Glacial period of terrestrial ele^ vation, sank below the sea level. These were therefore overwhelmed by the sea, which completely covered the valleys of the Meuse, Sambre, Scheldt, and their tributaries, and the only dry land left in Southern Belgium was the high country of the Hautes Fagnes These inundations drove into this elevated and previously ice-bound tract the whole human population which had covered the country during the previous Moseene and Campinian epochs, when the Spy Onoz men, their predecessors, and those who joined their confederacy, made their flint implements of the Mes- vinien and Mousterien types. Thus this high country became the head-quarters of national activity, and the home of those who were saved from the flood. It seems very probable that it was this wide-spread catastrophe which originated the numerous stories of a universal deluge, and the consequent escape to the mountains of the saved remnant of humanity, current in Babylonia, India, China, Greece and other lands whither the descendants of the Ardennes, sons of the sun-deer, had emigrated.
It was these people who originated the story of the year- arrow which slew the sun-deer, and of the resurrection of the slain god as the sun-god of a new year. And this story, in its progress Southward, appears in another variant form told in Rigveda iv. 27, and in the Brahmanas. The archer in this version is Krishanu, the rainbow-god, the drawer (karsh) of the bow, a reminiscence of the flood age, but his mark is not the year-deer but the Shyena bird, the bird of frost (s/iya), the sun-bird of the winter solstice. He shot her as she was flying through the sky carrying the sacred Soma, the sap of life, that is as the rain-cloud, and one of her feathers and her blood fell to the earth and grew up into the Palasha-tree (Butea frondosa), the sacred tree of the Mundas, and the first tree which was 1
1 A. Rutot, Les Origines du Quaternaire de la Belgique, pp. 121 —124.
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worshipped as that which, supplied in its sap, partaken as a sacramental drink called Soma or the life-sap of Su, the bird (the root of the word Soma), the germ of an ever-reviving life x. This tree, which began its growth at the winter solstice, flowers in Central India at the time of the summer solstice, and as it grows there as a gigantic creeper spreading from tree to tree over the area where it implants itself, it covers large areas of the forest with glowing sheets of brilliant crimson flowers.
In order to see the full historical meaning of this story we must compare it with another variant form told in the ritual of the festival of the Rudra Triambika, or that of Rudra with the three wives, of which Ambika was the chief. This is a very ancient festival held at the winter solstice1 2, and the offerings presented at it are made, as the Brahmanas tell us, to Rudra’s arrow 3, that is, to the arrow of Rudra, the thunder-god form of the Pole Star god, with which he first shot at the god of the winter solstice, the year-deer. This deer becomes in this festival the year Shyena or frost (shya) bird, the bearer of the circumpolar supply of the moisture of life, the rain, which was to nourish and keep alive the living things on the earth during the coming year. The bird in this form of the story is called Ambika, the chief of the three queens of heaven, ruling the three seasons of the year. This name shows that this group of the three wives of the rain-giving god have the same names as the three daughters of the king of Kashi, who was, as we have seen in the Sama Jataka, one of the shooters of the year-arrow and the king of the Kushite capital. These three, Amba, Ambika and Ambalika, were won by Bhishma, who, as we shall see hereafter, was a sexless sun-god of the age
1   Eggeling, Sat.Brah., i. 7, i, I ; S.B.E., vol. xii. p. 183, note 2, iv. 6,1, 3, xxvi. p. 422, where the Palasha is called the Shyena-hrila tree.
2   Max Muller, Contributions to the Science of Mythology, vol. i. p. 228, where he quotes Prof. Oldenberg’s description of the feast.
Eggeling, Sat. Brah., ii. 6, 2, 3—17 ; S.B.E., vol. xii. pp. 438—442.
:

   
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of the Kauravyas and Pandavas, from the assembled princes of India to be the wives of his nephew Vi-chitra Virya, the two (i>z) coloured (cJiitrd) embodiment of male strength (Vir). Amba, the eldest of the three, is a star in the Pleiades. She was allowed to decline the royal marriage because of her previous engagement to the king of the magicians, the king of Saubha. She is thus marked as the star-mother-goddess of the primitive age of the Pleiades. Hence it is antecedently probable that her two sisters, who became the mothers of the royal races of the Kauravyas and Pandavas, from whom all subsequent Indian kings claimed descent, were also stars marking epochs of time.
This probability becomes all but a certainty when we examine the story of the birth of their children, and find that the father who begot them after the death of his childless half-brother Vi chitra Virya was Vyasa, the constellation Draco ; and also that, as I shall further prove in Chapter VI., the daughter-in-law of Ambika, called Gan-dharl, who married her blind son Dhritarashtra, was the Pole Star Vega in the constellation of the Vulture from 10,000 to 8000 B.c. That is to say, she was the Pole Star of an epoch of religious belief which made the vulture-bird-star the midqueen of a heaven supported by the blind gnomon-stone, marking the daily and yearly motions of the sun called Dhrita-rashtra, or the upholder (dhrita) of the kingdom (rashtra). This Pole Star queen of heaven, the waterer (dhari) of the land (gan organh), was the successor of Tara, the Pole Star who wedded Su-griva, the bird-headed ape, in the age of the Pleiades year, and hence Ambika who intervened between the two as the queen of heaven was also a Pole Star. Thus she was the Pole Star in the constellation Cygnus, called originally the Bird, that is to say, she was the Shyena bird-bearer of the circumpolar rain-store shot by Krishanu and Rudra, the successor of Tara, the Pole Star in Kepheus from 21,000 to 19,000 B.C. Ambika, as the Pole Star in Cygnus, was the Pole Star from 17,000 to 15,000 B.c.
H
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The third wife of Rudra was Ambalika, the mother of the impotent Pandu, who became sexless when he slew a Rishi who had assumed the form of a deer1. This Rishi slain as the year-deer was, in the variant form of the story Marlchi, the fire-spark, whence the Kushika race was born, slain as a deer by Rama, and at once transported to heaven as a star in constellation of the Great Bear or the seven antelopes (Rishya), which was, as we have seen in Akkadian astronomy, the cradle of the year-god. His mother was the bear-mother constellation, of which I shall tell the history presently, when I show its connection with this year of Orion.
The Rudra Tri ambika festival of the death and re-birth of the year-god of the year of three seasons was held at the meeting of four cross-roads to the North of the sacrificial ground. There was a mound in the centre of the meeting- place to represent the mother-mountain of the Turano-Finn race of magicians. The offerings were cakes made of rice ground on millstones placed on the skin of a black antelope, Mriga, meaning that which goes round (meregli), and applied to the animal which goes round the year-circle as the sun- bird or as the sun-deer. The black antelope was the descendant of the sun-deer. The two rice cakes offered to represent the two original seasons of the year were, according to the instructions given in the Satapatha Brahmana, thrown into the air, caught again, and hung at the end of a beam, after they had been offered to Rudra’s arrow on a Palasha leaf {Butea frondosd). This ceremonial proves that the story of Rudra’s arrow is a variant form of that of Krishanu, which brought the sacred Palasha tree to life. The priests in this sacrifice make two circular circumambu- lations of the altar. They first go three times round it contrary to the course of the summer sun, the direction represented by the female Suastika which depicts the sun’s path when it begins its yearly journey by going North
T
f
r
f
R
:
i
1   Mahabharata Adi (Sambhava) Parva, xcv., cxviii. pp. 286, 343—345.
   
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at the winter solstice. In this circuit the priests are followed by the village maidens, the matriarchal village mothers.
In the second circuit, which is made sun-wards to mark the path of the sun of the male Suastika tfi. going Southward at the summer solstice, only the male sacrificer and the priests officiate.
Further proof of the correctness of the historical deduction, proving that Ambika and the Shyena or frost {shya) bird slain by Krishanu and Rudra was the Pole Star in Cygnus, is given in the ritual of the Ashva medha or sacrifice {medha) of the sun-horse (ashva), which was the New Year’s sacrifice of the year succeeding those measured by the stars and moon. In this sacrifice, Amba, Ambika and Ambalika are invoked as the three heavenly mothers, who are to lead to heaven the horse slaughtered as the sun- god of the dead year. Ambika, called the Mahishi or chief queen, addresses her two sister stars, telling them that she “ renounces the right to be the bride of the sun-horse, and resigns that honour to Su-bhadr r.” Su-bhadra, as we shall see, is the mountain-goddess Durga, the twin sister of Krishna, the black sun-antelope, whose year preceded that of the sun-horse.
In this long analysis of the year stories of the sun-deer and the year Pole Star bird, I have shown that the ruler of the year designated in them was the archer-god of heaven, called Krishanu or Rudra. He appears again in this character as Su-dharvan, the father of the three Vedic Ribhus 2, the fillers of the three cups denoting the seasons, for Su-dharvan means the bow (dharvan) of Su (khu), that is the bow of the year-bird. They are the gods called by the Babylonians Ribu, the great divine Akkadian princes, An-nun-gal 3. They form the Polar year-circle guarded 1 2 3
1   Eggeling, Sat. Brah., xiii. 2,8,3; S.B.E., vol. xliv. p. 321 ; Tait. Samh., vii. 4, 19, 1; Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, chap. i. pp. 36, 37 ; Hewitt, Ruling Races of Prehistoric Times, vol. i., Essay iv., pp. 336, 337, note 1.
2   Rg. iv. 35, 1.
3   Sayce, Hibbert Lectures for 1S87, Lcct. iii. p. 141, note 1.
II 2
Lof C.
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by the constellation Draco the alligator, the Akkadian Istar in her form of Rahabu, who was the Hebrew and Phoenician Rahab worshipped at Carthage and all the ancient Semite shrines as one of the chief ruling gods1. This alligator-god is the god Maga or Muggar, worshipped everywhere in Bengal and Northern India ; the god called in the Gond Song of Lingal, Puse or Mug-ral the alligator, who first saved the Gonds born from the caves at the sources of the Jumna from the flood which threatened to overwhelm them till they were taken by Lingal on board his ship, that of Dame the tortoise, the confederacy of the Kushite sons of the tortoise (kush) 2 He was the crocodile-god of Egypt, called Maga-Sebek, Maga the uniter (shk), a form of the year-god Osiris, who as Sahu was the star Orion, and as Sebek-Ra the sun-god 3.
This uniting-god of the Northern and Southern races is the Vyasa of the Mahabharata, meaning the uniter, and called the priest “ with the grim visage and the strong odour.” He was the son of Satyavatl, the fish-mother of the Matsya or royal fish (;matsya) born race, and Parashara, the overhanging {para) cloud {shard) begotten in a mist, who became, as we have seen, the father of the children of his half-brother Vi-chitra Virya, the king of two united races 4. He is the god called in one hymn in the Rigveda the father of Indra5? and in another the Vritra, the circling-snake Vyansa with the two (vi) shoulders {an sa), whom Indra slew, and who becomes in another stanza of the same hymn the god Danu, the Pole Star father of the Danava 1 * 3 4 5 6.
The three Ribhus, the three seasons or forms of the encircling year-god^ are called in Rigveda iv. 33, 4,5,9, the makers of
1 Sayce, Hibbert Lectures for 1887, Lect. iv. p. 258, note i, Gesenius, Thesaurus Rahab.
- Hewitt, Ruling Races of Prehistoric Times, vol. i., Essay iii., pp. 223, 224.
3   H. Brugsch, Religion und Mythologie der Alien /Egyfter, pp. 105, 587.
4   Mahabharata Adi (Sambhava) Parva, cv., cvi., pp. 317—323.
5   Rg- iv- 18, 1, 9, 10, Ludwig’s translation, Hymn 959, vol. ii. p. 590.
0 Rg. i. 32, 5, 9.
       IOI
the year-cow and her calf, and are named, (i) Vaja, the active or cunning god, the workman of the Vaishvadeva or national village {visit) gods; (2) Vibhvan, the distinguished god, the workman of Varuna ; and (3) Ribhu-ksha, the master (>ksha)z, Ribhu, the workman of Indra. This apportionment of their duties marks them as the three gods of the Chatur Masya year of three seasons of four {chatur) months each. These are dedicated in the Brahmana ritual to the (1) Vaishvadeva, the gods of the spring season ; (2) Varuna, father of the eaters (ghas) of barley, Varuna’s corn, the god of the summer called Varuna praghasah, dedicated to the barley-eaters; and to (3) Indra, god of the rainy and winter season of the Saka-medhah2 or sacrifices to the Saka or wet-god, worshipped as Sek Nag by the Gonds 3, whom we have seen (pp. 50,69) to have been the original ruling-god of India, the Arabian Sakhr, and the Akkadian Sakh or Sukh, mother of Suk-us the sun-god. This year, according to the ritual of the years measured by months as inculcated in the Brahmanas, began with the full moon of Phalguna (February —March), but as the year of the Ribhus, as it is called in the Rigveda, is that measured by seasons, it began at the winter solstice, for it was at the end of this year that the Ribhus slept for twelve days in the house of Agohya, the Pole Star, meaning “ that which cannot be concealed 4.” This twelve days sleep conclusively marks this year as that of three seasons which I am now describing, which closed with the twelve days revel before the winter solstice ending with the death of the deer-sun-god, the twelve'nights 1 * 3 4
1 The word ksha, meaning “master,” is derived by Grassmann from kshi, to rule. This is a Bactrian word whence is derived the Bactrian khsaya, powerful. The root appears in the language of the Zirian Finns as khsi, a lady, the Osetan akshi, and in the Scythian royal titles of Leipo-xais and Arpo-xais preserved by Herodotus. It appears in India in the name of ksha- trya or warrior (ksha) tribe, who are thus shown to be of Finn-Bactrian descent. Abercromby, Proto and Prehistoric Finns, vol. i., Iranian Period, p. 233.
= Eggeling, Sat. Brah., ii. 3, 1, ii. 5, 4; S.B.E., vol. xii. pp. 383—420.
3   Hewitt, Ruling Races of Prehistoric Times, vol. i., Essay iii., p. 229.
4   Rg. iv. 33, 7.
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during which Thoas slept with his daughter the Pole Star, mother of the sun-god born of the world’s tree. There is a still further instance of this twelve days sleep to be added to the list, the twelve days and nights during which Ar-chal, the Phoenician sun-god, slept on the funeral pyre before he was recalled to life as the sun-god of the new year on the 2nd of Peritius, the 25th of December. It was the quails who woke him from the sleep of death, and it was in commemoration of this resurrection that quails were offered to the Greek Herakles J. These quails, called in theRigveda Vartika, the turners (vart) of the year, are sacred to the Ashvins or twin-gods of night and day, who release them from captivity and from the rage of the devouring wolf of time2; that is to say, restore them to life to be the heralds of the new year when they arrive in Northern India, as they usually do about the winter solstice. This story of the quails and the end of the year of Orion is repeated again in the Greek myth, which tells how Orion the hunter was placed among the stars after he had been slain on Ortygia, the island of the quails (oprvyes Foprvyes), by Artemis, the goddess of the constellation of the Great Bear. The twelve days’ sleep of Archal is also recorded in the Akkadian epic of Gilgames, which tells how Iabani, the comrade of Gilgames, was wounded by Istar, and how he died after lingering for twelve days, and how Gilgames implored the gods of the lower world to restore him to life. He rose again as the sun of the new year in the twelfth book of the poem 3, to be the antelope or gazelle sun-god 4, the Assyrian form of the Hindu black antelope-god Krishanu. This year of three seasons of Orion, the deer-hunting sun and star-god, and of the three Ribhus, is one of twelve months of twenty- nine days each, the Zend year and that of the Hindu 1 2 3 4
1   Movers, Die Phomzier, vol. i. chap. x. p. 386 ; A thence us, ix. 45.
2   Rg. i. 112, 8, 116, 14, 117, 16, x. 39, 13.
3   Frazer, ‘The Saturnalia and Kindred Festivals,’ Fortnightly Review, Nov., 1900, p. 832.
4   Sayce, Hibbcrt Lectures for 1887, Lect. iv. pp. 282—284.
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KaranaB as explained on p. 41 ; that in which each month was divided into six weeks of five days or nights. But this reckoning only gave 348 days to the year, and the twelve more days required to complete the sun-circle of 360 days were these twelve days, which I have now shown to have been added to this year in Scandinavia, Germany, Asia Minor, Greece, Syria, and India.
The myths which I have quoted to illustrate the history of this year, show that it dates from a very remote period of human history; but remote as this period was, apparently about 17,000 B.C., when the Pole Star was in Cygnus, it was, as we see from the year - measurements, subsequent to the division of the sun-circle into 360 degrees. This is a division which arose naturally out of the measurements of the year by 72 weeks of 5 days each, a division which, as I have shown, originated among the Dravidians. The duodecimal scale on which it is based is essentially of Dravidian origin, for it arose out of the custom of counting everything by Gundas or fours, a custom which is almost instinctively used by all Indians even down to the lowest coolie. This division of the year’s time accompanies that of the day into thirty muhurtas of forty-eight and sixty ghatis or hours of twenty-four minutes each, which is universally used throughout India. It dates back to the earliest period when the fractional parts of, the year of 360 days began to be reckoned by the astronomical priests, for it appears in the instructions for building the brick altars of the sun-bird, the altar of the Agni-chayana ceremony used in the final form of Vedic ritual, instituted at the very beginning of the age of the rule of the Sanskrit speaking sun-worshippers. In the rules for building this altar, given in the Satapatha Brahmana, 10,800 bricks, called Lokam prini or bricks filling the world (loka:), are ordered to be used in building the Garhapatya and Aha- vaniya altars, and the eight Dhishnya hearths in the consecrated sacrificial ground ; and this number, equal to 360 X 30, is said to represent the number of Muhurtas, thirty
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to each day in the year, of the sacrificial altarx. This h division of the fractions of time, as Alberuni shows in his exhaustive treatise on the Hindu system of measuring time \ for astronomical purposes, underlies the whole system of \ Hindu chronology, and must undoubtedly be very much older than the oldest of the Vedic poems. In the Bud- 4 dhist Nidanakatha its origin is referred back to the days i of Kashyapa, son of Marlchi, the deer-star, in the constella- :j tion of the Great Bear, who made the Banyan tree {Ficus \ Indica) his parent-tree ; and this I have shown, in p. 26,   '
to be the national tree of Kuru-kshetra, and of the very h ancient race of the Kauravyas. The Nidanakatha says that j:i the archangel Ghati-kara, the maker of Ghatis, who gave the s Buddha the eight requisites of a mendicant saint, was the i! attendant angel of Kashyapa1 2. Among these was his | earthenware begging bowl, the symbol of the seed-bearing j earth-born tree-trunk of the early mythology. This disappeared while he Avas waiting for his initiation as the sun- jt god under the Nigrodha or Banyan tree, sacred to his forerunner Kashyapa, and it was not till after his last and final consecration as the sun-god, marching on his yearly path through the stars, that he received the eight boAvls, four j made of sapphire and four of jet, those of the round of day and night brought by the four Lokapalas or angel- regents of the four quarters of the heavens. These were made into one bowl, the vault of heaven, consecrated to the sun-god.
D.   The sun-circle of three hundred and sixty degrees. \
This measurement of the sun-circle of 360 degrees dates back also in Europe to a period of very remote antiquity, for it is undoubtedly that used by the builders of the very ancient stone circles at Solwaster in Belgium, about seven miles from Spa. There are a number of stone circles r
1 Eggeling, Sat. Brah., x. 4, 3, 20; S.B.E., vol. xliii. p. 360.
2 Rhys David, Buddhist Birth Stories ; The Nidanakatha, pp. 51, 85, 86, 93,110.

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on this very high table-land, which completely dominates the surrounding country, and these have all been examined and surveyed with scientific instruments by M. Harroy, the Principal of the Government Normal School at Venders. They are all sun-circles, and in the centre of each is the Hir-men-sol, or great stone of the sun. At a distance of thirty metres from this stone is an astronomically arranged circle of stones of 360 degrees ; a stone being placed to mark each ten degrees of the circle, as tested by M. Harroy’s measurement. Thus there were originally thirty- six stones in each circle, but none of them are now quite complete. Also the stones indicating the rising points of the equinoctial and solstitial suns are larger than the others. Thus the North-east and South-west arcs of these circles form, as M. Harroy says, a great stone sextant.
Apart from these circles is the dolmen, or sacrificial stone altar, raised on four supporting stones, on which animal victims were offered. It was also used elsewhere as a burial-place, but not at Solwaster. Its longer axis points due North and South, and it is marked with the image of the ancient plough common on the dolmens of Britanny *.
Besides these Solwaster circles of 36 stones, there is also the remarkable jnner circle of 36 syenite stones at Stonehenge. This is placed inside the great circle of thirty sarsen stones denoting the thirty days of the month, and it is probably these later builders who have added the four sarsen local stones to the circle of thirty-six syenite stones brought from Dartmoor 2. These Stonehenge stones are not like those of Solwaster, so placed as to mark the degree points of the circle, and it is probable that they represent the original thirty-six Brihatl weeks of the sun’s half-yearly course. 1
1 M. Harroy, Cromlechs et Dolmens de Belgique Le Dolmen et Cromlechs de Solwaster, pp. 8—35.
Hewitt, Ruling Races of Prehistoric Times, vol. ii., Essay viii., pp. 138—140.

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called in Vedic ritual that indicated by the Rathamtara or Ratha-tur (Grassmaun) Saman z, that celebrating the revolution or returning (tur) of the sun chariot iratha) from North to South, a metaphor reproduced in the Irish Caer Sidi or Turning tower. These are two verses in the Brihatl metre, Rg. vii. 22 and 23. They embody another prayer to Indra for rain, and this Rathamtara Saman is said in Rg. x. 181, 1, to have been brought from Vishnu by Vashishtha, the reputed author of this hymn, who is, as I have shown on p. 42, the perpetual fire burning on the altar of the god of the summer solstice in the North and of the winter solstice in the South, when her fire is the subterranean home of fire whence the sun gets its light and heat. It is these second Brihatl stanzas which are recited at the brick-altar consecration at the right or South wing of the sun-bird starting on her southern journey2. And that this meaning of the two forms of the Brihatl metre was that actually present in the minds of the authors of the ritual is indubitably proved by the statement in the Satapatha Brdhmana that the year of sacrifice “ amounts to a Brihatl,” that is to say, that the year is measured by the Brihatl metre 3. The Bridget of the South Queen of the winter solstice and goddess of the first six months season of the Pleiades year is in the southern form of her story the ruler of the year and of the southern birth-land of life. It is she, the Akkadian goddess Ninlil, the lady of the dust, the Sabaean queen Beltis, the lady of Sheba, who goes northward to become the May Queen in the North, where she is to meet the Northern father-god, her partner in the star dance. He in the Irish legendary history is Bres, the war {bres) king of the Fomori, or men born under {fo) the sea {muir4), that is the king of the Southern people whose day was our night, those who lived on the 1 2 3 4
!
1   Eggeling, Sat. Brah., i. 7, 2, 17 ; S.B.E., vol. xii. p. 196, note 2,
2   Ibid., ix. 1, 2, 36, vol. xliii. p. 179.
3   Ibid., xii. 2, 3, 1 ; S.B.E., vol. xliv. pp. 155, 156.
4   Rhys, Hibbert Lectures for 1886, Lect. vi. pp. 591—593.
       Ji
under or south side of the tortoise earth with its Northern mother-mountain topped by the Pole Star in the centre. They were the men of the land of the mud whence the world’s tree grew, to whose country the sun and moon gave light after they sunk at their setting into the sea. They are the sea-people of the Arabian Nights Tale of Badr Basim, the smiling Full Moon {badr), son of Julnar, the pomegranate (jul), the sea-maiden whose mother was Fara’shah, the night moth. He, as the son of an earth-born father, king of Khorasan, succeeded to this kingdom on his father’s death, and thus was ruler of the lands bordering the Persian Gulf, those civilised by la, the god clothed in fish-skins, who arose from the sea. Badr Basim, the Full Moon, was wedded, like his father, to a daughter of the sea, Jauharah (the jewel), child of Al-Shamandal, the Salamander, who dwelt under the ocean in the fiery land which heated the Cauldron of Life in the Southern waters whence the sun drew its heatL She was the counterpart of the Vedic sun-maiden Savitrl, who was wedded (Rg.
x.   85) to Soma, the moon-god, and who was brought to the wedding on the year-car of the Ashvins, as the bride of the ruling god of the lunar-solar year, which I shall describe in Chapter VII.
The wife of the thunder-god Bres, king of the Fomori, is Brig or Brigit, daughter of Dagda. Their son is Ruadan. meaning the red one (ruad) or the roarer (rud2), the Vedic Rudra, who was slain by Goibniu, the smith-god of the Tuatha De Danann, whom he tried to kill. The story is one which marks in its conception of the union between the year-star and sun-goddesses, and the men who dwelt beneath the sea, its origin in the legends of a Dravidian maritime race who were born from the union of parents who habitually lived apart from one another in separate villages, like the fathers and mothers of Dravidian children. 1 2
1   Burton, Arabian Nights, Library Edition, vol. vi. pp. 54—95.
2   Rhys, Hibberl Lectures for 1SS6, Lect. v. pp. 388, 3S9, note 2.
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The year of Bran, the raven who ran away on the first of November with the Pleiades’ mother, the Greek Persephone, the Celtic Bridget, who was to be the May Queen of the second season of the year, reappears again in that rich mine of ancient year-history, the Arthurian Legend.
The captive queen was the lady Gwenhwyvar, the white (gwen) spirit or ghost (hwyvar). She, like Bridget, was the third of three ladies of the same name who were all wives of Arthur or Airem, the plough-god r. Her father, the / giant Ogyrvan, was the god said in the Taliessin poems to make cauldrons boil without the aid of fire, that is to say, he was the Salamander god of the story of Julnar and Badr ji Basim, the god of the fire drill, who heated the Southern Cauldron of Life.
He was the reputed inventor of the Welsh Ogam letters composed of the elements represented in the primitive Celtic sign of the parent of knowledge /|\1 2 3 4* It is the equivalent
of the caste mark of the Hindu Vishnu worshippers LU with its red centre and yellow lateral lines, also of the earliest Akkadian sign for woman on the monuments
of Girsu 3. And of the Cypriote sign of the arrow of life (ti) the Akkadian Zi /j\ 4. It represents the converging
two seasons of the original year-meeting at the summer centre, whence the seed of future life was to be born.
The Gwenhwyvar daughter of this parent of wisdom, the white ghost of winter, was captured by Medrod the Judge or Archer (medr-u), the counterpart of the Pole Star god Danu, and the god of the year-arrow, in which, accor
1   Rhys, 'The Arthurian Legend, chap. ii. pp. 34—39.
2   Ibid., Hibbert Lectures for 18S6, Lect. iii. pp. 267, 268.
3   Amiand et Mechanseau, Tableau Compares des Ecritures Babylonienncs et Assyriennes, No. 163, p. 65.
4   Conder, The Hittites and'their Language: Syllabary Sign 78. This was the sign originally placed on women’s carriages in India when railways were first started. I do not know if it is still used.
   
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ding to the Brahmanas, the point represents the winter1. He was also Melwas, the hero {mat) king of the winter region, that is of the heat-giving south. In the story of Gwenhwy- var’s capture it is represented as taking place in the month of May, and her original releaser was Gawain, a form of the original Gwalchmei, the hawk of May. Thus the story clearly tells of two year-kings, the king of winter, Medrod or Melvas, who seizes the May Queen at the beginning of her year in November, and carries her to his southern realm. He takes her back with him in his northern progress till he is obliged to give her up to her true husband, the sun-prince of summer 2. But this hawk of May belongs to the second form of the two early years of two seasons. He was in his original form the sun-bird, the hen of the Mundas, who starts on her yearly course at the winter solstice, and thus pursues a different path through the stars than that marked out for the raven- bird Canopus in Argo. The course of the sun-bird began at the South-west under the control of the directing ape-god, the giant form of Canopus. In this phase of ancient belief he was called by the Arabians Repha, the giant, and the course of the sun he directed was watched by his brethren the two dog-stars, Sirius and Procyon. The former of these stars is that called in the Akkadian Epic of Gilgames, the sun-giant, Lig la the dog (lig) of la, who embarked with Gilgames on the ship Ma, the constellation Argo, to cross the sea of Samas, the sun stream flowing down the Milky Way. The western side of the crossing was guarded by Procyon, called Pallika, the crossing of the water-dog 3.
It was from the crossing place guarded by these two dog- stars that the sun was believed by the primitive astronomers to start on her yearly journey from South to North at the winter solstice, and thence to cross the heavens by the
1   Rhys, The Arthurian Legend, chap. ii. pp. 38, 39; Eggeling, Sat. Brail., ii. 4, 4, 14—17; S.B.E., vol. xxvi. p. 108.
2   Rhys, The Arthurian Legend, chap, iii., Gwenhwyvar and her Captors, pp.49 ff.
3   R. Brown, jun., Eridanus River and Constellation, p. 13 ; Primitive Constellations, p. 279.
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History and Chronology
Bridge of the Gods, the Milky Way, the road of the cows of light. This mythic route of the primitive sun-bird is symbolically marked out every day by all Indian Brahmins. Each of them before his daily meal draws a circle on the ground, into which he places a portion of his food, as an offering to the Vaishva-deva, the tree and star-gods of life protecting the circle round the village grove. Outside the circle at the North-west corner he places an offering to the dog Shabala, and at the South-west corner to the dog Shyama z. These two dogs are the Sanskrit Sharvara, the spotted dog Sirius, and Saramaya, the yellow dog Procyon also called Shvan the dog, and Prashvan the fore-dog. In the Zendavesta they are the yellow dogs who guard the Chinvat Bridge, the dogs of Sarama their mother, who, with Yama, the twins night and day, the two .birds on the world’s tree guard the sun’s path in the Rigveda 2. Their mother Sarama, the bitch of the gods who seeks the cows of light is apparently from her connection with the two dog-stars, the constellation Argo, just as this constellation is in Arabian astronomy their brother. It was these two dogs who as Procyon from the South-west, and Sirius from the North-west, guarded the sun as he started from the Southwest on his northern journey at the winter solstice, and also his return from the North-west, where he set his face homewards at the summer solstice.
The sun-myth thus conceived was originally that taught by the Dravido-Mundas, the sons of Canopus, the giant ape, called by the Arabians Repha the giant. They became the Rephaim of Syria, whose history and astronomy will be told in the next Chapter, which tells the story of the introduction into Europe of the communal villages of the Neolithic age organised after the original Dravidian pattern. But these sons of Repha, the giant star Canopus, before or almost simultaneously with their settlement in Syria, 1
1 Bal Gungadhur Tilak Orion.
3 Darmesteter, Zendavesta Vendidad Fargard, viii. 16, 17; S.B.E., vol. iv. p. 97 ; Introduction, v. 4, pp. Ixxvii., Ixxviii. ; Rg. x. 14, 10, 11.
   
75
came to Egypt as the first founders of communal villages and organisers of the nomes or provinces into which it was divided. In the Egyptian astronomy the two gods who ruled the South were Set and Nebt-hat, the mistress (nebt) of the house (hat), the counterpart of Hat-hor, the Pole Star mother or house (hat) of Hor or Horns the Supreme god, and hence the mother-tree or house-pole with its top in the Pole Star. With them was their father Turn, meaning the end or completion, bearing the sceptre, the creating magic wand1. He is the male form of Bahu, the creating bird, while Nebt-hat is the mother-tree growing from the mud of Bahu, and Set the ape-god on it. He is called in the Book of the Dead, Chapter xcix., Hapi the ape, and in the story of his fight with Horus2 3he becomes Suti the black pig. As Suti he is Sutekh, the god of the Hyksos or leaders (itak) of the Sos or Shasus, the Syrian herdsmen, the Rephaini of Palestine. A temple built to him as Khons at Thebes is oriented to Canopus 3. He, as Sutekh, had a temple at Memphis 4, and the port of the Nile Delta before the foundation of Alexandria was called the port of Canopus, the ape-star-father of the ape-gods of Egypt. It was when the star Canopus could no longer be seen by his votaries who had settled in northern lands where he was no longer visible, that they looked to the North Pole Star as the centre-star of heaven which replaced their Southern father. This Pole Star was the star in Kepheus, the constellation of the ape whose Thigh extended to the Great Bear. It
1   Brugsch, Religion und Mythologie der Alien ALpyptcr, p. 451.
2   Budge, Book of the Dead, lxii. 6, p. 177.
3   Lockyer, Dawn of Astronomy, chap, xviii. p. 1S4; Temple, 1. pp. 1S6, 1S7* There are also two other temples at Thebes oriented to Canopus. Lockyer, Dawn of Astronomy, p. 189. These temples were oriented to the setting of Canopus (Dawn of Astronomy, pp. 223, 224), and we have seen in the history of the Pleiades year, beginning with the setting of the Pleiades, that its authors observed the setting and not the rising of the stars. Hence Canopus is marked as one of the year-stars of the primaeval age.
* Maspero, Histoire Ancienne des peuples de VOrient, Troisieme Edition, P- 175-
76 History and Chronology     
ruled both the North and South when Osiris, who was afterwards the rival of the ape Pole Star god, was the star Orion ruling the year of three seasons of Chapter III. Osiris, as god of Orion’s year, the god with the two eyes of the Northern and Southern sun, was slain on the date of his death festival held on the 26th of Choiak (September— October), four days before that of the snake-god Nahib-ka on the 1st Tybi (October—November), the first month of the Pleiades year1. His slayer was Set or Hapi, with his seventy-two assistants, the seventy-two weeks of the year, and it was to avenge his death that Horus, son of the mother Pole Star, fought Suti, who assumed in the contest the form of a pig. We find the explanation of this transformation in the history of the constellation Kepheus, which became the Phoenician constellation Baal Tzephon or Zaphon, the Baal of the North, worshipped, according to Maspero, at Memphis. He was the Typhon of the Greeks, the god of the deadly storm, whose name survives in our word Typhoon. This wind of Baal Zephong whose temple was on Mount Kasios on the coast of Syria, was the South-west hot wind blowing from the borders of Egypt over Syria from the month of June— July, called in Syriac Cheziron or the month of the Pig, till the middle of September2. This wind of the boar-god was that which slew Adonis at Antioch at the autumnal equinox, and the god who sent the wind was the ape-god of the Pole Star constellation Kepheus. He, when he ruled his southern votaries as the giant-star Repha Canopus, was the guider of the mother-ship Ma, the constellation Argo, through the southern heavens, who brought up the South west monsoon with the rains of the summer solstice which fertilised India, and this same South-west wind was that which burnt up Syria in the North and became the destroying pig-god.
1   Brugsch, Religion und Mythologie der Alten rEgypter, pp. 346, 303, 304. The relation of the Egyptian months to those of our calendar here assumed is that given on the oldest calendars of the pyramid builders, recording the names of the months and the three seasons to each of which four months Were allotted. Lockyer, Dawn of Astronomy, chap, xxiii. p. 233.
2   Berard, Origine des Cultes Arcadiens, pp. 228; Movers, Die Phonizier Vol. i. p. 224.
CHAPTER III.
THE YEAR OF THREE SEASONS AND FIVE-DAY WEEKS RULED BY ORION THE DEER-SUN-GOD.
HE Arabian story of the giant - star Canopus, called
Repha, and of his two brothers Sirius and Procyon, of which I told the beginning in the last Chapter, goes on to tell of the marriage of Repha to Orion called El Schauza 1, who here becomes a female, and of the breaking of the necks of her husband’s two brothers by the bride. This denouement, which means the abandonment of the astronomical belief in the Milky Way as a 'bridge over which the sun made his annual journeys from South to North and back again, shows that the Rephaim of Syria, sons of Canopus and Orion, changed the previous methods of time-measurement. But in order to understand this fully it is necessary to consider the information available as to the progress of the Munda-Dravidians in their new settlements in Southwestern Asia. They, when they left India, had made such progress in civilisation and the arts of government as to have established the province or associated confederacy of adjoining or related villages as the tribal unit.
A. Progress of the Northern emigration of the India7i founders of villages.
These emigrants, who landed originally at Eridu, distributed themselves over the Euphratean Delta in Parhas or provinces, each ruled by its central village, but we possess no data supplying us with the means of determining the
1 Movers, Die Phonizier, vo], i., chap, viii., pp. 289, 292, chap. x. p. 406.
 
78
History and Chronology
time thus occupied. Its duration was regulated by the numbers of the emigrants, and the more or less rapid addition to their ranks made by the advent of new swarms, the increase arising from births and from alliances with the previous inhabitants if any existed.
Each province had its own gods, those dwelling in the village groves, and each had its own annual series of provincial and village seasonal festivals, regulated by the village Munda and the provincial Mankis, assisted by the provincial priest. This system of national growth prevailed over the Euphratean Delta, Babylonia and Mesopotamia, it divided the land of Egypt into Nomes, each ruled by its central city, and these Parhas or provinces became in Syria those described in the Book of Joshua, where, in the account of the conquest of the Jews, they are grouped under the names of the ruling cities with their associated villages r. The area of these Syrian provinces must, like the original Parhas of the Kolhan still existing in India, have been very small, for in the territory of the tribe of Judah there are one hundred and six cities mentioned, excluding those of the Philistines, and thus the average territory of each of these provinces, scattered over an area of about
1,200   square miles, was only about eleven square miles.
The sandy soil on the shores of the Persian Gulf, where the new immigrants first landed, was not so well adapted to the growth of rice as India, and hence one of their first tasks was to find a substitute better suited to the soil and climate. This they found in barley and wheat, which were originally wild Mesopotamian grasses changed by the Indian farmers into profitable crops by methods similar to those used by their forefathers, who had made the endless varieties of Indian rice out of the wild rice-grass, which every peasant in Central India still hangs up in his house in August when the young rice sprouts, as a memorial of the early tasks of the first pioneers of agriculture, and as a means of obtain- 1
1   Joshua xv. 21—62,
   
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ing from the parent-gods of both plant and animal life prosperity during the future year.
They also turned their attention to the domestication of farm cattle, and these formed the breeds of pigs, shorthorn cattle, sheep and goats, which were introduced by their descendants into Europe in the Neolithic age, and which were originally inhabitants of Central Asia I.
Their principal assistants in these tasks appear to have been the Finrf races, who, as the Akkadians or mountaineers, came in contact with the Indian immigrants at a yery early period. The latter were apparently diggers who cultivated the soil with the digging-stick, and the Finn people were pre-eminently a pastoral race, who learnt, in the icy regions of the North and the cold of the glacial age further South, to domesticate the rein-deer. It was they who introduced among the Southern races the belief in magic and witchcraft which is indigenous among all Finns, and was communicated by them to the Mundas and Gonds in India, who are renowned wizards. They brought with them the Shamanist priest and his magic drum, which still survives among the Lapps, who ornament it with symbolic figures 2 3 4; and this is the musical instrument still most prominent in the seasonal dances of the Turano-Dravidian races. The population formed from their northern and southern elements were the people described in the Zendavesta as the wizard Yatus, who were created in the land of the Haetumant 3 or Helmend, rising in Khar-sak-karra, the mother mountain of the Akkadians. They are called Yatudhana in the Rigveda 4, and in the Zendavesta the sons of Danu, the Danava of the Rigveda. They were the worshippers of the goddess Maga, the mother of magical arts, who gave to Sinai the Akkadian name of Mag-ana, who, in her male form, was A1 Makah, the god
1   Boyd Dawkins, Early Man in Britain, p. 300.
2   Comparetti, The Traditional Poetry of the Finns, English Translation, p. 2S8.
3   Darmesteter, Zendavesta VendTdad Far gard, i. 14; S.B.E., vol. iv. p. 8.
4   Rg. viii. 104, 15—25.
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History and Chronology
of the Himyarite Sabaean Arabs x. She was the goddess of the land of Magog in the North-east of Asia Minor, the land to which the Rephaim ruled by Og, the king of Bashan, traced their origin. She was the virgin (magd, maid) mother-tree of the wizard races, the pine-tree.
These wizard Finns brought with them the belief in to- temism, as they called themselves the sons of birds and animals, and looked on the mountains shrouded in mists and clouds as their mother-goddess, named by4 them Is-tar, the daughter (tar) of heaven (is), the sky-mountain. These two races who thus met in the Euphrates valley were eth- nologically far apart. The Dravidians were a fairly tall doliko-kephalic race, with noses thicker and broader than those of any other human family except the negro, a low facial angle, thick lips, wide and fleshy faces, coarse irregular features, and little beard. Their figures were broad and their limbs sturdy, and their colour dark brown approaching to black 2. They were the Himyarites or black race of Southern Arabia.
The Finns, on the other hand, were a brachy-kephalic yellow or brownish race, with round heads, low foreheads, prominent cheek-bones, with thick lips, short and flat nose, black hair and scanty beard 3.
It was from the union of these two tribes that the Gaurian race of Girsu was produced. They, as described from their features depicted on the monuments, had “ round heads, low, straight and wide foreheads, slightly prominent cheekbones, an orthognate profile, with fleshy lips, a big but not aquiline nose, and hair like that of the Dravidians, rather curly than wavy 4. They thus resembled the primitive Satyrs of Asia Minor, having the same smooth faces and generally short stature, but their hair was more curly than that of the 1 * 3 4
1   Tide, Outlines of the History of Ancient Religions: The Sabceans, § 48, p. 79.
3 Risley, Tribes and Castes of Bengal, vol. i. Preface, p. 32.
3   J. S. Keltie, ‘ Finland,’ Encyc. Brit., Ninth Edition, vol. ix. p. 219.
4   G. Bert, in 6 The Races of the Babylonian Empire.’ Journal of the Anthropological Institute, Nov., 1889, p. 106,
   
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Dravidians. They got their coarse features, large noses, fleshy lips and curly hair from the doliko-kephalic Dravidians, and their round heads and short bodies from the brachy-kephalic Finns.
These Gaurian races of the Euphrates valley adopted this name in India as the Gond descendants of the goddess Gauri, the wild bison (Bos Gaunts), who is not only the mother-goddess of the Gonds, but a goddess popularly worshipped throughout Western India. But among the early founders of organised national life in Mesopotamia there also appear a third race, that of the archers, who use the bow which became the national weapon of the Persians. These appear in Western India as the Bhils, or men of the bow (billa), who were certainly not an indigenous Indian tribe. The purest specimens of the race are generally tall with regular features and wavy hair, and they are intensely devoted to the dog,' their hunting companion ; and no Bhil will dare to break an oath made when his hand is placed on the head of his dog1. These men of the bow early obtained a commanding position in Assyria, for the tall, bearded archer standing between the sun’s rays, shooting upwards from the two oxen beneath his feet, is the topmost figure in the Assyrian standard 2.
B. The men of the bow.
Neither this arrow-shooting race, who intermixed with the Mundas and taught them the use of the bow, nor their national weapon, were of Indian origin. The original Dra- vidian weapon was the boomerang, while that of the Mundas, who are called in the Mahabharata the sons of the hill-bamboo Kichaka, was probably the male bamboo club, the lathi, which in the competent hands of the Indian lathyals and
1   Hunter, Gazetteer of India, Bhil Tribes, vol. ii. pp. 389, 390.
2   Maspero, Ancient Egypt and Assyria. Assyrian Standard, Fig. 153, p. 326.
G

82   History and Chronology
of the old English proficients in the use of the quarter-staff, [ is one of the most formidable of weapons. This was the l': weapon of Duryodhana, the eldest Kauravya prince and leader of their army, and therefore that of the Kaur tribes, j who are the warriors of Chutia Nagpur and Chuttisgurh, and also that of the Pandava Bhima, the son of Maroti, the Gond ape-god, also called in the Mahabharata, brother of Hanuman, the striker (fianu), the Hindu name of Maroti. Bhima, who is the Gond father-god, and the god popularly • worshipped throughout Eastern India, was in the Pandava j war waged for the conquest of India, the conqueror of the » East, the home of the Munda or Malli races F. The bow, j| which is useless without its string, could only have been invented in a forest country where fibrous grasses fit for j bow-strings abounded, for they must have preceded animal jj cat-gut, which has since been sometimes used. That the string of the Indian bow was originally made of grass fibre is proved by the fact that the girdle with which Indian kshatryas or warriors are invested at eleven years old as ji a sign of manhood, is made of Murva (Sanseviera Zeylanica), ( the hemp used for making bow-strings, and it is composed of three strands to represent the three seasons of the year, j; of which the history is told in this Chapter 2. The race who j| invented the bow must have been a hunting people, ac- | customed to kill quadrupedal game such as deer. They | could never have thought out the structure and use of this L weapon in the treeless plains of Central Asia, where the |j necessary grasses did not abound, and it was only in a damp j tropical climate that these could be found ready to hand, and j. exhibiting their tenacity to all who tried to force their way ! through the tangled thickets of the forests. But if the bow ! was not invented in tropical Asia, the only other tropical !
?!
1 Mahabharata Shalya (Gadaytidha) Parva, lv.— lviii. pp. 211—228. Adi 1 (,Satnbhava) Parva, xcv. p. 286. Vana (Tirtha Yatra) Parva, cxlv. p. 439. Sabha (Digvijaya) Parva, xxix., xxx. pp. 84—87.
2   Biihler, Manu, ii.. 42; S.B.E., vol. xxv. p. 37; Hewitt,, Ruling Races i, of Prehistoric Times, vol. i. p. 405.
   
83
forest country within the purview of ancient geography whence it could have come is Central Africa. There the bow has always been the indigenous weapon from time immemorial, and it is among the Bantu pastoral tribes of Africa and in India that we find the one-stringed musical bow, the earliest musical instrument known ; that still played by the Mundas of Chutia Nagpur at their national dances, called Pinga in Rigveda viii. 58 (69), 7-9 s, and that called in the Hindu ritualistic mythology the Pinaka or sacred bow of Shiva2. This is the three-eyed trident-bearing aboriginal god, who in the scene in the Mahabharata which describes Arjuna’s visit to heaven to obtain the weapons of Indra, appears before him in the form of a Kirata, or hunter, accompanied by Uma (flax), the mother of the weaving races, and crowds of women dancing to the music of his bow, with which his Gond representative, Lingal, had taught the aboriginal man of the forest, Rikad Gowadi, and his wife to dance 3. This god approached Arjuna as he was contending with the boar-god of winter (the boar who ends the year of three seasons by slaying Adonis the year-sun), and it was slain by the simultaneously launched arrows of Shiva and of Arjuna, who is among the Pandava brethren the god of the rainy season beginning at the summer solstice 4.
This trident-bearing three-eyed god, who is represented as riding on a bull, and who is the only Hindu god always depicted with a white face 5, is the Hindu equivalent of the wild-bull, father of the Gaurian race of Girsu, whose
sign on the monuments is ^6, and who is called Gud-Ia,
1 Hewitt, Rilling Races of Prehistoric Times, vol. i. p. 205, note I.
3   H. Balfour, The Natural History of the Musical Bow, pp. 5—36, 54, 64, 65.
3   Hewitt, Ruling Races of Prehistoric Times, vol. i., Essay ii., pp. 48,49.
4   Mahabharata Vana (Arjunabhigamana) Parva, xxxvii. p. 117. Vana (.Kairata) Parva, xxxix. pp. 120, 121.
5   Sleeman, Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official, chap, xv., vol. i. p. 126.
6   Amiand et Mechinseau, Tableau Comparee des Ecriiures Babyloniennes et Assyriennes, no. 49, p. 19.
G 2
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History and Chronology
or the bull la. He is the father-god of the red race, the sons of RohinI, the star Aldebaran, the red cow, who was first, as we shall see, the doe-mother who gave to Assyria its earliest name of Gutium, the land of the bull {gut), and who was the father of the Hindu Gautama, the sons of the cow (go), who were first sons of Gauri, the wild - cow. This is the three-eyed bull, the Semiramis or Samirus of Babylon, a bisexual form of Istar, described in a legend quoted by Lenormant as having three eyes and two horns, who succeeded Nimrod or Ninus, the hunting - star Orion, in Babylon, invented weights and measures, and the art of weaving silk *, which was first made from the tusser cocoons of the Indian forests.
This weaving-god of the year of three seasons, whose wife is Uma {flax), is the god of the Hindu tribe called Shiva, who were the allies of the pre-Aryan Bharata, and were conquered at the battle of the ten kings described in the Rigveda by the Tritsu or fire-rubbers (trit)2, whose high priest was Vashishtha, the fire-god of the perpetual fire burning on the altar of the later worshippers of the sun-god as an independent god ruling the year and marking his own annual path round the heavens instead of being dragged as a day- star round the Pole. They are the people called Seboi by Strabo, who lived on the Indus north of the Chlnab, and it was their king Sopeithes who gave Alexander the Great a present of fighting dogs 3. In India their father-god Shiva is called the son of Ushlnara, or man {nara) of the East, a name both of the parent-god and of the people called by this name in the Rigveda 4; and that he was the father-god of a fair Northern race who brought to India the flax of Asia Minor is proved by the epithet Sveta, or the white one, applied to him in the Brahmanas 5.
1   Lenormant, Chaldcean Magic and Sorcery, Appendix, p. 396, note 2.
2   Rg. vii. 18, 7.
3   Cunningham, Ancient Geography oj India, pp. 157, 158.
^ Rg. x. 59, 18.
5 Monier Williams, Religious Thought and Life in India, chap. iv. p. 80, note 2,
35
   
The Indian god Shiva or Shiba, father of the Sebo , appears in the Ural-Altaic astronomy of the Akkadians as the third star in their seven Lumasi or parent-stars, the star Sib-zi-ana, Arcturus, the shepherd (sib) of the life (zi) of the god (ana), that is of the young sun-god cradled in the first of these parent constellations, Su-gi, the Star of the Wain or the Great Bear, and tended by the second Lumasi Ud-gudua, the sun (ud) of Gudua, the city of the dead, the Akkadian national cemetery. This is the constellation Virgo1, the mother of corn, depicted in Akkadian astronomical imagery as holding an ear of corn in her hand, and as crowned by a snake whose tail hangs down her back2 3. These three creating stars are: The shepherd-star Arcturus in Bootes and his virgin-wife the tree-mother of corn, the constellation Virgo, and the sun-god born of this tree- mother and concealed in the constellation of the Wain called Su-gi, or, the reed (gi) of the bird (sn or khu). In this birth story the myth of Demeter and Persephone is transferred to the North. The waste ocean void of the Southern goddess Bahu, into which Persephone is conveyed for her winter sleep, becomes here the reed-cradle of the Great Bear in the lake filled by the river Haetumant or Helmend, rising in the Akkadian mother-mountain, Khar-sak-kurra, whence Kavad, the parent of the Kushika race, was born. The lamenting Demeter becomes the watching and guarding star Virgo, while the ravisher of the summer sun becomes the guardian star Arcturus, the finder of the young sun-god • under the guise of the goat Uzava, who found Kavad 3.
This shepherd star-god who finds the lost lamb of his flock is called In the Rigveda, Aryaman, the Zend Airya- man. This star is said in the description in the Vishnu Dharma of the constellation Shlmshu mara, or the alligator
1   Hewitt, Ruling Races of Prehistoric Times, vol. i., Essay iv., pp. 359—362.
2   R. Brown, jun., F.S.A., ‘Remarks on the Constellation Virgo,’ reprinted from the Yorkshire ArchccologicalJournal, Figs. vi. and vii. p. 14, representing Istar-Virgo.
3   West, Bundahish, xxxi. 24 ; S.B. E., vol. v. p. 136.
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History and Chronology
which turns the stars round the Pole, to be the western foot of the constellation I. It is the star of the ploughing (dr) race of the growers of corn, the Mesopotamian barley and wheat grown by the Euphratean farmer pupils of the Indian emigrants. This male father-star, called Sib by the Akkadians and Shiva or Shiba by their conquerors in India, is the father Saiv, worshipped, as Castren tells us, by all the Ural-Altaic tribes as their supreme god 2 3. The ruling section of this Akkadian Sumerian confederacy formed by the alliance of the Indian farmers, the Finn wizard races and the hunters of the North, were the archers, the sons of Shiva or Saiv, the god of the musical bow. It was these hunting warriors who became the sons of Kush, the father of Nimrod or Orion, the hunting-star-god, and then- genealogy is told in the name of the Kushite or Kushika race. For their subsequent parent Kush the tortoise was originally the Arabic kaus, the bow, the Assyrian kastu, ’the Hebrew kausitu, and they were thus the sons of the bow. They can be traced back in prehistoric ethnology to the tall race called the men of Cro-Magnon, of whom the earliest skeletons yet discovered were found at Cro-Magnon on the Vezere, in the Department of Dordogne in France 3. Their remains date back to an early period in the Palaeolithic Age, and they represent the first people who systematically shot flint arrows from their bows, though arrows pointed with ivory were used by the still earlier men of the Spy Onoz cave in Belgium. But bows and arrows were unknown to the later Mesato-Kephalic races of Furfooz belonging to the rein-deer age, as no traces of them have been found, according to M. Dupont, in their caves on the Liesse.
1   Sachau, AlberunT’s India, vol. i. chap. ii. p. 242.
2   Castren, as quoted by R. Brown, jun., F.S.A., ‘Etruscan Inscriptions of Lemnos,’ p. 14, Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archeology, April, 1888, says Saiv is among the Finns an ‘£ Allgemeines Gotter epithet.”
3   De Quatrefages, The Human Species, chap, xxvii., The Cro-Magnon Race, PP- 3I4> 3IS-
   
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This tall race of bowmen, with fine open foreheads and large, narrow, aquiline noses, are shown by their skulls to be intimately allied to the Guanches of the Canary Islands, the Kabyles of the Beni Masser and Djurjura, and the long-headed Basques of North Spainr. It was they apparently who founded the widely-spread Bantu stock of Africa, and who made their way through Europe to Asia Minor and the Euphrates valley. The aquiline nose introduced by them has become the aquiline nose of the Semites, which is owing to their Dravidian parentage, not like the Cro-Magnon nose, thin and narrow, but thick and broad.
These confederated tribes, the growers of barley and wheat, and the possessors of cattle, sheep and goats bred from Central Asian wild stocks, distributed themselves over Elam or Persia and the Euphratean countries, forming provincial groups of allied villages depending on their central capital. Some of these were peopled by purer races, and some by those who were more or less mixed, and each of these provincial divisions had its own ritual and its own measurements of annual time based upon the ancestral teachings of the dominant tribe, with variations introduced by the influence of the aliens received into the territory of the group.
C.   Substitution of Orion for Canopus as the leading star-god.
As they advanced northwards up the Euphrates valley the Dravidian farmers lost sight of their parent-star Canopus, which disappeared from the night sky in the latitude of the Northern Egyptian coast, and it was the disappearance of Canopus which led to the substitution of Orion for Canopus as the leader of the stars, an event alluded to in the story of the marriage of Canopus and Orion quoted at the beginning of this Chapter. In the belief framed 1
1 De Quatrefages, The Human Species, chap, xxvii., The Cro-Magnon Race, P- 335-
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History and Chronology
on this change of the star-leader it was Orion who hunted j the Pleiades and their attendant stars round the Pole, { instead of dragging them round as Canopus was believed jt to do.
The image of the hunting-god, originally the great storm- god who drove the stars round the Pole, is one which originated among the hunting races of the North, whom the Southern farmers met in Asia Minor. These were the cave men of the Palaeolithic age, the mixed descendants of the doliko-kephalic Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon races, and the brachy-kephalic men of Furfooz on the Liesse in Belgium. They had during the Palaeolithic age domesticated the rein-deer, which furnished them with food, clothes and implements, and they had made the rein-deer sun-god the ruler of their year. The dropping of his horns in autumn told them of the approach of winter, and their re-growth in spring heralded the coming summer. The prophet-god who spoke by these signs became the Celtic sun-god Cer- nunnos, whose forehead is adorned with deer’s horns in the images of him engraved on his altars found at Paris, Rheims, Sountes and Vendceuvres en Brennex. That these horns were originally rein-deer horns is to be inferred from the great antiquity of the myth of this god, who was originally the English Herne the Hunter, and also from local ritual. For at his festival, which took place at the winter solstice, rein-deer horns are at least in one place in England, Abbot’s Bromley in Staffordshire, used to decorate the head of the representative of the sun-god 1 2 3.
This horned deer-god was the god Frey ot the Edda, who fights with his deer horns, and is said in the Edda to have been with his father Njord, the North Pole god, and his twin sister Freya, the sun-hawk, taken from Asia Minor to the North in exchange for Hcenir the sun-horse 3.
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|’;i
1   Rhys, Hibbert Lecturesjor 1886, Lcct. i. pp. 78, 79.
2   Miss Burnes, ‘Staffordshire Folk and their Lore,’ Folklore, vol. vii., for F 1896, p. 383.
3   Mallet, Northern Antiquities. The Prose Edda, pp, 418—420, 460.
   
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The annual festival of the end and beginning of the year of this deer-sun-god is celebrated at the winter solstice, and in those parts of Scandinavia and North Germany where the primitive year festivals still survive, it begins twelve days before that date, and ends with a drama acted on the afternoon before the solstice which begins at six o’clock *. Before the fatal hour which ends the year of the sun-god, he is disguised as a deer, and courts a woman disguised as a doe. They sing ribald songs together till the last moments of the year arrive, and then the sun-god seizes the doe, and as he attacks her he was shot formerly by the arrow, but now by the ball of the Wild Hunter.
The variant forms of this story which originated in the North prove that it has been carried all over the world by the descendants of the Archer race, who believed in the deer-sun-god. It appears in India in the tale told in the Aitareya Brahmana, iii. 33. This relates that Prajapati the lord (fiati) of cultivators (prajd), the star Orion in the form of a deer, pursued his daughter RohinT, the star Aldebaran (who was, it will be remembered, the Queen of the Pleiades) in the form of a doe. This was at the end of Mriga-sirslia (November—December), the month of the deer’s (inriga) head (.sirsha), ending with the winter solstice. He violated her, and as he did so he was shot with the “ three-knotted ” arrow of Rudra, the three stars in Orion’s belt, and both these stars and the arrow indicate the three seasons of the year, the feather the spring, the shaft the summer, and the barb the winter 2. From this union there was born, according to Rigveda x. 61, 7, Vastos-pati, the lord (pati) of the house (vastos), the household fire, the god of the Finn Tartar races, who all worship the household fire, of which the house-mother is the priestess. It was she who offered a yearly libation to the household fire
! ‘Letter from Professor Ivuhn to Dr. Rajenehalal Mitra,’ Indo-Aryans, vol. ii. pp. 300—302.
3   Eggeling, Sat. Brah., ii. i, 2, 8, 9, iii. 4, 4, 14—17; .S.B.E., vol. xii.p. 284, note 1, xxvi. p. 108, note 2.
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11
at the festival of the jonla held at the winter solstice r. The god of the household fire, the sun-god born to replace the I dead deer-sun as the ruler of the next year, became, according to Stanzas 17, 18 of the hymn recording his birth, NabhT-nedishtha, the nearest {nedishtha) to the navel (;nabhi), the central fire on the altar 2. The story of the pursuit by Orion of the Queen of the Pleiades appears algo in the Boeotian tale of his pursuit of the seven daughters of Pleione, who were changed into the Peleiades, the Pleiades 1 doves.
It is told also in an Australian version, related by the Kamilaroi, a marrying tribe. Their complicated system of inter-marriage between a constantly changing circle of related groups, marks it as a form modified from the original matriarchal marriage of villages. In the Kamilaroi system the I confederated clans take the place of the matriarchal village groups, in which the men of one village begot the children of another village to which the children’s mothers belonged 3. Their story of Orion, whom they call Berri-berri, tells how he pursued the Miai-miai, the Pleiades. They took refuge in a tree, the mother-tree, where they became white and yellow parroquets. Berri-berri climbed after them, but they I were protected from his violence by Turum-bulum, the one- ij legged and one-eyed Pole Star god, who here takes the place of the Wild Hunter and Rudra in the Scandinavian cj and Indian variants 4.
This is the one-footed, one-eyed Annamite god called D’oc s Cu’o’c, who slew the fox of Cu’ong nam, the destroyer of 1 men, the constellation of the fox or hare Lepus at the foot • of Orion ; that is to say, he slew Orion when his year’s term, measured by the moon-fox, and its phases was ended. |l D’oc Cu’o’c is the god who gives rain to the earth, and to whom two cocks are sacrificed, the cocks sacrificed to the
1   Lenormant, Ckaldcean Magic, chap. xvi. p. 249.
2   Hewitt, Ruling Races of Prehistoric Times, vol. i., Essay iii., pp. 169, 170.
3   The system is described by Elie Reclus, Le Primitif d'Australie, pp.
159 ff.   4 ibid., pp. 304, 305, 320.