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Full text of "Aboriginal Siberia : a study in social anthropology"


ABORIGIXAL SIBERIA

A STUDY IN SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY



OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YOBK
TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY

HUMPHREY MILFORD M.A.

PUBLISHER TO THE UKIVERSm'



AIJOHKJINAL SIBERIA

A STUDY IN

SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY

BY

M. A. CZAPLICKA

SOMERVILLE COLLEGE, OXFORD
WITH A PREFACE BY

R. R. MARETT

READER IX SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
PRESIDENT OF THE FOLK-LORE SOCIETY




OXFORD

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

1914



PREFACE

BY K. R. MARETT

When, somewhat light-heartedly, I suggested to Miss CV.ap-
licka, after she had taken the Oxford Diploma in Anthropology,
that she might most fruitfully undertake a monograph on the
aboriginal tribes of Siberia, I confess that I had no clear idea of
the magnitude of the task proposed. The number of Russian
authorities concerned — not to speak of the students of other
nationahties — is simply immense, as Miss Czaplicka's biblio-
graphy clearly shows. Moreover, as must necessarily happen
in such a case, the scientific value of their work differs con-
siderably in degree ; so that a great deal of patient criti-
cism and selection is required on the part of one who is
trying to reduce the evidence to order. Now I am sure that
Miss Czaplicka has proved herself competent to do this sifting
properly. As a result, those students belonging to western
Europe who could make nothing of the Russian originals — and
alas, they compose tlie vast majority — will henceforth be in
a position to fi-ame a just notion of the social anthropology of
these interesting peoples of the Far North. Hitherto, they
have had to depend largely on the recent discoveries made by
the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, or else to go back as far as
the classical researches of such writers as Castren or Pallas.
Of course there remains much to be accomphshed still. In
particular, so far as I can judge, the data in regard to social
organization are altogether incomplete, and should be made



vi PREFACE

:v first consideration \>y those trained anthropologists who in
the future may be concerned with this region. Needless to say,
antin-upc)k>gical science is quite insatiate ; wherefore, despite the
excellence of most of the material already collected, it is
necessary to insist that a far more intensive study of these
tribes is needed, and that tlie time fur making acquaintance
with their culture in its aboriginal state is fast slipping away.
Indeed, apart from its intrinsic interest, the present survey is of
the utmost value simply as a guide to the future explorer.

Miss Czaplicka's work may be said, I think, to cover the
social anthropology of the aboriginal tribes of Siberia. The
pliysical anthropology, archaeolog}', and technology she does not
profess to touch in the present work. On the other hand, the
main aspects of the social life are dealt with adequately ; and
she has had the happy thought to prefix, in accordance with
modern metiiod, an account of the geographical conditions
to which the native institutions so closely and characteristically
respond.

Now it might seem at first sight that such a work as this,
consisting as it primarily does in the systematic presentation of
tlie results of a large number of first-hand authorities, can leave
little scope for originality, except in so far as a critical handling
of sources must always depend in the last resort on the personal
judgement. It seems to me, however, that Miss Czaplicka has
in several inq)ortant respects contributed new ideas of great
interest and importance. In the first place, her classification of
ethnic groups is, so far as I know, her own ; and the fimda-
mental contrast upon which it is based between Palaeo-Siberians,
namely, the ancient inhabitants of the country', and Neo-Siberiaus,
namely, all those peoples who have come northwards at any
time during, let us say, the last milieu ium, but liave already
been resident there long enough to have become differentiated



PREFACE vii

from ilulr kinsmen in the south, offers a working distinction
of first-rate value. There may he, nay, there undoubtedly is,
a plurality of racial types within each of the groups so dis-
tinguished ; but, from the standpoint of social anthropology, it
seems of primaiy importance to lay stress on the affinities
produced by culture-contact.

In the next place, Miss Czaplicka has dealt with the problem
of the nature of Shamanism in a very novel and, I think,
satisfactory way. Tlie difficulty is that, on the one hand, some
anthropologists have been wont to use the term Shamanism as
a general expression applicable to the magico-religious life of
all primitive peoples, at any rate in so far as the notion of
' possession ' constitutes a dominant note ; while, on the other
hand. Shamanism is sometimes treated as if it stood for a specific
type of religious experience confined to Northern Asia, and ^\^th-
out analogy in any other part of the world. Miss Czaplicka, how-
ever, deftly steers a middle course, doing justice to the peculiarities
of the local type, or (shall we say ?) types, and yet indicating
clearly that a number of elements common to the life and mind
of primitive mankind in general have there met together and
taken on a specific shape. Moreover, Miss Czaplicka has ven-
tured to place her own interpretation on the very curious
phenomena relating to what might be termed the sexual am-
biguity of the Shaman. I am inclined to believe that her theory
of the Shaman's relegation to a third or neutral sex will be
found to throw much light on this veiy curious chapter of
social anthropology. Lastly, Miss Czaplicka, with the help of
what would seem to be somewhat scattered indications derived
from the first-hand authorities, has put together what I take to
be the first systematic account of those remarkable facts of
mental pathology summed up in the convenient term 'Arctic
Hysteria '. This side of her work is all the more important



viii PREFACE

because, apai-t from tlicse facts, it is difficult or impossible to
api)reciate justly the religious life of these Siberian tribes ; and
to say the religious life of a primitive i)eople is almost to say
their social life as a "svhole.

It remauis only to add that British anthropologists will be
sincerely grateful to Miss Czaplicka for having introduced them
to the splendid work of their colleagues of eastern Europe.
What a love of science must have burned in their hearts to
enable them to prosecute these untiring researches in the teeth
of tlie icy blasts that sweep across tundra and steppe! The
more, too, ishall we have reason to congratulate them, if, as
a result of the scientific study of the aborigines of Siberia,
practical measures are taken to shield them from the demora-
lization which in their case can be but a prelude to extinction.
Unlovely in their ways of life as to us they may appear to be,
these modern representatives of the Age of the Eeindeer typify
mankind's secular struggle to overcome the physical environ-
ment, be it ever so inhospitable and pregnant with death. We
owe it not only to the memory of our remote forefathers, but to
ourselves as moral beings, to do our best to preserve these
toilers of the outer marge whose humble life-history is an
epitome of hmnauity's ceaseless effort to live, and, by making
that effort socially and in common, hkewise to live Avell.



AUTHOR'S NOTE

Are there any true aborigines in Siberia, as there are in
Australia anil Africa? This is a question not infrequently
asked in England, and Siberia is sometimes regarded as a
country originally peopled by political exiles and criminals.
Only lately has it been realized that, apart from the interest
and sympathy aroused by the former and the curiosity felt
concerning the latter, Siberia and its people present an in-
teresting variety of subjects for study, and especially for anthro-
pological and archaeological research. In the vast mass of
literature written on the people of this country, there is nothing
which can serve as a comprehensive and concise handbook for
the study of anthropology. The works of early travellers
which deal with the area as a whole give us nothing beyond
general impressions and items of curious information ; while
the profound and systematic study made lately by the Jesup
Expedition is too extensive and detailed for the ordinary student,
and further it deals only with the north-eastern district. The
Memoir of the Jesup Expedition is practically the first work
of the kind published in English — that is if we except transla-
tions of the writings of some of the earlier travellers mentioned
above, such as Ki-asheninnikoff and Pallas.

Many Russian men of science, who have recently published
special works on different districts, take occasion to deplore,
in their prefaces, the lack of such a handbook. It is the object
of the author, before personally investigating conditions in the
country itself, to make an attempt to supply this need ; for
comparative work of this kind is a task for the study rather than
the field.

In the compilation of a work of this kind one realizes only
too well the lack of arrangement and the unequal value of the
available materials. On the one hand, one finds numerous
detailed descriptions of one single characteristic of a people
or of a ceremony ; on the other, a bare allusion to some custom
or a mere cursory account of a whole tribe. Thus the Buryat



X AUTHORS NOTE

scholar, Dordji lianzaroft'/ complains: 'The Orientalists have
long occii[»iecl tiiemselvcs with the inhahitants of the interior
of Asia, hut their attention was primarily directed to the w^ars
of the Mongols, wliile the customs, habits, and beliefs of this
j)eople were neglected as unimportant in historical research.
The faith of the Mongols ])revious to their acceptance of
Buddhism lias received no study at all, the reason being a
serious one, the inadecpiacy of the materials for such research.'

Banzarotf, who has described the Black Faith of the Mongols,
was himself seriously hampered by the vagueness of the Russian
as Avell as the Mongol literature on the subject ^ ; and this in
spite of the fact that the religious side of native life has always
received more attention from writers on Siberia than the social
side.

One of the most earnest pleas for the immediate and syste-
matic study of the Sil)erian aborigines comes from Yadrintzeff,^
who was iunong their ti-uest friends. Lastly, Patkanoff',"* to
whom we owe many statistical and geographical works on
Siberia, and who is the editor of the Central Statistical Com-
mittee, refers to the immense amount of material collected,
varying in period, quality, place and aspect to an extent which
greatly impairs its usefulness ; and he considers this to be the
reason why the ethnological literature of Europe is either silent
on the subject of Siberia, or merely touches on it lightly. The
same writer enumerates three errors frecpiently met with in
descriptions of the country : (1) Confusion of the tribes. Thus
explorers have failed to distinguish until lately the Gilyak from
the Tungusic tribes ; the Ostyak-Samoyed have been confounded
with the Ugrian Ostyak : the Turkic tribe of Altaians proper,
because they were ruled for some time by the Kalmuk, are often
called 'the Mountain (or White) Kalmuk', and are by some
writers actually confused wath the Kahnuk, who ai-e Mongols ;
and so on. (2) Incorrectness in delimiting frontiers. (3) In-
accuracy in reckoning the numbers of natives.

' The Black Faith, or SJiamanishi among the Moiujoh, 1891, p. 1.

- Op. cit., p. 3.

' The Sibcriati Aboricfinea, thiir Moile of Life and Present Condition,
Petersburg, 1891, Treface.

* Statistical Data for the Racial Composition of the Population of Siberia,
its Language and Tribes, Petersburg, 1912, p. 1.



AUTHOR'S NOTE xi

The second i>t these errors is due to the fact that many tribes
are either nomads or mere wanderers. As to the numerical
reckoning of the peoples, the payment of i/asi/k (taxes) being
made proportionate to the numbers of the tribe, the natives are
not anxious to assist in revealing the true state of affaii-s.

Of the numerous important problems which confront us in
the study of Siberia, one of the most interesting is that attacked
by the Jesup Expedition, namely, the connexion between the
Asiatic aborigines of the North-East and the North-Western
Amerinds. Also there is the question of the relation between
the Neo-Siberians and the Palaeo-Siberians, and the question of
the relation of the different tribes within these groups to each
other. The question of the migrations of the last ten centuries
is closely connected with the foregoing subjects of research, and
no less imi>ortant is the study of whatever information can be
gathered concerning tribes Avhich have become extinct almost
within the present generation, such as the Arine, Kotte, Assan,
and Tuba,^ of which the last named were related to the Ostyak
of the Yenisei.- Some Turkic tribes of the Altai still call
themselves Tuba, a fact which suggests the possibility of an
admixture with the old Tuba of Yenisei.^ The Ostyak of
Yenisei are themselves dying out ; so also are the Yukaghir
of the north-east. The latter are the last survivors of a large

' All these tribes are referred to in Chinese chronicles of the seventh
century as the nation of Tupo, inhabiting the region of the Upper Yenisei
and the northern Altai.

- Yadrintzeff, op. cit., preface, p. 8.

^ No longer ago tluin the year 1753 Gmelin saw some of the Arine
(Deniker, Races of Man, 1900, p. 366), but already in 1765-6 Fischer
states that the Arine no longer exist [Sihirische Geschtchte, 1768, pp. 138-
387). Castren (1854-7) came across some five Kotte who made it possible
for him to learn their language (EfJinol. Varies, uher die alfaisch. Volk.,
1855, p. 87). The Omok, living in large numbers between the rivers
Yana and Kolyma, are mentioned in Wx-angefs work, Jounuii to the North
Coast of Siberia and the Polar Sea, 1841, p. 81. Argentotf speaks of the
Chellag in his The Northern Land, I. R. G. S., 1861, vol. ii, p. 18. Mention
is made of the Anaul in Muller's Sammlung ion linssische Geschichte, 1758,
vol. iii, p. 11. From these sources we learn of great tribal meetings
between the Chellag and the Omok, and of wars between the Cossacks
under Dejnefl' and the Anaul in 1649. Deniker supposes (Tfie Races of
Man, 1908, p. 370j that the disappearance of the tribes is more apparent
than real, that the Anaul and the Omok (whose name is a general term,
signifying • tribe 'j were in fact branches of the Yukaghir, and that the
Chellag were a Chukchee tribe. But this is mere conjecture (see Schrenck,
TJie Natives of the Amur Coiintri/, 1883, p. 2).



xii AUTHOR'S NOTE

family of tribes which included the now extinct Omok, Chellag,
and Annul. Indeed, until Jochelson liad investigated the Yuka-
ghir, it Avas generally tliought that they, too, were extinct, or
had become absorbed by the Lanuit-Tungus.

If the Kanichadal had not been described by Steller and
Krasheuinnikoff, we sliould now have as little knowledge of
them as we have of the extinct tribes, since the Kamchadal
are now quite intermixed with Eussians.

Perhaps the most neglected of the surviving peoples are the
Tungus and the Ostyak of the Yenisei ; for the north-east is
' under the microscope ' of American workers (including some
Russian scientists), and the Samoyedic and Fimiic tribes are
being investigated l»y the scientists of Finland. As to the Mon-
gols and Turks, they have always been to some extent under
the eye of the Orientalists both of Russia and of western
Europe, though the anthropology of the Orient has been over
much neglected in i'a\our of its linguistics and literature.



The author has found it impossible to include in the present
work an account of the physical anthropology and technology
of the aborigines of Siberia. Xor has it been possible to
describe here the prehistoric life of this region, of which the
Yenisei valley alone can supply so wide a field for research.
These will form the subject of a future work.

Before closing these observations the author would like to say
a few words with regard to the orthography of the non-English
words which occur in the text and notes.

All native as well as Russian terms have l^een spelt as simply
as possible, allowance being made for the fact that all foreign
vowel sounds are pronounced by English people in very nmch
the same way as those of modern Italian. The names of Polish
authors, as they are written in Latin letters, have been left un-
changed. The Russian names ending similarly to the Polish
{sJci or cJii) are variously spelt elsewhere in Latin characters.

In regard to this point, the author has borrowed a hint from
the only modern original article on this region written in
English by a Russian, namely The Bunjats, by D. Klementz,
in Hastings's Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Klementz



AUTHORS NOTE xiii

has adopted the same spelling for the ending of Russian names
when written in Latin characters as for similar Polish names
(i.e. not ski/ or sJcii but sJci).

The native words taken from the publications of the Jesiip N. P.
Expedition are written minus the numerous phonetic signs.
Any one desiring more intimate linguistic acquaintance with
them can always refer to the original.

There is one sound, veiy often met with in the native words
used in this work, which it is impossible to transliter.ato into
western European tongues, namely a hard /. written f in Polish,
and in Russian ordinary I witli a hard vowel following. Thus
the words Allakh, Boldokhoy ought to be pronounced some-
thing like Aouakh, Booudokhoy.

The following abbreviations have been used :

I. R. A. S. — Bulletin of the Imperial Russian Academy of Science.

I. R. G. S. — Bulletin of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society.

E. S.S. I. R.G.S.— Bulletin of the East Siberian Section of the Im-
perial Russian Geographical Society (the Ethnographical Section).

W. S.S. I. R.G.S. -Bulletin of the West Siberian Section of the Im-
perial Russian Geographical Society (the Ethnographical Section).

A.S.I. R. G. S. — Bulletin of the Amur Section of the Imperial Russian
Geographical Society.

S. S. A. C— Bulletin of the Society for the Study of the Amur Country.

I. S. F. S. A. E.— Bulletin of the Imperial Society of Friends of Natural
Science, Anthropology and Ethnography.

J. N. P. E. — Memoir of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition.

R.A.J. — Russian Anthropological Journal.

E. R. — EtJinological Review.

L. A. T. — Living Ancient Times.

E.R. E. — Hastings's Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

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1808 REASONS CHRISTIANITY IS FALSE

The Dawn of

European Civilization

By

V. GORDON CHILDE

https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461431

1923

By

V. GORDON CHILDE

D.Litt., D.Sc.

Professor of Prehistoric European Archeology, University of London

LONDON

ROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAUL LTD

BROADWAY HOUSE: 6S-74 CARTER LANE. E.C.4
 First Edition 1925
Second Edition 1927



 CONTENTS


Chapter  I.   SURVIVALS OF FOOD-GATHERERS ....         i
II.   The Orient and Crete .....         15
III.   Anatolia the Royal Road to the Aegean         35
IV.   Maritime Civilization in the Cyclades .         48
V.   From Village to City in Greece         57
VI.   Farming Villages in the Balkans .         84
VII.   Danubian Civilization .....         105
VIII.   The Peasants of the Black Earth         136
IX.   Culture Transmission over the Eurasian Plain?         148
X.   The Northern Cultures .....         175
XI.   Survivals of the Forest Culture .         203
XII.   Megalith Builders and Beaker-folk         213
XIII.   Farmers and Traders in Italy and Sicily         229
XIV.   Island Civilizations in the Western Mediterranean         252
XV.   The Iberian Peninsula . . . .         265
XVI.   Western Culture in the Alpine Zone .         287
XVII.   Megalith Builders in Atlantic Europe .         303
XVIII.   The British Isles ......         322
XIX.   Retrospect: The Prehistory of European Society         341
   Notes on Terminology .....         353
   Abbreviations .......      •   354
   Books ........      •   358
   
 
 FIG.


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

SWIDERIAN FLINT IMPLEMENTS, POLAND {after KoztOWSki)

Magdalenian harpoon from Cantabria and Azilian harpoons

AND PAINTED PEBBLES FROM ArI^GE .....

Geometric microliths and microgravers from Franconia

{after Gumpert) .........

Microliths from Muge, Portugal, and transverse arrow-
head SHAFTED FROM DENMARK ..............

"Lyngby axe” of reindeer antler, Holstein

Maglemosian types from Zealand ......

ERTEB0LLE POT, ANTLER AXES AND BONE COMBS, DENMARK .

Neolithic figurines from Crete and their relatives {after
Evans) ..........

Early Minoan III "teapots” and button seal {after Evans) .

The Minoan "Mother Goddess” and {left) Horns of Consecra-
tion, from a sealing {after Evans) .....

Minoan axes, axe-adzes and double axe, and seal impressions

{after Evans and Mon. Ant.) .......

(1) Early Minoan daggers, (2) Stone beads {after Evans) .

Middle Minoan I-II daggers {after Evans) ....

M.M.III RAPIERS (MyCENJE) AND L.M.I. HORNED HILT (CRETE)
{after Evans) .   ........

(1) Late Mycenzean short sword, (2) Middle Minoan spear-
head   ..........

Egyptian representations of Vapheio cups ....

Pottery from Thermi I-II(A) and III-IY(B) {after Lamb, BSA.,
XXX)....................................

"Megaron” palace, Troy II .   ............

Pottery from Troy II .......

Knife and daggers and gold vessels, Troy II {Museum f.
Vorgeschichte, Berlin) ........

Battle-axe, gold-capped bead, and crystal pommel from
Treasure L, and stray axe-adze {Museum f. Vorgeschichte,
Berlin) ..........

Gold earring and pendant from Treasure A, pin from
Treasure D, bracelet from Treasure F, and knot-headed
pins {Museum f. Vorgeschichte, Berlin)

Tomb-group. Amorgos ......

Cycladic "frying-pan” and sherd showing boat .

Tombs on Syros and Eubcea ,

page

3

4

6

7

8
10
12

18

20

25

28

29

30

31

32

33

39

40
42

42

43

45

49

50
52

vii
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG.   PAGE

26.   Slotted spear-head (showing method of mounting), halberd

AND TWEEZERS. AMORGOS .......   53

27.   Early Cycladic ornaments: Paros; Syros ....   54

28.   Cycladic pottery: (i) Pelos; (2) Phylakopi I; (3) Phylakopi

II (L.C.).................................................55

29.   Thessalian stone axes and adzes (after Tsountas) ...   59

30.   Pottery of Sesklo style, white on red and red on white

(after Wace and Thompson) .......   59

31.   Neolithic figurines, Thessaly (after Wace and Thompson)   .   61

32.   Miniature altar or throne (after Wace and Thompson)   .   .   62

33.   Plan of fortified village of Dimini (after Tsountas)   .   .   63

34.   Dimini bowl and gold-ring pendant (after Tsountas)   .   .   64

35.   Axe and battle-axes from H. Mamas (after Heurtley, BSA.,

XXIX).....................................................68

36.   Early Helladic sauce-boat, askos, tankard, and jar   .   .   70

37.   Early Macednic pot-forms (after Heurtley, B.S.A., XXVIII) .   71

38.   Anchor Ornament, Kritsana...................................  71

39.   Spear-head, knives, and dagger from M.H. graves in

Thessaly (after Tsountas) .......   73

40.   Minyan pottery from Thessaly, and imitations from Thermon,

JJtolia ..........   74

41.   Matt-painted bowl and pithos from J£gina; and M.C. jugs

from Marseilles harbour and Phylakopi ....   75

42.   Matt-painted jar, Lianokladhi III (after Wace and Thompson).   76

43.   Terminal and pattern-bored spacer-bead from amber neck-

lace: Shaft Grave at Mycenze ......   79

44.   Mycenzean tholos tomb on Eubcea (after Papavasileiou) .   .   81

45.   Clay loom-weights and bone spatula of Kor6s culture .   86

46.   Cruciform-footed bowl in fine Starcevo ware, and jar of

rusticated Koros style .   .   .   .   .   .   .   87

47.   Bone combs and ring-pendant, Tordos, and ‘‘harpoon’’, Vinca   89

48.   "Face urn” lid from Vinca (after Vassits)   ....   go

49.   Mug, tripod bowl, and “altar” decorated by excision,

Banyata II .........   95

50.   Peg-footed vase from Denev ......   97

51.   Copper axe and adze from Gaborevo .....   99

52.   Gumelnija pottery: (i) Czernavoda; (2) Tel Metchkur;

(3-4) Tel Ratchev; (5-6) Kodja Berman ....   100

53.   Painted clay head, Vin£a .   .   .   .   .   .   .101

54.   Squatting figure, bone figurines and clay phallus, Bul-

garia ...........   102

55.   Models of houses, Denev .   .   .   .   .   .   .102

56.   Small Danubian I house from Saxony; the walls are marked

by a double row of posts (after Sangmeister) .   .   .107

viii
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG.

57-

58.

59-

60.

61.

62.

63-

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.
69.

7°.

7i-

72.

73-

74.

75-

76.

77-

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.
85-
86.

87.

88.

PAGE

“Shoe-last celts” (after Seger) ......   107

DANUBIAN I POTTERY .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   108

Clay block vase, Moravia .   .   .   .   .   .   .114

Copper trinkets and triangular axe, Jordanova (after Seger) 114
DANUBIAN II POTTERY, LENGYEL   .   .   .   .   .   . II5

Stroke-ornamented vases, Bohemia; Rossen vases, Central

Germany ..........   117

Copper battle-axes, Hungary   .   .   .   .   .   .120

Copper axe-adzes and axes, Hungary   .   .   .   .   .121

Knobbed mace-head, Maros Decse   .   .   .   .   .122

Bodrogkeresztur pyxis and milk-jug (after Tompa) .   .   122

Pins and earrings from Unetician graves (after Schrdnil) .   129

Daggers from Unetician graves (after Schrdnil)   .   .   . 131

Hoard of Sobochleby (after Schrdnil)   .   .   .   .   .131

Bronze-hilted dagger (after Schrdnil)   .   .   .   .   .131

Bulb, disc, trilobate, and crutch-headed pins from later

Unetician graves (after Schrdnil) .....   133

Marschwitz and early Unetician pottery, Silesia and Bohemia

(after Stockf) .........   134

Model hut from Popudnia .   .   .   .   .   .   .138

Potters’ oven and model, Ariu^d (after Laszlo)   .   .   .   140

Tripolye types (after Passeh) .....................141

Stone sceptre-head, Fedele$eni, and clay stamp, Ariu^d .   143

Usatova types (after Passek) .   ...................146

Copper battle-axe, Vozdvizhenskaya, copper beads, copper

spear-head, copper and bone hammer-pins .   .   .   .151

Vases: (i) from Catacomb grave, Donetz; (2-3) from pit-graves,
Yatskovice, near Kiev; (4) from Yamno grave, Donetz;

(5) B FUNNEL BEAKER, DENMARK.....................I52

Transverse axe, axe-adze, knife, and gold and silver vases,

CARNELIAN BEAD AND FLINT ARROW-HEADS, FROM MAIKOP

barrow ..........   133

(1) Megalithic cist, Novosvobodnaya; (2) Catacomb grave,

Donetz ..........   153

Pottery, weapons, tools, and pins from tomb at Novosvo-
bodnaya ..........   155

Pottery and battle-axes from the Single Graves of Jutland
and Sweden (after Fv, 1922)   .   .   .   .   .   .161

Saxo-Thuringian corded ware .......................163

Thuringian faceted battle-axe and Silesian battle-axe .   164

Zlota pottery (after Kozlowski)   .   .   .   .   .   .166

Fatyanovo battle-axe and Finnish boat-axe .   .   .   169

Fatyanovo pottery of the Moscow, Yaroslav, and CuvaS groups i 70

ix
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG.   PAGE

89. The Gali£ hoard .   ........   171

90.   Northern flint axes arranged according to Montelius’

typology {by permission of Trustees of British Museum) .   .   175

91.   A-type funnel-beakers, amphora, “baking plate” {after Becker)   178

92.   Tongued club-head, Denmark; polygonal battle-axe, Jordan-

ova; and flint axe of Eastern type   .   .   .   .   .179

93. Pottery from Danish dysser ......   181

94.   Grave 28 at Jordanova {after Seger)   .   .   .   .   .182

95.   Danish Passage Grave pottery of phases B and C; battle-axe

AND ARROW-HEAD   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   184

96.   Furniture of a grave at Zastow; and collared flask from

GRAVE AT NaLENCZOW   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   188

97.   Kuyavish grave, Swierczyn {after Kozlowski) .   189

98.   Walternienburg vases, Latdorf drum, and Baalburg jug .   193

99.   Globular amphorae from Saxo-Thuringia and Podolia, and

BONE GIRDLE-CLASP FROM PODOLIA   .....   I94

100.   Flint daggers and Swedish cists of Montelius'   IV   .   .197

101.   Section of the Leubingen barrow............................  200

102.   Bronze-shafted halberd and halberd-blade from Leubingen

barrow ..........   201

103.   (1) Pit-comb ware from Karelia; (2) vase of East Swedish

style from Aland Islands; (3) flint sculptures from
Volosovo ..........   204

104.   No ST vet and Suomusjarvi celts, and polished chisel and

adze .       205

105.   Maglemosian types which survive: (1-4) Esthonia {after Clark)',

(5) Ukraine; (6) leister from Ural peat bog   .   .   .   206

106.   Slate knives and dart-head, Sweden, stone mace-heads,

Finland, and slate pendant ......   207

107.   Knives and axe from Seim a hoard   .   .   .   .   .211

108.   Rock-cut tomb, Castelluccio, and corbelled tomb, Los

Millares ...................................................214

109.   Rock-cut tomb and naveta, Balearic Islands   .   .   .216

no.   Segmented cist, North Ireland, and Giants’ Tomb, Sardinia   217

in. Beakers: (1-2) Palmella, Portugal; (3) La Halliade, South

France; (4) Villafrati, Sicily .   .   .   .   .   .222

112.   Beaker, wrist-guard, and associated vases, Silesia {after

Seger) ...........   225

113.   West European dagger (Bohemia) and flint copy (Silesia);

arrow-straightener (Wiltshire); gold-leaf from wrist-
guard AND COPPER AWL, BOHEMIA .....   225

114.   South Italian painted pottery: (i) and (2) black on buff,

Serra d’Alto ware; (3) red and black on buff, Middle
Neolithic I, Megara Hyblzea ......   232

x
 FIG.

ii5-

116.

117.

118.

119.

120.

121.

122.

123.

124.

125.

126.

127.

128.

129.

13°.

I3I*

132-

133-
134*

135-

136.

137-

138.

139-

140.

141.

142.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Bossed bone plaque, Castelluccio (after Evans)

Copper and Early Bronze Age pottery: (1-2) pit-cave, Otranto;

(3) KEELED VASE WITH AXE HANDLE, “DOLMEN” OF BlSCEGLIE;

(4-5) Castelluccio ware .......

View into chamber tomb, Castelluccio .....

Knife and razor, Pantalica .......

ApENNINE VASE-HANDLES AND WINGED AXE, RAZOR, PESCHIERA
DAGGER, ANGLED SICKLE FROM PUNTO DEL TONNO

(1) Vase of North Italian Polada type; (2) square-mouthed
NEOLITHIC POT FROM ArENE CaNDIDE .....
Copper daggers and flint copies, Remedello

Peschiera safety-pin (fibula)................

Plan of “temples” at Mnaidra, Malta .....

Tripod bowl, San Bartolomeo, and vase-handle of nose-
bridge TYPE, ANGHELU B.UJU ......

Plan and elevation of tomb XXbis at Anghelu Ruju .
Necklace from Anghelu Ruju ......

(1) Gouge, El Garcel; (2) schist adze, Portugal; (3) jar, El
Garcel ..........

page

235

236

237

240

243

245

246
250
253

258

259

261

268

Stages in conventionalization of parietal art in Spain {after
Obermaier)) A, Maimon; B, Figuras; C, La Pileta .   .   .   269

Flint arrow-heads: (i) Alcala; (5) Los Millares. Halberd
blades; (3) Casa da Moura; (4) Los Millares; (2) Palmella
points ..........   271

“Late Neolithic” vase from Tres Cabezos, and symbol vases
from Los Millares .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .272

Ritual objects: (i) Almeria; (2 and 4) Portugal; (3) Granada 273
Copper daggers and adze, AlcalA, and bone pin, Cabeqo da
Ministra. ..........   275

Plan of “neolithic” passage grave and part of the furniture,

S.E. Portugal [after Leisner) ......   277

Argaric burial-jar showing diadem, funerary vases, halberd,
dagger-blades, and sword {by permission of Trustees of British
Museum) ..........   283

Antler harpoon and bone arrow-head, Switzerland .   .   289

Cortaillod pottery {after ‘Antiquity’) .....   290

Plan of a house at Aichbuhl ......   292

Michelsberg pottery ........   294

Types of antler sleeves for axes: A-B, Lower; C, first in
Middle; D, first in Upper Neolithic; Lake NeuchAtel .   296

Bone copies of Unetician pins ......   297

Mondsee pottery .........   300

Vase-supports in Chassey style: (i) Le Moustoir, Carnac;

(2) Motte de la Garde, Charente........304

xi
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG.   PAGE

143.   Late Chalcolithic types from Cevennian cists: (a-e) Liquisse;

(f~i) Grotte d’en Quisse, Gard; (j-o) “dolmens” of Aveyron 308

144.   Polypod bowl, La Halliade .......   310

145.   Statue-menhirs from Gard and sculptured tomb, Petit

Morin (Marne) .........   312

146.   Horgen pot from Paris cist, and channelled pot from

Conguel, Morbihan .     *313

147.   Arc-pendant of stone .       313

148.   Passage grave, Kercado, Morbihan .....   316

149.   Breton Bronze Age vase .......   320

150.   Lop-sided, tanged-and-barbed and leaf-shaped arrow-heads   323

151.   Windmill Hill pot-forms (after Piggott) .....   324

152.   Passage grave in horned cairn, 240 ft. long, Yarrows,

Caithness .............................................  327

153.   Long stalled cairn, Midhowe, Rousay .....   327

154.   Gold earring .........   330

135.   Peterborough bowl from Thames, and sherds from West

Kennet Long Barrow (by permission of Trustees of British
Museum) ..........   333

156.   Evolution of a socketed spear-head in Britain (after Green-

well): (1) Hintlesham, Suffolk; (2) Snowshill, Glos.; (3)
Arreton Down, Isle of Wight .   .   .   .   .   -335

157.   Segmented Fayence beads, Wilts (by permission of Trustees of

British Museum) .........   336

158. Food Vessels from Argyll and East Lothian   .   .   .   337

159. Gold lunula, Ireland {by permission of Trustees of British Museum)   338

Map I—Europe in Period I ......   348

Map II—Europe in Period II ......   349

Map Ilia—Period III: Megalithic Tombs ....   350

Map III6—Period III: Beakers and Battle-axes .   .   .   351

Map IV—Period IV : Early Bronze Age Cultures and Trade

Routes.................................................  352

Xll
 PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION

When the First Edition was written as a pioneer attempt at a com-
prehensive survey of European prehistory, the archaeological record
was so fragmentary that a pattern could only he extracted by filling
up the gaps with undemonstrable guesses. A spate of excavations,
investigations and publications in the next twenty years rendered
obsolete some of those speculations, enriched the record with a wealth
of often quite unexpected facts, but actually complicated the picture.
Since 1945 still more intense activity has doubled the available data,
but in some points has simplified the scene; several formerly discrete
assemblages now appear as aspects of a very few widespread cultures.
Moreover, the new technique of radio-carbon dating, though still very
much in the experimental stage, offers at least the hope of an inde-
pendent time-scale against which archaeological events in several
regions can be compared chronologically. These advances allow and
demand drastic revision and re-arrangement of my text. At the same
time the fresh data, as much as Mongait’s pertinent criticisms in his
Introduction to the Russian translation, have induced a less dog-
matically “Orientalist” attitude than I adopted in 1925. In particular
the discovery that not all farmers were potters has entailed a complete
revaluation of the ceramic evidence! Radio-carbon dating has indeed
vindicated the Orient’s priority over Europe in farming and metallurgy.
But the speed and originality of Europe’s adaptation of Oriental
traditions can now be better appreciated; it should be clear why, as
well as that, a distinctively European culture had dawned by our
Bronze Age! Two more points should be noted. The radio-carbon dates
here given, many of them unofficial, axe all subject to a margin of error
of several centuries and must be regarded as tentative and provisional!
Secondly, to me the Near East still means what it meant in English
before 1940 and still means in American, Dutch, French and Russian.

For opportunities of studying at first hand the latest finds from
Eastern Europe I wish to thank the Academies of Sciences of Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Roumania, the U.S.S.R. and Yugoslavia,
and to colleagues in those countries as well as in Austria, Belgium, the
British Isles, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Holland, Italy, Poland,
Sweden, Turkey and the U.S.A. I am grateful for information on un-
published finds, for reprints, drawings and photographs. Dr. Isobel
Smith has very kindly read the proofs.

March 1957.   .   V. G. C.

xiii

 THE

BIBLE OF BIBLES;

https://archive.org/details/bibleofbiblesort00grav


CONTAINING

A DESCRIPTION OF TWENTY-SEVEN BIBLES, AND AN
EXPOSITION OF TWO THOUSAND BIBLICAL
ERRORS IN SCIENCE, HISTORY, MORALS,
RELIGION, AND GENERAL EVENTS;

ALSO A DELINEATION OF THE CHARACTERS OF

THE PRINCIPAL PERSONAGES OP THE CHRISTIAN BIBLE,

AND

AN EXAMINATION OF THEIR DOCTRINES.

BY


KERSEY GRAVES,

AUTHOR OP “THE WORLD’S SIXTEEN CRUCIFIED SAVIORS,” AND
^   “THE BIOGRAPHY OF SATAN.”


1879.


BY LYDIA M. GRAVES,

ASSISTANT AUTHORESS.

 LIST OF CONTENTS.

PAGE

The Leading Positions of this Work.....................9

CHAPTER I.

The Signs of the Times. — The Coming Revolution. — Reason

WILL SOON TRIUMPH.................................11

CHAPTER II.

Apology and Explanation. — Jehovah not our God. — Relation-
ship of the Old and New Testaments..............17

CHAPTER III.

Why this Work was written. — The Moral Truths of the
Bible. — Why resort to Ridicule. — The Principal Design
of this Work. — Don’t read Pernicious Books. — Two Thou-
sand Bible Errors exposed. — All Bibles Useful in their .

Place........................................... 20

/

CHAPTER IY.

Beauties and Benefits of Bibles. —A Higher Plane of Devel-
opment has been Attained. — Bible Writers Honest.—
General Claims of Bibles.............................28

TWENTY-SEVEN BIBLES DESCRIBED.

CHAPTER Y.

The Hindoo Bibles. — The Yedas.—The Code of Menu. — Ram-

AYANA.—MAHABARAT. — The PURANS. —ANALOGIES OF THE

Hindoo and Jewish Religions.—Antiquity of India .   .   32

CHAPTER VI.

The Egyptian Bible, “The Hermas.” —Analogies of the Egyp-
tian and Jewish Religions. — Antiquity of Egypt

42
 4

LIST OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VII.

PAGE

The Persian Bibles. — The Zenda A vesta. — The Sadder. — Anal-
ogies of the Persian and Jewish Religions. — Antiquity of
Persia.............................................46

CHAPTER VIII.

The Chinese Bibles.—Ta-Heo (Great Learning). — The Chun
Yung ; or, Doctrine of the Mean. — The Book of Mang, or
Mencius. — Shoo King; or, “Book of History.”— Shee
King; or, “Book of Poetry.” — Chun Tsen, “Spring and
Summer.” — Tao-te King ; or, Doctrine of Reason. — Analo-
gies of the Chinese and Jewish Religions. — Antiquity of
China..............................................50

CHAPTER IX.

Seven other Oriental Bibles. — The Soffees’ Bible: The “Mus-
navi.” — The Parsees’ Bible: The “Bour Desch.” — The
Tamalese Bible: The “ Kaliwakam.” — The Scandinavian
Bible: The “Saga;” or, Divine Wisdom.—The Kalmucs’
Bible : The “ Kalio Cham.” —The Athenians’ Bible : “ The
Testament.” — The Cabalists’ Bible: The “ Yohar ; ” or,
Book of Light......................................55

CHAPTER X.

The Mahomedan’s Bible : TnE “Koran.” — The Mormons’ Bible :
“The Book of Mormon.” — Revelations of Joseph Smith.

— The Shakers’ Bible: “The Divine Roll” ....   57

CHAPTER XI.

TnE Jews’ Bible : TnE Old Testament and TnE Mishna .   .   61

CHAPTER XII.

TnE Christians’ Bible : Its Character................62

CHAPTER XIII.

General Analogies of Bibles. — Superior Features of TnE

Heathen Bibles..................................65

CHAPTER XIV.

The Infidels’ Bible..................................68
 LIST OF CONTENTS.

5

TWO THOUSAND BIBLE ERRORS — OLD-TESTAMENT
DEPARTMENT.

CHAPTER XV.

PAGE

A Hundred and Twenty-three Errors in the Jewish Cosmogony.

— The Scientists’ Story of Creation.............73

CHAPTER XVI.

Numerous Absurdities in the Story of the Deluge .   . v„^8tT

c

CHAPTER XVII.   '   ~

The Ten Commandments, Moral Defects of ...   96

CHAPTER XVIII.

Ten Foolish Bible Stories : A Talking Serpent and a Talking
Ass. — The Story of Cain. — The Ark of the Covenant.—
Korah, Dathan, and Abiram. — Daniel and Nebuchad-
nezzar. — Sodom and Gomorrah. — The Tower of Babel. —
Stopping the Sun and Moon. — Story of Samson. — Story

of Jonah ......................................100

CHAPTER XIX.

Bible Prophecies not Fulfilled......................121

CHAPTER XX.

Bible Miracles, Erroneous Belief in................124

CHAPTER XXI.

Bible Errors in Facts and Figures...................128

CHAPTER XXII.

Bible Contradictions (232).......................... 134

CHAPTER XXIII.

Obscene Language of the Bible (200 cases)...........145

CHAPTER XXIV.

Circumcision a Heathenish Custom. — Fasting and Feasting in

Various Nations................................149

CHAPTER XXV.

Holy Mountains, Lands, Cities, and Rivers..........151
 6

LIST OF CONTENTS.

BIBLE CHARACTERS.

CHAPTER   XXVI.   page

Jehovah, Character of............................153

CHAPTER XXVII.

The Jews, Character of...........................157

CHAPTER XXVIII.

Moses, Character of..............................160

CHAPTER XXIX.

The Patriarchs, Abraham,   Isaac, and   Jacob, Character of . 166

CHAPTER XXX.

David: His Numerous Cremes. — Solomon, Character of. — Lot

and his Daughters............................173

CHAPTER XXXI.

The Prophets : Their Moral Defects. — Special Notice of Eli-
jah and Elisha...............................177

CHAPTER XXXII.

Idolatry: Its Nature, Harmlessness, and Origin.—All Chris-
tians either Atheists or Idolaters...........187

BIBLE ERRORS-NEW-TEST AMENT DEPARTMENT.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

Divine Revelation Impossible and Unnecessary .... 212

CHAPTER XXXIV.

Prdieval Innocency of Man not True...............219

CHAPTER XXXV.

Original Sin and Fall of Man not True..............222

CHAPTER XXXVI.

Moral Depravity of Man a Delusion................224

CHAPTER XXXVII.

Free Agency and Moral Accountability Erroneous .   .   .227

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

Repentance : The Doctrine Erroneous

231
 LIST OF CONTENTS.

7

CHAPTER XXXIX.

Forgiveness fob Sin an Erroneous Doctrine

CHAPTER XL.

An Angby God, Evils of the Belief in

CHAPTER XLI.

Atonement fob Sin an Immobal Doctbine .

CHAPTER XLII.

Special Pbovidences an Ebboneous Doctbine

CHAPTER XLIII.

Faith and Belief: Bible Ebbobs bespecting

CHAPTER XLIY.

A Pebsonal God Impossible ....

PAGE

. 236
. 239
. 242
. 246
, 250
253

Note.—In the twelve preceding chapters it is shown that the cardinal doctrines of
Christianity are all wrong.

CHAPTER XLY.

Evil, Natural and Moral, explained

CHAPTER XLYI.

A Rational Yiew of Sin and its Consequences
CHAPTER XLYII.

The Bible sanctions every Species of Crime .

CHAPTER XLYIII.

The Immoral Influence of the Bible

255

261

266

285

CHAPTER XLIX.

The Bible at War with Eighteen Sciences

287

CHAPTER L.

The Bible as a Moral Necessity .

296

CHAPTER LI.

Send no more Bibles to the Heathen

303

CHAPTER LH.

What shall We do to be Saved?

307

CHAPTER Lin.

The Three Christian Plans of Salvation

334
 8

LIST OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER LIV.   page

The True Religion defined................................352

CHAPTER LY.

‘ All Scripture given by Inspiration of God ”   .   .   .   . 356

CHAPTER LYI.

Infidelity in Oriental Nations : India, Rome, Greece, Egypt,

China, Persia, and Arabia...........................368

CHAPTER LYII.

Sects, Schisms, and Skeptics in Christian Countries .   .   . 378

CHAPTER LYIII.

Modern Christianity one-half Infidelity..................384

CHAPTER LIX.

The Christians* God, Character of........................399

CHAPTER LX.

The One Hundred and Fifty Errors of Jesus Christ .   .   .   401

CHAPTER LXI.

Character and Erroneous Doctrines of the Apostles   .   .   407

CHAPTER LXII.

Erroneous Doctrines and Moral Defects of Paul and Peter . 408
CHAPTER LXni.

Idolatrous Veneration for Bibles: Its Evils .... 420
CHAPTER LXIY.

Spiritual or Implied Sense of Bibles : Its Objects .   .   .   425

CHAPTER LXV.

Wiiat shall we substitute for the Bible?................432

CHAPTER LXVI.

Religious Reconstruction ; or, the Moral Necessity for a

Religious Reform...................................433

Conclusion

437
 THE LEADING POSITIONS OE THIS WORK.

We maintain, 1st, That man’s mental faculties are
susceptible of a threefold division and classification, as
follows: First, the intellectual department; second, the
moral and religious department; third, the animal depart-
ment (which includes also the social).

2d, That all Bibles and religions are an outgrowth
from some or all of these faculties, and hence of natural
origin.

3d, That all Bibles and religions which originated prior
to the dawn of civilization in the country which gave them
birth (i.e., prior to the reign of moral and physical science)
are an emanation from the combined action and co-opera-
tion of man’s moral, religious, and animal feelings and pro-
pensities.

4th, That the Christian Bible contains (as shown in this
work) several thousand errors, — moral, religious, histori-
cal, and scientific.

5th, That this fact is easily accounted for by observing
that it originated at a period when the moral and religious
feelings of the nation which produced it co-operated with
the animal propensities instead of an enlightened intellect.

6th, That, although such a Bible and religion may have
been adapted to the minds which originated them, the
higher class of minds of the present age demands a religion
 10

THE LEADING POSITIONS OF THIS WORK.

which shall call into exercise the intellect, instead of the
animal propensities.

7th, That, as all the Bibles and religions of the past are
more of an emanation from the animal propensities than
the intellect, they are consequently not suited to this age,
and are for this reason being rapidly abandoned.

8th, That true religion consists in the true exercise of
the moral and religious faculties.

9th, As the Christian Bible is shown in this work to
inculcate bad morals, and to sanction, apparently, every
species of crime prevalent in society in the age in which it
was written, the language of remonstrance is frequently
employed against placing such a book in the hands of the
heathen, or the children of Christian countries; and more
especially against making “ the Bible the fountain of our
laws and the supreme rule of our conduct,” and acknowl-
edging allegiance to its God in the Constitution of the
United States, as recommended by the American Christian
Alliance. Such measures, this work shows by a thousand
facts, would be a deplorable check to the moral and in-
tellectual progress of the world.

10th, If any clergyman or Christian professor shall take
any exceptions to any position laid down in this work,
the author will discuss the matter with him in a friendly
manner in the papers, or through the post-office, or before
a public audience.

Kersey Graves.

Richmond, Indiana.
 THE BIBLE OE BIBLES.

CHAPTER I.

TEE SIGNS OE THE TIMES.

We live in the most important age in the history of the world.
No age preceding it was marked with such signal events. No
other era in the history of civilization has been characterized by
such agitation of human thought; such a universal tendency
to investigation ; such a general awakening upon all important
subjects of human inquiry; such a determination to grow in
knowledge, and cultivate the immortal intellect, and mount to
higher plains of development. The world of mind is in com-
motion. All civilized nations are agitated from center to cir-
cumference with the great questions of the age. And what
does all this prove ? Why, that man is a progressive being;
that the tendency of the human mind is onward and upward;
and that it will not always consent to be bound down in igno-
rance and superstition. And, thanks to the genius of the
age, it is the prophecy of the glorious reformation and regene-
ration of society, — an index of a happier era in the history of
the human race. Old institutions are crumbling, and tumbling
to the ground. The iron bands of creeds and dogmas, with
which the people have been, so long bound down, are bursting
asunder, and permitting them to walk upright, and do their own
thinking. In every department of science, in every arena of
human thought and every theater of human action, we see a
progressive spirit, we behold a disposition to lay aside the tra-
il
 12

THE BIBLE OF BIBLES.

ditions and superstitions of the past, and grasp the living facts
of the age. We everywhere see a disposition to abandon the
defective institutions, political and religious, which were gotten
up in the childhood of human experience, and supplant them
with those better adapted to the wants of the age. In a word,
there is everywhere manifested a disposition and determination
to unshackle the human bod}7, and set free the human mind, and
place it with its living aspirations on the road to the temple of
Truth. An evidence of the truth of these statements the reader
can gather by casting his eyes abroad, or by reading the peri-
odicals of the day. At this very time nearly all the orthodox
churches are in a state of commotion. The growing light and
intelligence of the age, penetrating their dark creeds and dog-
mas, are producing a sort of moral effervescence. The question
of “hell” is now the agitating theme of the churches. Pos-
terity will ridicule us, and class us with the unenlightened
heathen, for discussing a question so far behind the times, and
one so childish and so absurd in this intelligent and enlightened
age. To condescend to discuss such a question now must be
hell enough for scientific and intelligent minds. And other
important religious events mark the age. When the Roman-
Catholic Church, through its Ecumenical Council, dragged the
Pope from his lofty throne of usurped power, and robbed him
of his attribute of infallibility, it proclaimed the downfall of the
Pope and the deatli^knell of the Church. Already thousands
of his subjects refuse longer to bow down and kiss the big toe
of his sacred majesty. His scepter has departed, his spiritual
power is gone, his temporal power is waning. And the same
spirit of agitation is operating as a leaven in the Protestant
churches also. All the orthodox churches arc declining and
growing weaker by their members falling off. The Methodist
Church has recently lost more than two hundred of its preachers ;
and the Baptist Church, according to the statement of a recent
number of u The Christian Era,” has lost twenty-two thousand
of its members within a period of five years. The agitation in
the churches is driving thousands from their ranks, while many
who remain are becoming more liberal-minded. The orthodox
Quaker Church has, in many localities, “ run clear off the track.”
 THE SIGNS OF THE TIMES.

The biography of Satan [microform] :
by Graves, Kersey, 1813-1883

Publication date 1924

 or, A historical exposition of the devil and his fiery dominions : disclosing the oriental origin of the belief in a devil and future endless punishment; also, an explanation of the pagan origin of the scriptural terms, bottomless pit, lake of fire and brimstone, chains of darkness, casting out devils, worm that never dieth, etc.

https://archive.org/details/MN41552ucmf_4



WITH A FOREWORD

By MARSHALL J. GAUVIN
Author of “ Illustrated Sltkyof Evolution,” “ Fundament^ of
Frcethought,” Etc.

FOURTH EDITION

NEW YORK

PETER ECKLER PUBLISHING CO.
 PRINTED IN THE U. 8. A.

BY FREDERICK OT7MBRECHT, BROOKLYN, N. Y.
 FOREWORD.

By MARSHALL J. GAUVIN

Thought has a history. The intellectual life of
the present is the heritage of the beliefs and
doubts, the hopes and fears, of the past. We
think over again the thoughts of our fathers, with
such variations only as are due to broader cul-
ture. And this broader culture is the product of
intellectual variations.

Thought varies in the direction of growth.
But the change of thought is, for the most part,
a slow process. Beliefs are tenacious, and no
beliefs are more tenacious than religious beliefs.

This is because religion has to do with gods
and devils; because it presumes to tell man of his
place in and relation to the world and the whence
and whither of his being; because it teaches the
necessity of holding certain beliefs regarding
these things, and because it appeals fundament-
ally to man’s emotions—to his hope for happiness
and fear of pain in another world.

These*features of religious belief give relig-
ion a universal interest. All men are interested
in religion. They are interested in it because it
has so largely dominated the life of humanity;
because for countless ages mankind lived and

m
 Iv

FOREWORD

thought and suffered almost wholly within the
confines of religious sanctions; because every step
the race has token in the direction of intellectual
progress has been taken in defiance of religious
authority; because the whole range of the scien-
tific gulture of our time regarding man and the
universe is a challenge to, and is challenged by,
the religious notions that have come down to us
from the distant past.

Accordingly, the Christian and the Deist, the
Theosophist and the Spiritualist, the Agnostic
and the Atheist, are equally interested, though
from different points of view, in the story of
humanity’s religious beliefs—the history of the
world’s religious thought.

Without a knowledge of man’s past, his pres-
ent cannot be understood. Yesterday’s beliefs
are keys to the doors of to-day’s thoughts. From
what yesterday’s religion was, the religion of to-
day has become, and on the foundations we lay
down, whethenflimsy or secure, the superstructure
of tomorrow’s thought will rise to challenge the
winds of change and to be tested by the stressful
storms of science.

At the bottom of the religion of the Christian
world has even been and is, the belief in an eternal
fiery hell, presided over by a devil, the prince of
fiends. The church has ever taught and still
teaches that the faithful, the devout—at best but
 FOREWORD

v

a mere few—will be chosen to share the eternal
glory of God’s presence in heaven, and that the
countless billions of unregenerate and unredeem-
ed will be tortured forever in the flames of hell,
under the everlasting surveillance of the Devil’s
malicious leer.

That atrocious doctrine—the doctrine of eter-
nal punishment for unbelievers—has been, in
every age, the mainspring, the driving force of
Christianity. Armed with that belief, the church
launched herself upon the Roman Empire, de-
stroyed the pagan religions, extinguished pagan
culture, overthrew classical civilization, and
ushered the world into the noisome gulf of the
Dark Ages.

Fired with that belief, the church filled! the
world with religious hate, with fanaticism, with
intolerance of science and reason. Urged to des-
peration by that belief, the church established the
Inquisition; filled the Christian world with spies
and informers; and for a long succession of gen-
erations, imprisoned and stretched on racks and
burnt alive, the noblest, the most progressive
men and women of our race, because they had
brains enough to think and courage enough to
express their thought.

To satisfy that infamous belief, Hypatia and
Huss, Bruno and Vanini, Servetus and Ferrer,
with innumerable martyrs filling the way between
 VI

FOREWORD

the Greek teacher in the fifth century and the
Spanish educator in our own day, sealed their
convictions with their blood and gave their ashes
to the winds.

The belief in eternal punishment gave the
world a thousand religious wars. It put a ban
on investigation. It gagged honest thought. It
made ignorance universal and progress impos-
sible. It put the world beneath the feet of priests.
For more than fifteen hundred years, the insane
notion that a hell of flames awaits the souls of
unbelievers in another world did more than any
other single thing to transform this world into
a kind of hell.

Thundered from millions of pulpits, over and
over again, during all the centuries of Christian-
ity, that heartless belief filled the lives of men
and women and children with an awful fear—
a fear frequently amounting to terror—a wither-
ing fear that only recently began to pass away.

Think, for example, of these terrible words,
from the lips of so otherwise good a man as the
Rev. Charles H. Spurgeon, the eminent Baptist
preacher of the London Metropolitan Tabernacle,
only a generation ago:

“Only conceive the poor wretch in flames I
See how his tongue hangs between his blistered
Kps! How it excoriates and bums the roof of
his mouth, as though it were a firebrand! Be-
 FOREWORD

vii

hold him crying for a drop of water! I will not
picture the scene. Suffice it for me to say that
the hell of hells will be to thee, dear sinner, the
thought that it is to be forever. Thou shalt look
up there on the throne of God, and on it thou
shalt see written: ‘Forever.’ ”

Then, dropping into verse, the eloquent
preacher continues:

“Forever is written on their racks,

Forever on their chains,

Forever bumeth in the fire;

Forever ever reigns.”

Against such frightful teachings reason has
had to fight; science has had to struggle, and the
spirit of humanity has made way but slowly. The
emancipation of the human mind is, as yet, far
from complete. The old thraldom still maintains
an ominous dominion. The chains of fear still
bind the beliefs of scores of millions. Wherever
priests and preachers are powerful, wherever the
light of modern knowledge has not yet penetrated
the dark recesses of superstition, the belief in
hell retains its hold upon the people. The whole
world of Christian orthodoxy still respects the
Devil with its belief and still honors him with the
tribute of its fear. And the ignorance and des-
potism, the confusion and war, that still darken
the face of civilization are part of the price hu-
manity still pays for being deceived by a false
 FOREWORD

• »*

Tin

religious doctrine that has, in every Christian
age, diverted man’s mind from the cultivation of
those concerns upon which rests his welfare in
this world.

But some gains have been made. The belief
in the Devil and hell has vanished from the
whole intellectual world, and as education ad-
vances, the unbelievers in these terrible sup-
erstitions will multiply by the millions. The
mission of education, of modem science and
historical criticism, is to win the world for en-
lightenment, and that goal will be reached event-
ually, in spite of the puerile preaching of priests
and the fulminations of the Fundamentalists.

But while the Devil and his fiery dominions
are disappearing from the realm of man’s be-
liefs, it must be borne in mind that belief in His
Satanic Majesty and in a place of endless torment
for the major portion of mankind are vital to
Christianity. The reality of Satan is as plainly
taught in the New Testament as is the reality of
Christ. It was Satan who tempted the Son of
God at the close of his forty days’ fast. It was
Satan who carried the younger God to the pin-
nacle of the Temple and thence to the top of a
mountain, and offered him the kingdoms of the
world,, in exchange for worship.

Again and again, according to the New Test-
ament, Christ cast devils out of human beings.
 FOREWORD   ix

Moreover, Christ threatened men with eternal
punishment in hell (Matthew xxv: 41, 46).

If these representations are not true; if the
Devil is only a myth and hell but a figure of
speech, the authority of the New Testament falls
to the ground. With the Devil and hell gone, sal-
vation loses its meaning; the savior is left without
an office; the atonement remains unperformed;
the wrath of God resolves itself into a priestly
fiction—Christianity is seen to be not a divine
revelation, but a gross superstition that has, for
nearly two thousand years, deceived, betrayed
and martyred mankind.

The author of this book has performed for his,
fellowmen the signal service of pointing out to
them the fact that the Christian doctrine of a
Devil and a hell were utterly unknown to the
ancient Jews, and are nowhere taught in the Old
Testament. He shows that these doctrines were
derived from the mythologies of the heathen
nations that surrounded the Jewish people. He
shows that these doctrines were derived from the
mythologies of the heathen nations that sur-
rounded the Jewish people. He shows that the
God of the Old Testament and the Devil of the
New Testament—that is to say, “Our Father
which art in heaven”—the God whom Christians
worship—and the Lord of Hell—the God whom
Christians fear—were “originally twin brothers
 FOREWORD

known by the same titles,” and that this God and
this Devil were Chaldean sun-gods.

He shows further that the Christian notions
of the “Kingdom of Heaven,” of the “bottom-
less pit,” of a “lake of fire and brimstone,” and
other such ideas were borrowed from Babylonian
and Persian sources.

In other words, he shows that the Christian
ideas as to the future worlds of bliss and torment
were not made known to man by Divine revela-
tion, hut, rather, were borrowed by the founders
of Christianity from the rich treasure house of
pagan mythology.

Thought has a history. Christianity belongs
to the natural history of thought. Its origins are
found in the development and migration of
mythology. And humanity is outgrowing it to-
day because thought, illumined with knowledge,
is moving to a higher plain—to the altitude of
science and Rationalism.

“The Biography of Satan” is an instrument
in this forward movement because it is an in-
forming, an emancipating book, and therefore
Kersey Graves, its author, was a benefactor of
mankind.

Minneapolis, Minn.,

July 30. 1924.
 PREFACE

In presenting the present edition of this work
to the public the author deems it necessary only
to add in the preface that it has been thoroughly
revised and corrected, and that the numerous re-
sponses from those who availed themselves of a
copy of the previous edition of the book, leaves
the author no reason to doubt that the motive
which actuated him in the publication of it will be
fully realized. That motive was to expose and
arrest the progress of the most terror-inciting su-
perstition that ever nestled in the bosom of the ig-
norant, or that ever prostrated the energies of the
human mind, and reduced its possessor to the
condition of an abject, groveling and trembling
slave!

It is common in the prefatory exegesis of a
work to explain the motives which lead to its au-
thorship or compilation. But as the motives
which prompted this work are already partially
disclosed in the initiatory chapter, headed “Ad-
dress to the Reader,” and the succeeding chapter
which sets forth some of the practical evils which
spring legitimately from the doctrine of future or
post mortem punishment, we will only add to the
explanation thus furnished, so far, as to state:

j>
 6

PREFACE

1.   That notwithstanding many ages have
rolled away since the after-death penalty was first
originated and promulgated to the world, yet no
work designed to furnish to the general reader a
full, and at the same time, brief exposition of the
origin and design of this mischievous doctrine,
with all its various and multifarious terms,
dogmas, and childish traditions, has ever before
been presented to the public since an extensive
inquiry has been awakened on the subject.

2.   We deem it a matter of the greatest mo-
ment, that some one should make the effort to
arrest the almost boundless tide of terror and
misery, of which the practical dissemination of the
doctrine of endless damnation has ever been and
still is, a truly prolific source. For no person who
has not scrutinizingly investigated the matter, can
form any just or proximate conception of the ex-
tent to which the Heathen and Christian worlds
have been demoralized and flooded with misery
and unhappiness, by the propagation of this doc-
trine. These facts, wedded to the hope of check-
ing this widespread river—this shoreless current
of mischief, constitute our principal reason for
publishing this work.

3.   The single and serious fact, that the super-
stitious fear of after-death punishment furnishes
the primary motive-power by which more than a
million of sermons are annually dealt out from
 PREFACE

7

the Christian pulpits of the United States alone,
at a cost of many millions of dollars, levied mainly
upon the pockets of the poor, which have the ef-
fect of exciting in the minds of the religious
classes the most agonizing emotions and the most
torturing fears, often producing, temporarily,
the ruin of health and happiness, even among the
most virtuous; and the people (and most of the
priests, too) being ignorant of the origin of these
alarming superstitious doctrines, the author con-
siders as ample warrant, upon moral grounds,
for attempting the task of aiding in checking the
evil and demoralizing effects of this barbarous,
anti-civilizing and terrifying heathen superstition.

Whether these reasons furnish a sufficient just-
ification for such an enterprise, is left for the can-
did reader to judge.

It is gratifying to learn that the superstitious
fear, which in every age and country in which it
has prevailed and enslaved the minds of thou-
sands, and still holds millions in its iron grasp,
is likely to be better understood in its real nature,
its pernicious effects and in its origin.

Kebsey Gbaves
 
 CONTENTS

Foreword. By Marshall J. Gauvin______________

Preface......................................

Introduction.................................

CHAPTER I.

Evils and Demoralizing Effects of the Doctrine of End-
less Punishment..............................

CHAPTER II.

Ancient Traditions Respecting the Origin of Evil and the
Devil........................................

CHAPTER III.

A Wicked Devil and an Endless Hell not Taught in the
Jewish Scriptures............................

CHAPTER IV.

Explanation of the Words Devil and Hell in the Old
Testament....................................

CHAPTER V.

God (and not the Devil) the Author of Evil According
to the Bible.................................

CHAPTER VI.

God and the Devil Originally Twin-Brothers, and known
by the same Titles...........................

CHAPTER VII.

Origin of the Terms, “Kingdom of Heaven,” “Gates of
Hell,” etc.; also of the Tradition Respecting the
Dragon Chasing the Woman, the Woman Clothed

with the Sun, etc. ----------------------

*

ill

6

11

19

25

29

36

42

45

70
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER VIII.

Hell First Instituted in the Skies. Its Origin and Descent

from Above.................................... 78

CHAPTER IX.

Origin of the Tradition of “The Bottomless Pit.” ............ 80

CHAPTER X.

Origin of the Belief in a Lake of Fire and Brimstone. 82

CHAPTER XI.

Where is Hell; Ancient Notions Respecting its Origin. 87

CHAPTER XII.

Origin of the Idea of Man’s Evil Thoughts being Prompt-
ed by a Devil............................... 90

CHAPTER XIII.

The Christian’s Devil, Where Imported or Borrowed
from........................................ 94

CHAPTER XIV.

The Punitive Terms of the Bible of Oriental Origin... 97

CHAPTER XV.

The Doctrine of After-Death Punishment Proved to be of
Heathen and Priestly Origin................ 104

CHAPTER XVI.

Explanation of Hell, Hades, Tartarus; Infemus, Gehenna,
and Tophet_________________________________ 115

CHAPTER XVII.

One Hundred and Sixty-three Questions for Believers in
Post Mortem Punishment.---------------------117

APPENDIX

Origin of the Traditions Respecting “War in Heaven/9
and an Explanation of the Terms Hell, Hades, Tartar
rus, Gehenna, Sheol, Valley of Hinnom, etc___  144

Index________________________________________151

hierology

The comparative and historical study of religions.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred


In this will come the "familytree" of ALL religions.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religions


Besides China, ALL other religions were plagerised or annexed (Jews - Israeli's - Judaism) from Sumer.

So Palestine is NOT the Holy Land of Jews - Israeli's, THEY are not the chosen ones. And no SUMER is not Israel!


http://sacred-texts.com/time/timeline.htm

http://sacred-texts.com/time/origtime.htm

The links sofar on this page (above here) depict the dates, from the believers itself, and are most UNTRUE.

Most religions, esp. Judaism started between 900-700 BCE,  and all "forgot" the root of their religions in Mesopotamia:

 SUMER _Akkad- Assyria- Babylonia....the last also gave us our time based on 60, 24 hour day, 7 day week and calender
as we know it today , SUMER dates back at least 4500 BCE , and before that like Gobleki Tepi even 12.000 years.

Life and teachings of Zoroaster,
by Whitney, Loren Harper,  1905


 
https://archive.org/details/lifeteachingsofz00whit

Life and teachings of Zoroaster, the great Persian
by Whitney, Loren Harper, 1834-1912; deLaurence, Lauron William, 1868-



OF THE CHICAGO BAR
AUTHOR OF

“A QUESTION OF MIRACLES”  1910

PARALLELS IN

THE LIVES OF BUDDHA AND JESUS

https://archive.org/details/aquestionmiracl01whitgoog


THIS WORK ALSO INCLUDES A COMPARISON
OF THE PERSIAN AND HEBREW RELIGIONS
SHOWING THAT “THE WORD OF THE
LORD” CAME TO THE HEBREWS BY
WAY OF PERSIA

PART SECOND

OFFERS PROOF THAT THE JEWS COPIED
HEAVILY FROM THE HINDU BIBLE

SECOND EDITION

Arranged for publication in its present form by Dr. L. W.
de Laurence, who is now sole owner of this wonderful
work, the same to now serve as “TEXT BOOK” NUM-
BER THREE for THE CONGRESS OF ANCIENT,
DIVINE, MENTAL and CHRISTIAN MASTERS.
Published exclusively by
de LAURENCE, SCOTT & CO.

Chicago, 111., U. S. A.
 Copyright 1905

LOREN HARPER WHITNEY

OF THE CHICAGO BAR



TABLE OF CONTENTS

Adam Came Alone......................................... 37

Angels Direct the Prophet............................... 70

Angels Visit the Prophet................................ 87

Animals in the Ark...................................... 15

Apes, The.............................................. 244

Arabs Victorious ...................................... 177

Archangel Meets Zoroaster............................... 62

Ark, The................................................ 14

Aryans 7,000 Years Ago.................................. 78

Astronomy Against Genesis.............................. 231

Atheist, Not An........................................ 197

Avesta Conflicts with Genesis........................... 10

Babylon, Deluge Story.................................  247

Babylon and Ur.......................................... 45

Benda, A Border Chief.................................. 135

Berosus and Babylon..................................... 42

Bibles, Persian and Jewish.............................. 13

Birth, Second or Spiritual One......................... 214

Births, Miraculous.....................................  21

Blind, Healing of...................................... 146

Bodily Resurrection, None.............................. 158

Brahmanism Older than the Flood........................ 192

Brahma’s Day .......................................... 237

Bridge, The Kinvad...................................... 96

Bum the Wicked......................................... 183

Burnt Oblations........................................ 215

Captain Cook and the Nails............................. 189

Casts, Four Great Ones................................. 210

Catholics Take Hamistaken for Their Purgatory......101, 183

Chrisna, the Hindu Savior.............................. 196

1
 2   TABLE OF CONTENTS

Christian Hell, The..................................... 159

Chronology Wrong......................................... 88

Churches Quarrel........................................ 205

Conclusion.............................................. 188

Conflicting Creeds...................................... 205

Convert, Zoroaster’s First One........................... 40

Cows of the Sky.......................................... 81

Creation—When........................................... 230

Creations Final Change.................................. 169

Creators, Two........................................... 113

Creed-makers ........................................... 193

Dante’s Inferno......................................... 183

Darkness in the Ark..................................... 246

Death of Zoroaster...................................... 172

Defeated, If Persia Had Been............................ 176

Deities, Two New Ones................................... 193

Deluge, a Babylonian Myth................................ 18

Destruction of the World................................ 250

Deuteronomy Was Found................................... 253

Devil Tempts Zoroaster................................... 72

Devils as Linguists..................................... 115

Devils in All Religions.................................. 76

Diaglogue with the Serpent.............................. 233

Dives and Lazarus’ Story, The Original.................. 147

Divine Radiance at Zoroaster’s Birth..................... 48

Dualism, Doctrine of...............................105, 187

Early Deities............................................ 79

Earth Is Old............................................. 38

Egoism, What Is It?..................................... 229

Egypt and Zoroaster..................................... 166

Egypt Gave the Soul a Trial............................. 164

Evil, Did the Lord Create It?............................137

^Evil, Why It Exists....................................... 108

Ezekiel’s Vision........................................ 120

Ezra and Ezekiel in Babylon............................. 170

Faith No Justification.................................. 122

Fasts..............................................206, 207

Fire, None in the Ark................................... 241

Fire Worshippers, Zoroastrians Not...................... 155

First Man and Woman...................................35, 36
 TABLE OF CONTENTS   3

Fish Saved Manu.......................................238

Five Senses, Will They Survive....................... 228

Floods, Two of Them...................................236

Future Life Not Taught by Moses...................... 223

Genesis of Hindu and Hebrew Bibles................... 227

God, The God of 1900 Years Ago on Trial.............. 168

Gods, Elect of Animals............................... 243

** Good and Evil Created................................ 34

Gulf, An Impassable One.............................. 213

Hamistaken .......................................... 101

Heaven and Hell Mental States........................ 157

Heaven Has Doors and Rooms...........................184,   185

Heaven of St. John................................... 186

Heaven Promised....................................... 91

Heaven Visited by Zoroaster........................... 63

Hebrews in Babylon...................................169,   170

Hell Beneath Kinvad Bridge............................ 97

Hell of Christians Not a Drop of Water............... 160

Hell of Jesus is Barbarous...........................171,   183

Hell of Persians They Have Foul Food................. 160

Hell of the Perisans................................. 100

Hells, Persian and Jew............................... 103

Hindu Bible..........................................208,   209

Hindu Eve............................................ 238

Hindu Speculation ................................... 257

Hindus Our Ancestors................................. 199

Holy Mountains........................................ 56

Homer and Zoroaster.................................. 140

Horn-Juice............................................ 82

Hushedar to Surpass Joshua........................... 151

Immortality Not Taught by Moses...................... 223

Immortality of the Soul.............................. 180

Indian History ..................................202,   203

Iranians and Hindus Separate.......................... 29

Iranians Older Than Hebrews........................... 58

Jesus Copies Zoroaster............................... 169

Jesus Hell is Barbarous.............................. 171

Jesus Hell the Wicked Bum............................ 183

Jews as Copyists...................................... 11

Jews Found Their Devil in Babylon.................... 119
 4   TABLE OF CONTENTS

Jews Had One. God..................................... 194

Joshua Fable ......................................... 150

Karpans, The.......................................... 136

Kinvad Bridge.......................................... 96

Legends and Myths...................................... 74

Man and Woman Grew from the Earth...................... 35

Many Countries Claim Him............................... 28

Mashaya and Mashyoi.................................... 36

Matthew Copies from Zoroaster......................... 184

Metempsychosis........................................ 251

Milton’s Paradise Lost................................ 221

Miracle, A Great One if True.......................... 143

Miraculous Births...................................... 21

Miraculous Exits, Many................................ 174

Miraculous Release from Prison........................ 86

Mohammedanism......................................... 194

Moon Sacrifices ...................................... 216

Moses and Zoroaster................................... 149

Moses a Unitarian..................................... 226

Oblations, Burnt...................................... 215

Osiris Court 2,300 years B. C......................... 200

Noah’s Orders......................................... 240

Nodites, The...........................................235

Parting of the Tribes.................................. 31

Paul and Zoroaster.....................................182

Persian and Hebrew Bibles............................... 8

Perisan Hell.......................................... 100

Persian Hell, They Have Foul Food..................... 160

Persians on the Oxus................................... 30

Persians Truthful...................................... 55

Peter Copies the Hindus............................... 256

Poor, The, Zoroaster’s First Converts.................. 67

“^Predestination...........................................252

Primal Spirits, Two................................... 109

Prison, In............................................. 85

Purgatory and Hamistaken the Same..................101, 183

Records 4,000 Years B. C.............................. 198

Released from Prison................................... 86

Religion a Matter of Education........................ 162

Religion at Times Depends on Battles.................. 178
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

5

Religion Slowly Changing................................ 167

Religions All Have Devils................................. 76

Religious Wars........................................... 127

Renovated World ......................................... 102

Resurrection of the Dead.................................. 95

Retribution Not Taught in Egypt.......................... 181

Rig-Veda, Its Age........................................ 224

Sacrifices .........................................153, 210

Sacrifices to the New Moon............................... 216

Scoffers Punished........................................ 144

Serpent and the Lord.................................... 233

Seven Thousand Years Ago.................................. 78

Shirt, The Sacred......................................... 53

Sin’s Penalty............................................ 124

Sons to Be Bom to Zoroaster............................... 93

Soul, Immortality of..................................... 180

Souls of the Righteous and Wicked.......................98, 99

Spirits, Two Primal Ones................................. 109

Spiritual Birth.......................................... 214

St. John’s Heaven........................................ 186

Still in Prison........................................... 85

Story, Original of Dives and Lazarus..................... 147

Sudra, His Punishment.................................... 232

Swine Flesh Forbidden.................................... 222

Tanzis’ Ark............................................... 19

Theologies Are Inventions............................... 219

Three Hundred Years Ago................................. 189

Translation of Persian Bible............................... 9

Trinity, The............................................. 195

Tur, the Scanty Giver..................................... 66

Two Creators .............................................113

Visions .................................................. 69

Visions Are Dreams....................................... 148

Visited by Angels......................................... 87

Vistaspa.................................................. 84

Vistaspa Embraces the Faith.............................. 156

-^?War Between Good and Evil................................. 114

War of the Religions . .................................. 133

Wars of Aryans............................................ 80

Where Did Zoroaster Live?................................. 33
 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Wicked, The Souls of..................................... 99

Wicked, The, to Burn.................................... 183

Window, One Only in the Ark............................. 240

Wolf's Den, Zoroaster Flung Into......................... 50

Woman, The First Hindu.................................. 239

Word of the Lord Came via Persia......................... 12

World, Its Destruction.................................. 250

World Strife............................................ 200

World, The Under........................................ 118

Worshipped on Mountains.................................. 57

Writers of Bibles........................................ 39

Yima Builds a Vara....................................... 17

Yima, The Persian Noah................................... 17

Zend-Avesta............................................... 7

Zerana, Akerana..........................................110

Zoroaster and an Angel Visit Heaven...................... 63

Zoroaster, Attempt to Murder Him......................... 49

Zoroaster Died at 77 Years.............................. 175

Zoroaster, His Faith Tested.............................. 64

Zoroaster in Prison...................................... 84

Zoroaster 6,000 Years Ago................................ 44

Zoroaster Was Named for a Star........................... 24

Zoroaster’s Birthplace................................... 25

Zoroaster’s Doctrines ................................... 26

Zoroaster’s Marriage..................................... 59

Zoroaster’s Mother ...................................... 47

Zoroaster’s Prayer...................................... 128