The subsequent difference in the historical development
of these races is due to the fact that the Aiyan political
organization is one that admits of steady unfoldment,
while that of the pastoral races is essentially primitive
and unprogressive. The only change the latter are capa-
ble of is the extension of the rule of an able chief from a
single tribe to a wide circle of tribes,—to which we owe
the terrible Mongolian migrations of the Middle Ages.
Yet these could produce no important permanent effect,
since they lacked any strong principle of political consoli-
dation. The Aryan principle, on the contrary, was one
which but slowly developed, with the increase of authority
in the tribal chief, but it was one that depended much less
on able leaders than on vitality of organization. Thus
the Aryan movements have beeu persistent instead of
occasional, and their effects permanent instead of transi-
tory. Where the Aryan sets his foot, there he stays.
There have been some temporary yieldings before the wild
onslaught of feebly combined pastoral hordes ; but these
have in nearly every instance been recovered from, and
the Aryan movement has been and is steadily onward,
driving back before its firm front all the other races of
mankind.

If now we come to consider particularly the outflow of
the Aryan race from its primitive home, we must begin by
seeking to trace its condition and relation to other tribes
at that epoch. As to the locality of this home, we have
 60

THE ARYAN RACE.

given what seems to us the most probable of the several
theories ; namety, that it w'as in the region of southeastern
Europe, stretching from the Black to the Caspian Sea,
and probably northward to a considerable distance over
the level steppes of Russia, with their chill climate and
their excellent natural adaptation to both pastoral and agri-
cultural habits. Southward it may have occupied the range
of the Caucasus, and perhaps have crossed this range and
extended some distance into the mountainous district to
the south.

In addition to the reasons alread}T given for this hypoth-
esis, it ma}T be remarked that it would be difficult to select
a region better adapted to be the cradle-spot of the future
conquerors of the earth. No district in Europe or Asia is
better protected against invasion. With broad seas to the
right and the left, and a lofty mountain-chain to the south,
passable only at two easily-defended points, it is only ap-
proachable from the north. In the early da}Ts of the race,
when it may have been stationed in close contiguity to and
within these mountain-fastnesses, it could have defied all
invaders, as the modern Caucasian mountaineers so long
defied the power of Russia. Here developing in stature,
in physical conformation, in intellect, and in habits of
settled life, of agricultural industry, and of democratic
organization ; and here perhaps receiving a new spirit of
enthusiasm through partial amalgamation with the Melano-
ehroic peoples of the South,— the typical Aiyan race origi-
nated, as we conceive, and began its outflow in a slow
movement northward over the flat and fertile plains which
stretch away from the very foot of the Caucasian chain.1

1 It may be said here that a movement of this precise character has
prevailed throughout the historic period among the Russian agricultu-
 THE ARYAN OUTFLOW.

61

At a date preceding that of the more active migratory
movement, this slow preliminary growth northward may
have spread the Aryans over a district of considerable
extent, and already divided them into several distinct and
mutually hostile branches, with dialectical variations of
language and marked peculiarities of custom. The system
of language doubtless originated while the race was con-
tracted in locality and numbers. The dialectical varia-
tions arose after its expansion. The skeleton of Aryan
speech was the same in all the subsequent branches, yet
considerable superficial differences existed. Possibly the
Celtic, the Teutonic, the Greco-Italic, the Iranic, and the
other main steins of Aryan speech had already strongly
declared themselves while yet the race remained a compact
body, its outermost branch still in the vicinity of the
primeval home.

At this period the region which the Aryans were after-
ward to occupy was in the hands of alien races. Southern
Asia, from Armenia to India, was held by tribes partly
Mongolian, and partly perhaps of Melanochroic race. So
far as India is concerned, we know this to have been the
case, from the very abundant remains of the aborigines yet
existing. In Persia, Afghanistan, etc., there are fewer
traces of the aborigines; they have mainly perished or
been incorporated with the conquerors. In Europe the
only existing distinct communities of the aborigines are
the Lapps and Finns of the North, and the Basques of
the Southwest. All the remaining aborigines have sunk

rists, and still persists. There is plentiful room for expansion in that
broad land, and the farmers seek new localities as necessity or fancy
dictates. This migratory spirit has been made use of by the Russian
Government to colonize their newly conquered lands.
 62

THE ARYAN RACE.

beneath the Aryan tide, though it seems certain that much
amalgamation has taken place. In fact, at the very be-
ginning of European annals the domain of the Aryans
seemed nearly as extensive as now. TYe have no clear
trace of the aboriginal inhabitants. Several names sur-
vive, such as Pelasgians, Leleges, Amazons, Iberians, and
Aborigines, as the titles of ancient Mediterranean pop-
ulations ; but just what these names indicate, no one can
positively declare. The Pelasgians were possibly an early
Aryan tribe of migrants, though this lacks satisfactory evi-
dence. The Iberians are now taken as the clearest repre-
sentatives of the ancient European race. The Etruscans
of Italy may also have been members of this race ; but the
remnants of their language are too scanty to admit of a
decision, and it is held by man}7 that they were Aryans.

Of the nearly mythical peoples named, the title of
Iberians was applied by the old geographers to the pre-
Aryan inhabitants of the peninsula of Spain and the
southwest of France, whose final remnant is supposed to
exist in the Basques. But everything in relation to the
Iberians is exceedingly uncertain. \Ye now know, how-
ever, that an aboriginal people, the Neolithic, or users of
polished stone implements, of small stature, with round or
oval skulls, occupied this region at a remote period, and
extended into Britain, Belgium, Germany, and Denmark.
They resembled the Basques physically more than any
other living people of that region, and possibly extended
into Africa and formed part of the Berber population.
This was probably the antique European element, semi-
savage or barbarous in condition, with which the Aryans
came into contact, and which they partly annihilated and
partly absorbed. Indications of such an amalgamation
 THE ARYAN OUTFLOW.

63

exist in the historic Celtiberians of Spain, — a supposed
mingling of the Celts with the Iberians. Other indica-
tions exist in the small, dark type of man found to-day in
Aquitania and Brittany, and also in Wales, in the Scottish
Highlands, and in parts of Ireland.

As to the localities occupied by the branches of the
Aryan people in the period just preceding the era of inva-
sion, some tentative suggestions may be made. As above
said, the race probably occupied a considerable district,
and comprised several distinct and perhaps hostile divis-
ions. Of these, that which we now know as the Celtic
was the móst westerly in situation, the most divergent in
language, aud possibly the most hostile in feeling towards
its kindred. The Teutonic branch probably occupied the
most northwesterly situation, the Indo-Iranian the most
southeasterly, and the Greco-Italic the most south-
westerly, while the Slavonic occupied the central and
northern regions. This conjecture is mainly based on
what we know of the directions and dates of march of
the different branches, and partly upon another circum-
stance. This is that the northerly portion of the popu-
lation would naturally be least exposed to the influx of
Melanochroic blood, and the southerly portion the most
so. Thus the typical Xanthochroi would be specially
found in the border regions to the north and west, — those
here ascribed to the Celtic and Teutonic branches. It is
in the Teutonic branch that the typical Xanthochroi are
still mainly found, and particularly in its frontier portion,
— that which made its way to Scandinavia. As for the
adjoining Slavonians, their most northerly section, the
Lithuanian, is to-day distinguished by the fair hair and
blue eyes of the Xanthochroi from the darker Russians of
 64

THE ARYAN RACE.

the South. On the other hand, the Indo-Persian branch
is strongly Melanochroic. This is also the case with
the Greco-Italians. As for the Celts, they are known to
have presented originally a strong displaj- of Xanthochroic
characters, though these have been lost through their sub-
sequent amalgamations.

There is, therefore, reason to believe that all the north-
ern Aryans — the Celts, Teutons, and Slavonians — were
originally of the pure blond type, and very little affected
in their native home by admixture with an alien element.
This may be deduced from the fact that all the early his-
torians describe them, after the date of their migration, as
a large-framed, blue-eyed, fair-haired people. The strong
probability is that their present diversity of type resulted
from intermarriage with Melanochroic and Mongolian
aborigines at a comparatively recent period. In the geo-
graphical scheme we have adopted, this section of the
primitive Aryans occupied the fertile plains extending
northward and westward from the Caucasian range. The
southern section, the Greco-Italic and the Indo-Iranian,
which may have occupied the southern portion of the
range and the mountainous district farther south, would
be in a position to mingle freely with the Melanochroi of
Armenia, Asia Minor, etc., before their migration. Their
present strongly declared Melanochroic character may be
due mainly to such an antique intermixture, and in a lesser
degree to subsequent admixture with the aborigines of
their later homes.

It is not improbable that the Celts led the vanguard in
the great Aryan march. In fact they had begun to meet
the fate of their dispossessed foes at the opening of the
historic period, and were being more and more crowded
 THE ARYAN OUTFLOW.

65

into the most westerly portions of the European continent
by later invaders of their own race. The incitement to
their first movement we shall never know. Probably the
Aryan giant was growing beyond the dimensions of its
natal home, and needed more space for its developing
limbs. More than one of the historic migrations has been
due to a pressure from behind, as in the case of the Huns.
Such a hostile pressure may have set the Celts in motion,
and, indeed, may have kept them in motion, it proving
easier to overcome the uncultured aborigines in front than
to endure the Aryan pressure from the rear. The move-
ment of the Celts seems to have been always one of
onward push, if we may judge from what is known of their
history.

The Celtic was probably the easiest of the Aryan mi-
grations. It met with less capable foes, as we may con-
jecture, than the eastern migration, while all subsequent
European invasions had Aryans to deal with, and there-
fore found a far more difficult path to victory. When
this first outflow took place it is impossible to guess. It
may, and may not, have been far back in the prehistoric
era; and it is impossible to say how many centuries were
occupied in the movement. The Aryans were yet learn-
ing the art of invasion. They had not the arms or the
military skill of the later migrants. Their progress was
possibly a very slow one. As for the extant history
of this Celtic migration, it may be outlined in a few words.
When first we become acquainted with the Celts, they
occupied a very extensive district, comprising most of
Europe west of the Rhine, and the domain of Cisalpine
Gaul in northern Italy. They had probably long before
crossed the Channel and settled the British Islands.
 66

THE ARYAN RACE.

But Spain appears still to have been held by the
aborigines.

The earliest of the Celtic military movements of which
history tells us was that famous one, under the lead of
Brennus, which captured the young city of Rome, and but
for a chance in the chapter of accidents might have stifled
that scorpion in its birth. A centuiy later another Brennus
led a Gaulish force far to the east, which ravaged Thrace,
pillaged the Grecian temple of Delphi, and received from
Nicomedus, king of Bithyuia, a settlement in Asia Minor,
in the district called after them Galatia. After having
met the ocean in its westward course, the Celtic migration
was apparently reacting eastward. As to the boundary
between the Germans and the Celts at this early period, it
cannot be clearly defined. Most probabty it was formed
by the Rhine, from its sources in Switzerland to its mouth
in the North Sea. The later history of the Celts is well
known, and we need not here concern ourselves with the
numerous invasions, Roman, German, Saxon, and Norman,
to which they were subjected, and by which they wrere
crowded into their present contracted domain.

But there are phenomena of race-variation in the history
of the Celts to which some allusion must be made. When
they first appeared in history they were of the pure blond
type, and had the stature, physical strength, and fierceness of
the barbaric Xanthochroi. The Gauls,” says Ammianus
Marcelliuus, u are almost all tall of stature, very fair and
red-haired, and horrible from the fierceness of their eyes;
fond of strife and haughtily insolent.” 1 This, in fact,
seems to have been the character, physical and mental, of
all the Aryans who peopled the north and wTest of Europe,
1 Latham, Natural History of Man, p. 194.
 THE ARYAN OUTFLOW.

67

though it is by no means the case with the great mass of
the peoples who are supposed to be descended from them.
There seems to have been a very considerable infusion of
a darker and smaller human element, — probably that of the
aborigines, who doubtless much exceeded their invaders in
number. In this way a vigorous influx of Melanochroic
blood seems to have entered the veins of the blue-eyed and
fair-haired primitive Celts.

From this combination comes the French population of
to-day. Here we find a blond type yet existing in the
North, while the central districts are occupied by the mod-
ern Celtic type, with upturned nose, somewhat depressed
at the bridge and but little projecting, hair brown or dark
chestnut, eyes gray or light in shade. Such are the people
of Auvergne and the Low Bretons, —a small and swarthy,
round-headed race. In southern France several types are
found, and there seems a strong infusion of Basque and
Berber blood. Something similar might be said of the
Celtic districts of the British Islands. In fact, as the
Celts conquered the ancient inhabitants by force of arms
and of energy, the aborigines seem to have conquered the
Celts by force of numbers. As M. Roget says, the blue-
eyed, fair-haired, long-headed Celt has been giving place
in France in a direction from the south to the north to a
more ancient, dark-eyed, black-haired, round-headed type.
There has been a corresponding change in character, and
the impulsive, emotional mentality of the aborigines has
triumphed over the more staid and thoughtful character of
the Xanthochroic man.

So far as indications go, the path of the Celts from
ancient Ary a was due westward through middle Europe.
They seem to have been followed by two other Aryan
 68

THE ARYAN RACE.

branches,—that of the Teutons, which trod in the Celtic
path, and that of the Greco-Italic section, which may have
pushed through the mountains and along the southern
shores of the Black Sea, making Asia Minor its line of
march. Neither of these subsequent invasions found as
easy a task as that of the Celts, if we may judge by indi-
cations. The latter had only the aborigines to deal with;
but the former came into contact with the fierce and warlike
Celts, who were quite their equal in vigor and in the arts
of war. Perhaps in consequence of this we find a diver-
sion in these later lines of march, the southern branch con-
fining itself to the peninsulas of Greece and Italy, while
the northern branch pushed into upper Germany and sent
its leading tribes far into the Scandinavian peninsula. The
Celts may have stood as a firm wedge in the median line
of Europe, splitting the subsequent lines of march, and
forcing them to diverge to the south and the north.

Of these migrants the Teutonic were strongly of the
xanthous, or blond type, and their Scandinavian section
has continued so to this day, preserving for us in consider-
able purity that type of physical and mental character
which has been so greatly modified elsewhere by the infu-
sion of alien blood. The intellect of this Xanthochroic
division, as described by Dr. Knox,1 is not inventive, has
no genius for the abstract, no love for metaphysical specu-
lation, cares nothing for the transcendental, and is naturally
sceptical, bringing everything, even its religious faith, to
the test of reason. In this description we seem to have
the highest outcome of the practical Mongolian mind, — an
intellectual condition capable of the greatest things when
once kindled by the fire of imagination, but unprogressive
in itself.

1 The Paces of Man, p. 314.
 THE ARYAN OUTFLOW.

G9

The ancient Aryan inhabitants of Germany are described
by Tacitus as a tall and vigorous people, with long, fair
hair and fierce blue eyes. They lacked somewhat the
reckless impulsiveness of the Gauls, yet were as fierce and
brave as the latter. To speak, however, of a Celtic fol-
lowed by a Teutonic Aryan migration, is to deal with the
subject from a general point of view. There seem to
have been many successive waves of the A^an flood, each
pushing forward the preceding, and giving rise to numer-
ous separate tribes. It is only linguistically that they can
be called distinctively Celtic and Teutonic. They formed
successive migrating sections of the two most northwest-
erly branches of the Aiyan stock. Thus Caesar describes
Gaul as inhabited by three distinct nations, — the Aquitani,
the Gauls, and the Belgae. Of these the Aquitani are
supposed to have been aborigines, with some Celtic admix-
ture. The Gauls are described as bright, intelligent, viva-
cious, frank, open, and brave. The Belgae were more
staid, less active, more thoughtful, and less easily exalted
or depressed. They approached the Germans in character,
and had least varied from the primitive type. The Ger-
mans, in their turn, were divided into several branches
which spoke distinct languages, and into numerous tribes.
Probably they entered the country in several successive
waves from the east. The Xanthochroic Germans of the
time of Tacitus, however, have since then suffered much
the same fate as the Celts. There has been a great amount
of mixture with a dark-haired people, and the modem Ger-
mans have lost all distinctiveness of race, though they are
less Melanochroic than the peoples of southern Europe.
Probably they, like the Celts, amalgamated with their con-
quered subjects and with the Melanochroic peoples border-
 70

in this complete way; they destroy or enslave, or their
conquests end, after a limited period, in a revolt of the
conquered tribe. Race-mingling may take place, but
hardly an acceptance of the language of a conquering
tribe by unamalgamated peoples. This argument of Pro-
fessor Whitney is not, however, in very strict agreement
with what race-indications tell us concerning the Aryan
peoples. There can scarcely be a doubt that, in some
instances, the vigor of the Aryans sufficed to impose
their language on more numerous aboriginal peoples, with
whom they became thoroughly mingled. Such, for in-
stance, is the case with the Celts, the Slavonians, and
the Hindus. There is much reason to believe that in all
these the original Aryan conquerors mingled their blood
with that of a considerably more numerous conquered
people. Yet the Aryan language has held its own with
very little modification, while the aboriginal speech has
vanished. Certainly the vigor, enterprise, and persistent
spirit of the Aryan migrants must have exerted a strong
influence upon the more yielding aborigines, and we cannot
be surprised if the latter often lost their language with
their nationality.

We have sufficiently considered in the preceding section
the question of the mingling of the “fair whites” and
“dark whites” of Europe, and endeavored to show the
probability that the development of this type of mankind,
with its distinctive family of language, took place in a
region distinct from that of the typical Melanochroic
people. Where was this region? On what area of the
earth’s surface was it that the Aryan-speaking people grew
into social, political, and linguistic coherence, and devel-
oped that budding civilization and migratory energy which
 38

THE ARYAN RACE.

were, at a later period, to send them forth to conquer the
world ? This is a question which has caused deep heart-
burnings among philologists, which is yet far from settle-
ment, and which may perhaps never be fully solved. Yet
the early and hasty conclusions have been succeeded by
better based and more consistent theories; and it is possi-
ble that the “home of the Aryans” may yet be deter-
mined with some satisfactory degree of approximation.
The present state of this much-vexed question we shall
briefly endeavor to set forth.

In the study of Aryan antiquity the languages of Europe
present us only with words. No historical details or tradi-
tions exist to show an early migration from some remote
locality. But in the eastern branch of the Aryan family
there is abundant evidence of a migration to India and
Persia. Literatures, reaching back beyond the date of
this migration, exist, comprising the Yedic hymns of the
Hindus, and the religious works of the Zoroastrian sect, in
which some historical and geographical details are pre-
served. These indicate the region of ancient Arya, the
common home of the Hindus and Persians while they yet
formed a single people, or of all the Aryans, as was long
maintained.

The theory of an eastern home of the Aryans was first
advanced by J. G. Rhodes in 1820. Thirty years ago
this home of the common Aryan tongue was supposed to
be, in the words of Pictet,1 the u vast plateau of Iran, that
immense quadrilateral stretching from the Indus to the
Tigris and Euphrates, from the Oxus and Jaxartes to the
Persian Gulf.” But this area was soon found to be too
extensive, and attempts were made to reduce it within
1 Les Origines Indo-Européennes, oil les Aiyas Primitifs, p. 35.
 THE HOME OF THE ARYANS.

39

more probable limits. The traditions of the A vesta
seemed to point to the region of Bactria as the place of
common residence of Hindus and Persians while they still
formed one people. At that period, too, much was said
about the plateau of Pamir, the 44 roof of the world,” as
the birthplace of the civilized races, though it is now
clearly perceived that this inaccessible and inhospitable
highland is utterly uusuited for human residence. In fact,
the Avestan traditions were plainly stretched too far.
They indeed contained reminiscences of an older Iranian
land, but gave no warrant for the view that this land was
the cradle of the whole Aryan race. Philology was next
appealed to, and the claim made that the language which
had most faithfully preserved the ancient Aryan type must
have been the one that had migrated the least. This prim-
itive condition was found in the Sanscrit and the Zend,
while the Celtic, which had made its way farthest West,
had apparently suffered the greatest transformation.

To the above conclusions, however, several objections
may be made. In the first place, the fact that the early
Persian and Hindu literatures indicate a migration, while
no distinct tradition of the kind exists in the literatures of
early Europe, proves, if it proves anything, that the east-
ern Aryans were the only migrating members of the race.
And their comparatively small numbers and limited area in
their early daj^s is an evidence in the same direction. It
is far more probable that the migration of a tribe from the
West to the far East took place, than that the bulk of the
race moved from the East to the far West, leaving a single
tribe behind. And that these eastern Aryans were immi-
grants who forced- themselves among hostile strangers, is
abundantly indicated in their literature. It is a literature
 40

THE ARYAN RACE.

of battle, of deadly fray, of unyielding hostility. The
Vedas are the stirring hymns of a people surrounded by
strangers alien in race and religion, with whom there can
be no peace, and wdiose destruction is a duty to God and
man. They breathe the tone of an invading race full of
vigor and bent on conquest. The Hindus seem to have
been then, as they are to-day, plunged into the heart of
an alien population. The Eastern Aryans have expanded
much since those early days, but they are still everywhere
surrounded by Mongolian tribes. India is still largely in-
habited by members of the Mongolian race and by tribes
of other race-affinity, while its pure Aryans are compara-
tively few. This relation obtains also to some degree in
Persia and the other Asiatic Aryan districts. The vital
Aryan stock has held its own, but it has had to contend
with an alien multitude, and a great degree of mixture of
races has necessarily taken place.

The argument from philology seems no more cogent.
In the Vedas and the Avestas we have preserved to us
relics of an early stage of Aryan speech which no longer
exists as a living language in Asia, and has no counterpart
in the languages of Europe. Had we remains of the latter
from a period of equal antiquity, they might prove equally
primitive. And that the Celtic has undergone the extreme
transformation assumed, is questioned by recent philolo-
gists. In fact, the great probability is that the Aryans
before their dispersion occupied a somewhat wide locality,
into which they had gradually spread from their original
contracted domain. As a consequence, their common speech
must have undergone many changes and corruptions among
the various tribes during the ante-migration period. Bopp
found signs of many such derangements and disturbances
 THE HOME OF THE ARYANS.

41

in the organism of the original Aryan speech, seeming to
show that they had dwelt in their early home for a long
period after the primary development of their linguistic
method. As they spread, dialectical changes necessarily
increased, and quite likely the peculiar dialect of each
branch of the race had become partly formed before the
era of dispersion. Thus the argument from special primi-
tiveness of any of the surviving modes of speech can
scarcely be maintained. We know far too little of the
diversities of speech in ancient Arya and of the early
form of the languages of modern Europe to be able to
come to any definite decision on this controverted point.

In fact the theory that the original Aryan home was in
Bactria is no longer held except by the older philologists.
The arguments upon which it was based have proved
insufficient to sustain it, and no new ones have been ad-
vanced. Another line of argument, to which little attention
was formerly paid, has led several recent writers to place
in Europe the ancient Aryan home. It was suggested,
early in the century, that the Slavonic was a primitive
European population. More recently it has been claimed
that Europe was the original seat of all the Aryans. This
theory is maintained by II. Schulz, D’Halloy, Latham,
Benfey, and others of the more recent writers, and is
rapidly becoming the prevailing view. It trusts for its
proof mainly to linguistic arguments.

Every word which is now used by all the Aryan peoples
is considered to be a direct descendant from the antique
speech of the race, and to indicate some ancient knowledge
or possession of the Aryans. A study of these words
• gives us much interesting information as to the con-
ditions of the original Aryan home. For instance, there
 42

THE ARYAN RACE.

is no common word for camel. The word in use has been
borrowed from the Semitic languages. This seems decisive
against Bactria, where the camel is an ordinary animal, and
must have received a name of Ar}Tan origin had the Ar}Tan
languages been formed in that region. In like manner no
name for the lion or the tiger is common to the Aryan lan-
guages, and the inference is that the ancient Aiyans
were ignorant of these animals. To this it is objected that
very many words must have been lost, and that these may
have dropped out and been replaced by other terms. Yet
such a conclusion is not based on probability. Many words
far less likely to persist have been retained, and it cannot
be reasonably maintained that the names of these terrible
and destructive wild beasts would have been utterly for-
gotten, if once known. Yet if there were no lions or tigers
in the primitive Aryan home we must seek this home in
Europe, since these animals are found throughout southern
Asia.

In this connection we may quote Peschel’s views as to
the original home of the Aryans, which are based on some-
what narrow grounds, it is true, yet have strong arguments
in their favor in addition to those which he gives. “ It
lay eastward of Nestus, now Karasu, in Macedonia, which
in the time of Xerxes was the limit of range of the Euro-
pean lion. It was still farther north than Chuzistan, Irak
Arabi, and even than Assyria, where lions are still to be
met with. It cannot have included the highlands of west
Iran and the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, for tigers
still wander in search of prey as far as these districts.
Hence, from all the facts here cited, every geographer will
agree that the Indo-Europeans occupied both slopes of the *
Caucasus, as well as the remarkable gorge of Dariel, and
 THE HOME OF THE ARYANS.

43

were in the habit of visiting either the Euxine or the Cas-
pian Sea, or perhaps both. ... It is usually objected to this
argument that in the course of their migrations the Aryan
families abandoned the territory of the lion and the tiger,
and with the animals forgot their names also. But this
requires stronger evidence, for the Maori have preserved
the names for the domestic pig and the cocoanut, although
neither existed in New Zealand. Had the ancient Aryans
seen or fought against such magnificent animals in their
own country, their names would certainly have been re-
tained, even though with an altered significance.” 1

Other writers are inclined to place the Aryan home in
the plains of southern Russia, and still others on the
shores of the Baltic or in Scandinavia. In evidence of
these hypotheses they present the following facts: The
Aryans occupied a cold region. Of the seasons they have
names only for winter, spring, and summer. Autumn was
not recognized as a separate season. But the best series
of common names for climatic phenomena are those belong-
ing to winter. Cold and snow were well known. It was
a freezing and shivering home in which our ancestors
dwelt. Their dress consisted of tunic, coat, collar, and
sandals. These were formed of wool or leather. Abun-
dant provision was needed against the wintry chill. Among
their wild animals were the bear and the wolf, among their
common trees the lurch, — all natives of the European
temperate zone. They seem to have been unacquainted
with the ass and the cat, — ancient domesticated animals
of Africa. This indicates that they were too far removed
from Egypt to have any intercourse with this very ancient
civilization.

1 The Races of Mail, by Oscar Peschel, p. 507.
 44

THE ARYAN RACE.

That they were acquainted with some large inland body of
water, is admitted. They had boats, which they moved by
oars. They had names for salt, and for crabs and mussels ;
but the oyster was unknown to their language, and they
knew nothing of the ocean. The salt lake on which they
made their maritime excursions is supposed by the Asiatic
advocates to have been the Caspian. Those who advocate
the Caucasian region, or the plains of southern Russia,
suppose it to have been the Caspian or the Black Sea, or
both. Those who place them in northern Europe point
to the Baltic as their sea.1

Other evidences that Europe was the original Aryan
home may be drawn from their historical distribution. At
the earliest dawn of history they were found in possession
of all Europe, except the frozen regions of Finland and
Lapland in the extreme north. All Europe is named with
their names, except where the geographical titles of the
Basques persist. There is nothing to indicate that they
are intruders, as in the case of the eastern Aryans. All
tradition makes them natives of the regions where found.
When first seen in history they are moving to the east
and the south, not to the west.

As to the extreme migratory theory of Aryan dispersion,
it can hardly be sustained. There is no evidence in its
favor in the history of human migrations. The only tribes
in the history of mankind which have completely released
their hold of their earl}T homes, and poured out en masse
in search of a new home, have been pastoral peoples, with

1 Late advocates of this theory are Professor Penka, who finds the
ancient Aryan home in Scandinavia, and Professor Schrader, who locates
them in northeastern Europe. Professor Savce, noticing the works of
these writers, considers the neighborhood of the Baltic the most probable
region.
 THE HOME OF THE ARYANS.

45

the possible exception of the legendary American migratory
movements of hunting tribes. In Europe and Asia such
complete migrations can be traced only to the pastoral
tribes of Arabia and Mongolia; there is no record of any
such movement of an agricultural people, such as the
Aryans had become in considerable measure at the period
of their supposed dispersion. That such a people could
have flowed out in several great successive waves of com-
plete migration to remote distances, is hardly credible,
and is utterly without warrant in the history of human
movements.

The Arabian outbreak of the Mohammedans was not a
migration in the complete sense. It was a swelling beyond
the national borders, incited by hope of plunder and desire
for religious propagandism. Arabia continued the centre
of the movement, and the only settlement made in a region
remote and disjoined from this central home was that
formed in Spain. This instance presents a suggestive par-
allel to that of the eastern Aryan branch, with its pious
horror of the impious tenets of its foes, and its wide sepa-
ration from its kindred race.

Yet the primitive Aryans, while advanced in great part
beyond that nomadic pastoral stage of industrial life which
has been the condition of all migrating peoples known to
history, had not yet reached that degree of political consol-
idation and religious culture requisite for definite invading
movements en masse for the purpose of propagandism. It
seems far more probable, therefore, that the movements of
the Aryans were expansions rather than migrations, — the
incessant bite of restless and enterprising tribes into the
domains of surrounding peoples. As their numbers in-
creased, and their primitive home became too small to hold
 46

THE ARYAN RACE.

them, they may have pushed out in this manner in all di-
rections with the restless energy which has always charac-
terized them, driving back the original populations before
their resistless expansion. This idea would seem to indi-
cate an original home in some such central region as that
suggested by Peschel, midway between the eastern and
western extremities of the Aryan outflow, and offering easy
roads for expansion alike to the East and the AVest.

The majority of the recent authors, however, seem inclined
to accept the Baltic or the Scandinavian region as the pri-
meval Aryan home. Of the several arguments offered in
support of the latter hypothesis the most potent one is the
fact that Scandinavia is the only region of the earth now
occupied by pure Xanthochroi, who lose their typical char-
acters more and more as we advance southward, until they
are quite lost in the strong preponderance of Melanochroic
blood. But this is by no means a convincing argument. The
degree of mingling with the aboriginal inhabitants depended
very much on the numbers of these inhabitants and on the
character of their treatment by their conquerors. Either
strong resistance or strong race prejudice might have re-
sulted in their annihilation or their complete disposses-
sion. The only Scandinavian aborigines of whom we have
any knowledge are the Lapps, — a Mongolian people with
whom the Aryans have shown no inclination to mingle, and
who may originally have been driven back to the frozen
plains which they at present inhabit. The Xanthochroic
purity of the Scandinavians can be accounted for quite as
well on this as on the other theory. The Germans and
the Celts of Gaul were of equally pure Xanthochroic blood
as recently as the times of Caesar and Tacitus. Their loss
of purity of type is due to a mixture since that period with
 THE HOME OF THE ARYANS.

47

the Melanochroic aboriginal element. No such mixture
appears to have taken place between the Scandinavians
and the Lapps.

A potent argument against the Scandinavian theory is
that the Aryans were a pastoral people in the early era of
the formation of their language, and partly pastoral at the
period of their migrations, their domesticated animals,
with the exception of the camel, being the same as those
possessed by the nomads of the Asiatic steppes. No pas-
toral people has ever originated except on broad, open
levels, with abundant pasturage, — a condition which the
Scandinavian peninsula does not present. Hunting and
fishing habits were the only ones likely to originate in that
wooded and seagirt land, except in the far North, where
the snowy levels gave an opportunity for the use of the
reindeer as a domesticated animal. But this native Scan-
dinavian beast of burden does not seem to have been known
to the primitive Aryans, — which would certainly not have
been the case had it been used by them or their immediate
neighbors. As the lack of a common word for the camel
has been used as an argument against Asia, so the similar
lack of a common word for the reindeer tells against Scandi-
navia as the primitive home of the Aiyans.

The natural inference from these facts is that the blond
type has its native locality in the North and East, in con-
tiguity with the Mongolian, and the dark type in the South,
in contiguity with the Negro race. The expanding ten-
dency which these types of man have displayed during the
whole historical epoch must have existed since their first
origin, if we may judge from their very intimate com-
mingling, which has been so great that comparatively few
pure representatives of either type remain. No such com-
plete mixture is shown in the Mongolian and Negro races,
except in a narrow border region. This indicates a much
less energetic constitutional migratory spirit in the latter
than in the Caucasian, and is a further argument in proof
of the recent origin of this race ; since if of remote origin,
it could not possibly have been confined to the narrow
region in which we find it at the opening of the historic
period.

What, then, was the origin of the two Caucasian sub-races ?
In response to this question we may propound the viewrs
offered by Mr. J. W. Jackson,1 who advances the theory
1 Aryan and Semite, Anthropological Review, vii. 333.
 16

THE ARYAN RACE.

that the Semite (or, as we prefer to consider, all the
Melanochroi) is really a derivative from the Negro race;
and the Aryan (or rather the Xanthochroi) is a derivative
from the Mongolian. He bases this theory on mental
characteristics; but he should have considered also the
physical characters of the races. If we observe the
Melanochroi, or dark whites, it is to find their purest
specimens in the far South, on the immediate northern
limits of the Negro race. And here they present signifi-
cant points of affinity to the Negro type. Many of the
Berbers of the Sahara region approximate to the Negro
in feature, though some tribes are light olive in complex-
ion, with straight noses and thin lips. Of the ancient
Egyptian type we are told that they had “ thick lips, full
and prominent; mouths large, but cheerful and smiling;
complexions dark, ruddy, and coppery; and the whole as-
pect displaying — as one of the most graphic delineators
among modern travellers has observed — the genuine
African character, of which the Negro is the exaggerated
and extreme representation.”1 The Arabs present similar
affinities. Some of the Arab tribes of the Middle Desert
have crisp hair, approaching that of the Negroes in texture.
In bodily and mental character the Southern Arabs of pure
blood approximate to the Negro type,1 2 and in color they
may become of a jet black, as is the case with the Sliegya
Arabs of Africa. On the other hand, in northern and
more elevated regions the complexion of the Arabs is as
fair as that of Europeans.3 Quatrefages looks upon this

1   Denon, Voyage en Egypte.

2   Palgrave, article “Arabia,” Encyclopaedia Britannica (ninth
edition).

3   Prichard, Natural History of Man, p. 150.
 TYPES OF MANKIND.

17

race as one which has evolved a single step beyond the
“ arrested ” Negro phase.1

Tribes of mankind closely affiliated with the Melanochroi,
though with a stronger infusion of the Negro element, ex-
tend much farther south in Africa. In addition to the
Melanochroic Abyssinians and Gallas, may be mentioned
the more Negroid Nubas, with black skins, but features
of a type intermediate between the white and the black
races. But the most significant of the mid-African peoples
are the Foulahs, — an energetic and warlike tribe, distinc-
tively different from the Negroes, into whose domains
they are steadily intruding. This people has become much
modified by intercrossing with Negroes and Arabs, but
seems to have been originally of the Melanochroic type.
Dr. Lenz, in his recent work on Timbuktu, says of them
that they are of a distinctly non-Negro type. Pure speci-
mens of the Foulahs differ from the Negroes in almost
every racial characteristic,—in cranial conformation, com-
plexion, texture of hair, figure, proportion of limbs, and in
mental qualities. He was amazed at their striking resem-
blance to Europeans, and describes the pure-blooded
Foulahs as of light complexion, slightly arched nose,
straight forehead, fiery glance, long black hair, shapely
limbs, tall, slim figures, and of great intelligence.

In fact, the Melanochroi present indications, to judge
from their early wide extension, of being a much more
primitive race than the Xanthochroi. They are found
throughout northern Africa, extending to a line drawn con-
siderably south of the Sahara ; widely distributed through-
out southern Asia, from the Semitic regions to India, where
they give the main physical character to the Hindu Aryans ;

1 The Human Species, p. 351.
 18

THE ARY AX RACE.

everywhere in southern Europe, where their type greatly
predominates over that of the blonds; and in less pre-
ponderance in central Europe, where they have essentially
modified the original type of the Celtic and Teutonic
Aryans.

If we accept the indications here presented, in connection
with the apparently very limited extension of the blond
type of man in the recent pre-historic period, we are led to
the theory that the Eastern Hemisphere was divided at a
more remote period between three races of mankind, — the
Mongolian in the temperate and frigid zones, the Negro in
the tropics, and the Melanochroi occupying a broad inter-
mediate belt stretching across the whole continent from
the Atlantic to the borders of Farther India.

It is interesting to perceive that this zone occupied by
Melanochroic man is that of demarcation of the primitive
Mongoloid and Negroid races. Here they must have met
and mingled, and here a hybrid derivative of the two races
very probably arose, — an intermediate type of mankind,
with a preponderance of the Negro element, if we may judge
from existing indications. It is particularly in Europe
that we find evidence of this mingling of the long-headed
and short-headed aboriginal races, their resultant being a
type with skulls of medium length,—the Neolithic man of
western Europe. More extended investigation may yield
similar evidence all along the zone of demarcation. IVe
can picture to ourselves an original Negroid population in
this zone, a southward migratory movement of the more
enterprising Mongolians, and a long-continued mingling of
the two races, with a somewhat profound modification of
their physical characteristics, yielding a new type of man,
the Melanochroic, with considerably more of Negro than of
 TYPES OF MANKIND.

19

Mongolian blood, yet essentially diverse in character from
both the parental types.

If now we come to consider the origin of the blond type
of man, we find ourselves brought down to nearly historic
times. The widespread extension of this type at the open-
ing of the historic era can be traced back, almost step by
step, to an original central region, probably of small dimen-
sions, though of unknown location. We have evidence from
the Egyptian monuments of what may have been the first
appearance of blond man in that region. Of the type as
found in the north of Africa, in Tunis and Morocco,
among the Berbers of the Sahara, and in the Canary
Islands, Topinard remarks : “ It is derived from a Tama-
hou people who about the year 1500 before our era made
their appearance upon the frontier of Egypt, coming from
the North. . . . The blonds which we meet with in the
Basque territory and near the Straits of Gibraltar in Spain
are probably descendants of theirs.”1 In Europe and
Asia the movements of the blond race took place immedi-
ately before the opening of the historic epoch ; and though
the centre of dispersion is not clearly known, }Tet nearly
every step of migration has been traced. In every region
to which they migrated, with the exception of Scandinavia,
they seem to have mingled freely with the preceding Mela-
nochroic inhabitants, yielding that intimately mixed race
which constitutes the Aryan of to-day. To this fusion we
owe the modern man of southern Asia and Europe, from
the bronzed Brahman of the East to the round-headed and
dark-featured class among the Celts of the West. Only in
the extreme North did the Xanthochroic type sustain itself
in any purity, and only in Arabia and Africa did the
1 Anthropology, p. 4H2.
 20

THE ARYAN RACE.

Melanochroic type remain preponderant. In all the region
between, every possible intermediate gradation of the two
t}Tpes exists, though the dark type gradually decreases
as we move northward, and the blond type as we move
southward.

If we endeavor to seek the derivation of the blond type
of man the indications are very obscure. This type-differs
markedly from the Mongolian ; and yet we are not without
intermediate links of connection, or traces of a tendency in
the Mongolian to assume the Xanthochroic characters. We
are told by Chinese historians of certain mysterious tribes
in central Asia who were tall of stature and had green eyes
and red hair. Matuanlin, the historian, described one such
people as inhabiting western Mongolia at the opening of the
Christian era. A similar tribe existed beyond the Altai'
Mountains. Other tribes are mentioned, down to the twelfth
century, as tall, with red hair and green eyes, and of fair
complexion.

Some writers are inclined to consider these as members
of the Turkish Mongolians, who are known to have inhab-
ited the region mentioned. The physical appearance of the
modern Turks, indeed, strongly resembles the Aryan type
of man. The Turks of the Ottoman and Persian empires
are completely Europeanized in feature and structure.
This is by some ascribed to persistent intermarriage with
Circassian slaves ; yet such a theory applies only to the rich
and powerful, while the peasantry are equally European-
ized. The great mass of the lower population have
always strictly intermarried, difference of religion and
manners keeping them separate from the Greeks and Per-
sians. The Tadjiks of Persia, the true Aryans, are of a
sect of Mohammedanism hostile to that professed by the
 TYPES OF MANKIND.

21

Turks, and these two classes have kept rigidly separate.
The Aryan characteristics of the civilized Turks is there-
fore not so readily explainable.

Of the Turcomans Vambéry says that they alone of all
Mongolians do not possess high cheek-bones, while the
blond color is predominant among them. Yet the Turkish
hordes of the northern steppes are strongly Mongolian in
physical character, though occasionally blue and gray eyes
are observed among the Kirghiz. Still farther eastward
similar indications appear. Topinard quotes as follows:
“We saw Mantschu Tartars,” says Barrow, “ who accom-
panied Macartney’s embassy to Pekin, men as well as
women, who were extremely fair and of florid complexion;
some of the men had light blue eyes, a straight, aquiline
nose, brown hair, and a large and bushy beard.”1 All
this, however, might be due to mixture with the blond
race, even though we have no evidence of conditions
favorable to such a mixture. Yet such could not well be
the case in America, where similar variations are common.
King tells us that “ the oval face associated with the Ro-
man nose” is by no means rare among the Eskimos,
while the complexion is sometimes fair, sometimes dark.
Among the American tribes the nose is occasionally of the
Mongolian type, but is often large, prominent, bridged, and
even aquiline, while the stature is tall, and the skull lias a
tendency to the elongated shape. Several tribes, both of
North and South America, present a close approximation
to the European type. This is strikingly the case with
the Mandans, the so-called White Indians of the West, as
described by Catlin. The above facts seem to indicate a
ready variability in the Mongolian race, under the influence
1 Anthropology, p. 452.
 22

THE ARYAN RACE.

of diversity of climate and condition, since these widespread
modifications towards the European type can scarcely be
ascribed to mixture with a race as limited in numbers as
the Xanthochroi appear to have been at the opening of
the historic era.

There is yet, however, one branch of the linguistic
Mongolians to be considered, — the Finnish. And here
we find a strongly marked approximation towards the
Xanthochroic race, far too general to be ascribed to in-
termarriage. The Finns are to some degree intermediate
between the blond and the Mongolian types, though much
nearer the former. They are marked by long hair, usually
reddish or yellowish, or of a flaxen hue, and more rarely
chestnut. The European Finlanders have red hair, with a
moderately full beard, generally red. The eyebrows are
thick, the eyes sunken, and of a blue, greenish gray, or
chestnut hue. The complexion is fair, and usually freckled.
The nose is straight, with small nostrils ; the cheek-bones
are prominent, owing to the thinness of the face ; the lips
small. These characteristics clearly separate the Finns
from all the surrounding types, and bring them much closer
to the European than to the Mongolian race. The north-
ern Russians in particular are of very similar physical char-
acter. Very probably the green-eyed and red-haired race
spoken of by the Chinese Tvere Finnish tribes, though blue
is more common than green in the eyes of modern Finns.
We may also say here that the Finns approach the Aiyans
in the possession of a mythology and of a highly developed
poetry, — an evidence of mental power which is not found
in pure Mongolians of a similar state of civilization.

Thus though no direct clew to the origin of the Xantho-
chroic type of man exists, there are strong indications
 TYPES OF MANKIND.

23

that it was a derivative from the Mongolian, and that
it arose at a comparatively recent date. We have shown
that a tendency exists among the Mongolians of northern
Asia and America to deviate towards the Xanthochroic
character. In the case of the Finns this deviation has
yielded a strongly marked race, nearly approaching the
Xanthochroi both physically and mentally. It is of in-
terest, in this connection, to remark that the Finnish
race is native to a locality bordering upon that which the
latest archaeologists consider the original home of the Ary-
ans, and that it differs from the neighboring Russians
mainly in language, and veiy little in ph}rsical character. It
may be offered as a conjectural hypothesis that the prim-
itive Xantho.chroi were a derivative from the Finns at an
era before the languages of either had attained much de-
velopment, the further physical variation which took place
being probably due to climatic influences, and possibly to
residence of the Xanthochroi in a mountainous region.1

The mental characteristics of the several human races
lead us to similar conclusions. In the first place it may be
remarked that all the savage tribes of the earth belong to
the Negro or the Mongolian race. No Negro civilization
has ever appeared. No Mongolian one has ever greatly
developed. On the other hand, the Caucasian is pre-emi-

1 Tt seems probable that, the Lapps, the remaining European Mon-
golians, have close race-affinities with the Finns. Professor A. H. Keene
has recently examined a company of seven Lapps, in London, and de-
cides that in several respects they have deviated from their fundamental
Mongolian type, and have assimilated, especially in the color of the hair
and eyes, in the complexion, and in the shape of the nose, to the sur-
rounding Norse population. He attributes this assimilation to like cli-
matic influences rather than to intermixture, of which there is no direct
evidence. The family belonged to the mountain nomadic tribes, of purest
descent and of least intercourse with Europeans.
 24

THE ARYAN RACE.

nently the man of civilization. No traveller or historian
records a savage tribe of Caucasian stock. This race
everywhere enters history in a state of advanced bar-
barism or of rapidly advancing civilization.

But the Caucasian development is not the work of either
of the sub-races, but of their combined resultant. Men-
tally, each of the pure types too closely approaches its
assumed ancestral race to display vigorous intellectual
powers. The pure Melanochroi tend towards the Negro
type of intellectuality; the pure Xauthochroi approximate
to the Mongolian. The Negro race, as described by De
Gobiueau,1 is marked b}^ a low grade of intellectuality,
combined with a strongly emotional tendency. It is quick
in acquisition at first, but soon stops, and grows dull in-
tellectually. Emotionally the Negro is capable of violent
passions and strong attachments. He has a childish in-
stability of humor, intense but not enduring feelings,
poignant but transitory grief. lie is seldom vindictive,
his anger being violent but quickly appeased, his sensi-
bilities ardent but speedily subsiding. His amatory feel-
ings are strong, and his sensuality highly developed. In
these particulars he is akin to the Melanochroi of Arabia
and the West, in whom we find a sensual temperament, fierce
passions, intense emotions, and a mentality that requires
excitement more than reason for its exercise, and tends to
the fanciful far more strongly than to the logical.

If now we compare the yTellow race with the black, we
find them strongly opposite in mental characteristics. In
muscular vigor and intensity of feelings the t}rpical Mon-
golians are greatly inferior to the blacks. They are supple
and agile, but not strong. Their sensuality is less violent

1 Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races, p. 445.
 TYPES OF MANKIND.

25

than that of the blacks, but less quickly appeased. They
are much less impulsive, aud rather obstinate than violent
in will-power. Their anger is vindictive, but not clamorous.
They are seldom prone to extremes, and while easily under-
standing what is not very profound and sublime, their lack
of emotional and imaginative energy prevents their attain-
ing an ardent faith or an exalted religious philosophy.
They love quiet and order, and keenly appreciate the useful
and practical. They are, indeed, a practical people in the
narrowest sense of the word. Their lack of imagination
renders them uninventive, but they easily understand and
adopt whatever is of practical utility.1 This description
applies mainly to the Asiatic Mongolians, and is shown
in the whole conditions of the Chinese civilization. It
cannot be extended to include the Americans, who have
a very marked development of the faculty of imagination.
It applies in some measure, however, to the blond race of
northern Europe, in whom we find a strong mental an-
tithesis to the ardent nations of the South. The pure
blonds replace the nervous temperament of the Melano-
chroi with a lymphatic temperament. They lack vivacity,
but are more reflective. They are controlled by reason
rather than by desire. Conclusions are not reached im-
pulsively, but are thought out, and are strongly held
when once arrived at. They are not of quick passion, are
slowly roused, but earnest and persevering, and are brave
without requiring the stimulus of enthusiasm. They are
sincere and simple-minded, but addicted to gluttony and
drunkenness, — faults to which the Melanochroi are much
less addicted. In these respects the blond white presents
the same affinity to the Mongolians as the dark white does
1 Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races, A. de Gobineau, p. 445.
 26

https://archive.org/details/aryanraceitsorig00morr/page/n1



ARYAN RACE

ITS ORIGIN AND ITS ACHIEVEMENTS

BY

CHARLES MORRIS



1888
 
 PREFACE.



Itis our purpose briefly to outline the history of the
 Aryan Race, — that great and noble family of
mankind which has played so striking a part upon the
stage of the world; to seek it in its primitive home,
observe the unfoldment of its beliefs and institutions,
follow it in its migrations, consider the features of its
intellectual supremacy, and trace the steps by which it
has gained its present high position among the races of
mankind. The story of this people, despite the great
interest which surrounds it, remains unwritten in any
complete sense. There are many books, indeed, which
deal with it fragmentarily, — some devoted to its lan-
guages, others to its mythology, folk-lore, village com-
munities, or to some other single aspect of its many
sided story; yet no general treatment of the subject
lias been essayed, and the inquirer who wishes to learn
what is known of this interesting people must painfully
delve through a score of volumes to gain the desired
information.

Until within a recent period the actual existence of
such a race was not clearly recognized. A century
 iv

PREFACE.

ago there was nothing to show that nearly all the
nations of Europe and the most prominent of those
of southern Asia were first-cousins, descended from a
single ancestor, which, not very remotely in the past,
inhabited a contracted locality in some region as yet
unknown. Of late years much has been learned of the
conditions and mode of life of this people in their
original home, and of their migrations to the point
where they enter the field of written history. From
this point forward the part played by the Aryans in
the history of mankind has been a highly important
one, and there is no more interesting study than to
follow this giant from the days of its childhood to
those of its present imposing stature.

Our knowledge of the condition of the primitive
Aryans is not due only to studies in philology. The
subject has widened with the progress of research, and
now embraces questions of ethnology, archaeology,
mythology, literature, social and political antiquities,
and all the other branches of science which relate
particularly to the development of mankind. Enough
has been learned, through studies in these several
directions, to make desirable a general treatment of
the subject, and an effort to present as a whole the
story of that mighty race whose history is as yet
known to the world only in disconnected fragments.
The present work, however, pretends to be no more
than a preliminary handling of this extensive theme,
 PREFACE.

V

a brief popular exposition which may serve to fill a
gap in the realm of literature and to satisfy the curi-
osity of the reading world until some abler hand shall
grasp the subject and deal with it in a more exhaustive
manner.

Any attempt, indeed, to tell the story of the Aryan
race, even in outline, during the recent age of mankind
would be equivalent to an attempt to write the history
of civilization, — which is far from our purpose. But
in the comparison of the intellectual conditions and
products of the several races of mankind, and in the
consideration of the evolution of human institutions
and lines of thought and action, we have a field of
research which is by no means exhausted, and with
which the general world of readers is very little con-
versant. Our work will therefore be found to be
largely comparative in treatment, the characteristics
and conditions of the other leading races of mankind
being considered, and contrasted with those of the
Aryan, with the purpose not only of clearly showing
the general superiority of the latter, but also of point-
ing out the natural steps of evolution through which
it emerged from original savagery and attained to its
present intellectual supremacy and advanced stage of
enlightenment.

As regards the sources of the information con-
veyed in the following pages, we shall but say that
all the statements concerning questions of fact have
 VI

PREFACE.

been drawn from trustworthy authors, many of whom
are quoted in the text, — though it has not been
deemed necessary to crowd the pages with citations
of authorities.

In respect to the theoretical views advanced, they
are as a rule the author’s own, and must stand or fall
on their merits. Finally, it is hoped that the work
may prove of interest and value to those who simply
desire a general knowledge of the subject, and may in
some measure serve as a guide to those more ardent
students who prefer to continue the study by the
consultation of original authorities.
 CONTENTS.

Page

I.   Types op Mankind.............................. 1

II.   The Home of the Aryans........................30

III.   The Aryan Outflow.............................54

IY.   The Aryans at Home............................89

Y.   The Household and the Village................106

YI.   The Double System of Aryan Worship ....   132

VII.   The Course of Political Development ....   153

VIII.   The Development of Language..................189

IX.   The Age of Philosophy......................  215

X.   The Aryan Literature.........................243

XI.   Other Aryan Characteristics..................2/3

XII.   Historical Migrations........................290

XIII.   The Puture Status of Human Paces.............308

INDEX

335
 #
 THE ARYAN RACE.

i.

TYPES OF MANKIND.

OMEWHERE, no man can say just where ; at some

time, it is equally impossible to say when, — there
dwelt in Europe or Asia a most remarkable tribe or family
of mankind. Where or when this was we shall never
clearly know. No history mentions their name or gives
a hint of their existence; no legend or tradition has
floated down to us from that vanished realm of life. Not
a monument remains which we can distinguish as reared
by the hands of this people; not even the grave of one of
its members can be traced. Flourishing civilizations were
even then in existence; Egypt and China wrere already
the seats of busy life and active thought. Yet no prophet
of these nations saw the cloud on the sky “ of the size of
a man’s hand,” — a cloud destined to grow until its mighty
shadow should cover the whole face of the earth. As yet
the fathers of the Aryan race dwelt in unconsidered bar-
barism, living their simple lives and thinking their simple
thoughts, of no more apparent importance than hundreds
of other primeval tribes, and doubtless undreaming of the
grand part they were yet to play in the drama of human

history.

1
 2

THE ARYAN RACE.

Yet strangely enough this utterly prehistoric and ante-
legendary race, this dead scion of a dead past, has been
raised from its grave and displayed in its ancient shape
before the eyes of man, until we know its history as satis-
factorily as we know that of many peoples yet living upon
the face of the earth. We may not know its time or place
of existence, the battles it fought, the heroes it honored,
the songs it sang. But we know the words it spoke, the
gods it worshipped, the laws it made. We know the char-
acter of its industries and its possessions, its family and
political relations, its religious ideas and the conditions of
its intellectual development, its race-characteristics, and
much of the details of its grand migrations after its
growing numbers swelled beyond the boundaries of their
ancestral home, and went forth to conquer and possess
the earth.

How we have learned all this forms one of the most
interesting chapters in modern science. The reality of
our knowledge cannot be questioned. No history is half
so trustworthy. Into all written histoiy innumerable errors
creep ; but that unconscious history which survives in the
languages and institutions of mankind is, so far as it goes,
of indisputable authenticity. It is not, indeed, history in
its ordinary sense. It yields us none of the superficial and
individual details in the story of a people’s life, the deeds
of warriors and the tyrannies of rulers, the conquests,
rebellions, and class-struggles, the names and systems of
priests and law-givers, with which historians usually deal,
and which they weave into a web of inextricably-mingled
truth and falsehood. It is the rock-bed of history with
which we are here concerned, the solid foundation on
which its superficial edifice is built. We know nothing of
 TYPES OF MANKIND.

3

the deeds of this antique race. We are ignorant of the
numbers of its people, the location and extent of its terri-
tory, the period of its early development. But we know
much of its basal history, —that history which has wrought
itself deeply into the language, customs, beliefs, and insti-
tutions of its modern descendants, and which crops out
everywhere through the soil of modern European civiliza-
tion, as the granite foundations of the earth’s strata break
through the superficial layers, and reveal the conditions of
the remote past.

Such a germinal history of a people may very possibly
lack interest. It has in it nothing of the dramatic, nothing
on which the imagination can seize ; none of those per-
sonal details or stirring incidents which so strongly arrest
the attention of readers ; nothing to arouse the feelings or
awaken the passions and emotions of mankind. It has
none of the ever-alluring interest of individual human life,
— the hopes and fears, the joys and sorrows, the sajungs
and doings of men, great and small, which give to the
gossipy details of history an attractiveness only a degree
below that of the imaginative novel. Over our work we
can cast none of this glamour of individualism. We have
to do with man in the mass, and to treat history as a
philosophy instead of as a romance. We are limited to
the description of what he has done, not how^ he did it,
and to the detail of results instead of processes. And
yet history in ‘its modern era is rapidly entering this philo-
sophic stage. For many centuries it has been confined to
the romance of individual life. It is now verging toward
the philosophy of existence, the scientific study of human
development. Kings and courtiers have too long dwarfed
the people. But the stature of the people is increasing,
 4

THE ARYAN RACE.

and that of rulers and heroes diminishing, while a growing
interest in the story of humanity as a whole is succeeding
that in the lives of individuals. This gives us some war-
rant for venturing to describe the history of a race whose
ancient life we know only as a whole, and of which we
cannot give the name of one of its heroes, the scene of
one of its exploits, or even the region of the earth which
it occupied. Yet this race is so important a one, and its
later history has been so grand and exciting, that the story
of what is known of its primitive life can scarcely fail to
find an interested audience, particularly when we remember
that we are here dealing with our own ancestors, and trac-
ing the pedigree of our own customs and institutions.

In this inquiry it is necessary to begin by considering
the claim of the Aryans to the title of “ race.” What posi-
tion do they hold in the category of human races, and what
were the steps of their derivation and development from
primitive man? We must locate them first as members of
the broad family of mankind before we can fairly enter
into tire study of their record as a separate group. We
have spoken of them somewhat indefinitely as a race,
family, or tribe. Indeed, they cannot justly be honored
with the title of race until we know more fully in what the
race-characteristic consists, and what is their claim to its
possession. In this respect ethnologists have so many
varying ideas that the number and limitations of the
human races are still far from being settled. We can
therefore but briefly detail some of the latest views upon
the subject.

https://www.peacequarters.com/scientists-found-soul-doesnt-die-goes-back-universe/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mVSIDZza7Y





https://www.google.nl/search?q=our+soul+returns+to+universe


Adriana Hamorova
What Happens When You Die
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiHP5obKDKs&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLUAcadQd0o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSl43sixzuE&feature=youtu.be
https://youtu.be/jNBiY4O5170
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rI1Dlc28lWQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSl43sixzuE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLDxCgr9qb4&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yB6iSYl1Qpc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yB6iSYl1Qpc
http://divinetruth.com/.../20091205%20Spirit...

Mediumship
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwGi4KT1khs&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLDxCgr9qb4&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quZ68Ws7q-s

Spirits who believe in Reincarnation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAGbmtK696o&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwGi4KT1khs

Q&A From Spirits
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSl43sixzuE

Fear Processing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWkZXVl7b0Q&feature=youtu.be

Law Of Attraction (the real one)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTfpo-nMauE&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYKnROSr9xQ&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WkaMTHJyJlw&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=avHJy_4VeV8&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtt9--upBdQ&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZKgZah0hXg

Law Of Desire
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XIUzc8CULA&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6qaXczC-d4&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JpY43gDyjVk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JpY43gDyjVk

Secrets Of The Universe
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5bglLEtU-c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rI1Dlc28lWQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thM2r6pBzJk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IW7apqmgJMc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_aBPtNYLBs&feature=youtu.be

C 14, see radio-carbon
cairns, see barrows

callais, 223, 268, 269, 271, 275, 278, 281,
282, 309, 313, 315, 319
Campigny, le (France), 14, 305
cannibalism, 12, 102, 115, 290
Capo Graziano (Italy), 238, 256
Capsian culture, 7, 268
Cardial ornament, 58, 184, 230, 258, 269,
287, 353

Castelluccio culture, 234-7, 254, 256
Catacomb culture and period, 149, 154-6,
169, 184, 300, 301

cattle (bovids), domestic, 13, 22, 37, 60,
85, 106, 124, 136, 145, 150, 166, 177,
179, 201, 231, 248, 289, 298, 299,
304, 323, 328, 332

causewayed camps, 230, 292, 323, 332
cavalry, 82, 269

caves, inhabited, 4, 6, 85, 110, 265, 308
sepulchral, see burials
celts, see adzes, axes, chisels, gouges

362
 INDEX

cemeteries,   24, 27, 41,   48, 72, 115, 118,   120,

123,   125,   131,   132,   144,   149,   164,

166,   168,   204,   209,   226,   235,   239,

246,   250,   258,   270,   274,   290,   298,

301, 312, 337

chamber tombs, see rock-cut tombs
Chamblandes culture, 245, 290
channelled decoration, 32, 96, 125, 278,

306,   310, 317, 324, 326, 353
chariots, 78

Chassean or Chassey culture, 245, 287, 293,
303, 305, 206, 310, 317
chiefs, 37, 67, 78, 90, 119, 125, 144, 150,
151, 156, 162, 165, 170, 188, 200,
201, 209, 262, 281, 312, 320, 334
chisels, socketed bone, 11, 208
metal, 47, 130, 132, 154
chronology, 9, 15, 21, 26, 37, 47, 49, 57, 78,
80, 103, 110, 116, 126, 134, 135,
157, 175, 176, 199, 202, 204, 233,
238, 243, 247, 251, 283, 291, 321,
339, 342

circles round graves, 78, 145, 151, 153, 162,

167,   200

cists, megalithic, 51, 72, 152, 165, 193, 195,
213, 237, 274, 280, 296
see also gallery graves
climate, changes in, 2, 137, 167, 288
collared flasks, 119, 126, 179-184, 190, 196,
315

combs, bone, 12, 44, 91, 272
antler bunched, 293, 324
wood, 289

comb-ornament, 109, 140, 163, 170, 204,
224, 332

Conco d’Oro culture, 234, 238, 241
Conguel (Brittany), 317, 326
copper ores, 48, 121, 127, 220, 257, 270,
276, 298, 307, 322, 336
copper trinkets, etc., 97, 113,122, 142,164,
167, 168, 180, 194, 198, 283, 290,
313

see also adzes, axes, battle-axes, daggers,
etc*

corbelling,' 23, 27, 51, 78, 80, 213, 254, 270,

307,   311, 316, 319, 327, 328

cord ornament, 71, 96, 109, 133, 145, 151,
156, 159,   160,   164,   166,   168,   179,

184, 226,   297,   309,   318,   326,   330,

332, 340

core axes, see tranchet

Cortaillod culture, 191, 244-5, 287, 288-90.

294, 303, 311, 342
cranial deformation, 156
cranian amulets, see amulets
cremation, 12, 46, 72, 109, 115, 117, 126,
165, 167,   226,   239,   256,   259,   294,

301, 306,   311,   317,   319,   325,   326,

328. 329, 337

crescentic necklaces, 79, 81, 200, 336,
338

crusted ware, 72, 91, 112, 114, 116, 125,
231, 353

Cucuteni (Romania), 136-9, 140
cursus, 317, 325

daggers, flint, 168, 184,197, 224, 246, 247,
330

metal: bronze-hilted, 130, 198, 202, 248,
298

ogival, 29, 73, 298, 334
Peschiera, 83, 243, 250
rhomboid, 297, 299

round-heeled, 79, 130, 167, 200, 228,
243, 248, 262, 264, 320, 330, 334
tanged, 36, 38, 52, 120, 154, 165, 241,
247, 320

triangular, 29, 53, 61, 235, 241, 256
unifacial, 145, 183, 271, 275, 308, 340
West European, 130, 224, 246, 258, 260,
279, 308, 318, 329
Deer Island, see Olenil Ostrovo
Dendra (Greece), 80
depas, 43, 69
diadems, 53, 283
Diana style, 233, 241, 255
Dimini culture, 63-4, 98, 112
disks, metal, bossed, 123, 143, 202, 262
amber, gold-bound, 33, 334, 336
dogs, 3, 11, 203, 208
dolmens, 181, 190, 215, 221, 269
double-axes, 25, 74, 78, 108, 184, 193, 194,
202, 262, 318
see also ingot axes
dove pendants, 25, 78, 115, 264
dolmens, 181, 190, 215, 221, 269
drill-bits, 154, 157
drums, 196

duck-vases, see zoomorphic vases

earrings, 44, 129, 278, 283, 329
earthquakes, 27, 47
El Argar (Spain), 282, 340
El Garcel (Spain), 267, 268, 283
emery, 48

Ertebolle culture, 12, 166, 177, 179, 192
Eutresis (Greece), 50, 51, 57, 68, 69, 71,
74, 76

Evans, Arthur, 21, 23, 33, 238
excised decoration, 54, 69, 94, 97, 100,
242, 300, 310, 353

face-urns, 17, 43, 46, 90, 118, 231
see also zoomorphic vases
family likeness between skeletons, 82, 219
Fatyanovo culture, 154, 168-70, 211
fayence, 25, 33, 128, 132, 147, 150, 167,
199, 238, 239, 256, 282, 298, 309,
320, 336, 339

fibulae, 83, 135, 240, 243, 250
figurines: female, clay, 17, 35, 39, 58, 61,
65, 73, 84, 87, 91, 93, 100, 112, 117,
142, 145, 244, 256, 301, 305
bone, 101, 209, 274, 278
ivory, 274
gold, 101

363
 INDEX

figurines: female, stone, 25, 39, 46, 49, 51,
69, 101, 254, 260, 268, 274, 278, 280,
325

male, 73, 101, 142, 209
filagree, 41, 154

fish-hooks, 10, 12, 37, 89, 110, 137, 206,
207

fish-traps, see weels
flake axes, see axes, tranchet
flax, 106, 108, 183, 270, 289
fluted decoration, 65, 91, 103, 140, 353
Fontbouisse (France), 308, 310
forecourts, 818, 236, 253, 259, 263, 274,
275, 325, 326, 327
forests, 1, 9, 148, 159, 177, 178
Forssander, E. J., 172, 195
Fort Harrouard (France), 304-6
fortifications, 37, 41, 46, 48, 56, 63, 67, 78,
82, 112, 118, 124, 137, 147, 230,
231, 238, 239, 249, 264, 270, 382,
291, 299, 301, 303, 304, 306, 308,
323

Fosna culture, 11

fruitstands, 17, 36, 64, 97, 111, 122, 142,
184, 186, 190, 235, 279
frying pans, 50, 52, 54, 69
funerary goddess, 236, 249, 278, 311, 313,
314, 318, 328

funnel beakers, 13, 152, 158, 166, 176,
186, 190, 340

Gali6 (Russia), 170

gallery graves, 190, 196, 198, 214, 215, 221,
226, 240, 263, 296, 306, 312, 314,
316, 318, 340
see also cists
GaraSanin, 84, 87, 89
girdle clasps, 131, 194
Globular Amphorae, 154, 158, 194-6
goats, 13, 22, 37, 106, 136, 150, 177, 248,

OQQ 90ft OOO

gold, 25, 41, 64,' 68, 70, 122, 128, 133, 142,
198, 200, 220, 223, 238, 270, 278,
283, 309, 315, 319, 322, 329, 334,
344

Goldberg (Germany), 295, 296, 299, 301
gouges, copper, 74, 154
stone, 160, 183, 208, 267
see also drill-bits

gourd models for pots, 39, 108, 110
granaries, 67, 118, 231, 267
Grand Pressigny flint, 207, 305, 306, 313,
318, 319

graphite painting, 97, 100, 103

Gudenaa culture, 13

Gumelni^a culture, 63, 96, 98-102, 143

Haba3e§ti (Romania), 137, 139, 140, 142,
143

Hagia Marina (Greece), 60, 61, 71
Hagios Kosmas (Greece), 67, 69, 72, 280
Hagios Mamas (Macedonia), 68, 71, 155
halberds, flint, 277

metal, 56, 130, 183, 201, 202, 243, 246,
282, 334, 337
hammers, metal, 29, 56

see also battle-axes; axes, perforated
stone

handles to pots: animal, 232
axe, 240, 242, 245, 255, 310
elbowed, 249

flanged, 17, 39, 70, 125,187
horned, 75, 94, 249

nose-bridge, 17, 234, 247, 249, 255, 260
thrust, 39, 66, 95
tunnel, 234, 255, 258, 300
wishbone, 17, 70, 76
see also lugs, subcutaneous
1'   , see amulets

1 ?   13, 89, 98, 111, 150, 166,

203, 289

Hawkes, C. F. C„ 281, 320
Hawkes, J., 317
hearses, 124, 125, 151
Helena, 307, 309, 310
helmets, 30, 79, 82, 132, 262
Hemp, W. J., 218, 264
Hencken, H. O., 132
henges, 317, 325, 332, 339
herring-bone masonry, 37, 66
Heurtley, W. J., 65, 76
Hissar, Tepe (Persia), 20, 77, 123, 154, 157
Hlubokd Masovky (Moravia), 113
hoards, 31, 44, 98, 109, 121, 128, 170, 198,
199, 202, 208, 211, 243, 249, 262,
293, 339
hoes, antler, 289
see also mattocks

Horgen culture, 198, 221, 263, 295-7, 310,
314, 334

horses, 46, 67, 71, 78, 79, 124, 136, 145,
150, 158, 187, 201, 235, 248, 293,
298, 299, 328
see also cavalry

houses: curvilinear, 22, 24, 67, 183, 238,
239, 249, 262, 267, 305, 308
rectilinear, 17, 26, 37, 46, 60, 63, 67, 74,
85, 89, 94, 96, 102, 106, 132, 137,
165, 180, 183, 192, 239, 282, 292,
296, 308, 323, 333
model, 60, 102, 111, 113, 138, 301
human feet to vases, 39, 97, 111, 232
Huns' Beds, 188, 192

Indo-Europeans, 27, 46, 77, 123, 127, 172,
190, 195

ingot-axes, 199, 318
torques, 125, 128-9, 133, 248, 249, 298,
301

iron, 28, 206, 264
ivory, 29, 33, 109, 271, 278

jet, 226, 271, 275, 281, 338
Jordanova culture, 103, 123, 167, 196
Jordansmuhl (Poland), see Jordanova
jugs with cut-away necks, 89, 52, 66, 263

364
 INDEX

Kakovatos (Greece), 80, 336, 339
Karanovo (Bulgaria), 84, 87, 94, 104
Khirospilia, see Levkas
kilns, potters’, 32, 43, 46, 62, 73, 74, 139
Kisapostag culture, 130, 132, 298
knives, boars’ tusk, 11, 208
Knossos (Crete), 17, 21, 26, 27, 33, 77, 81,
127, 336

Koln-Lindental (Germany), 106, 118
KolomisSina (Ukraine), 142
Koros culture, see Starievo
Kossinna, G., 172, 190, 195
Krazi (Crete), 23, 24, 51, 280
Krifievskii, E., 139, 147, 173
Kuban culture, 151-5,157,158,165,195,200
Kum Tepe (Turkey), 36, 65, 92, 116
Kuyavish graves, 188-9, 191, 195, 325

ladles, clay, 17, 96

socketed, 100, 114, 184, 186, 190, 244
Lagazzi (N. Italy), 248-9
Lagozza culture, 245, 249, 287
Laibach, see Ljubljansko
lake-dwellings, 165, 247, 248, 288, 299,
291, 295

lamps, cross-footed, see quatrefoil footed
lapis lazuli, 41, 152
lead, 25, 38, 41, 51, 68, 307, 308
leather models for pots, 39, 194, 266, 267,
287, 290, 293, 303, 305, 324
see also aslcoi

Ledro, Lago di (Italy), 248-9
Leeds, E. T„ 221
leisters (fish-spears), 9, 14, 206
Lengyel culture, 92,112-5, 123
Lerna (Greece), 67, 76, 235, 237, 254
Leubingen (Germany), 200
Levkas (Greece), 58, 69, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77
Lipari, see Aeolian Islands
Litorina Sea, 2, 204
Ljubljansko Blatt (Yugoslavia), 299
lock-rings, 44, 129, 150, 200
loom-weights, 40, 86, 96
Los MiUares (Spain), 218, 256, 270-4, 285,
306, 308, 329, 340
lugs, animal-head, 23, 64, 108

trumpet, 17, 39, 65, 66, 71, 96, 125, 233,
306, 324

see also subcutaneous string-holes,
handles

lunates, see microliths
lunulse, 247, 285, 338
Lyngby (Denmark), 7

mace-heads, cushion, 331
disk, 109, 118, 184
knobbed, 122, 139, 150
rhomboid, 207

spheroid, 10, 17, 19, 38, 99, 114, 164,
260, 266, 299
spiked, 10, 164, 208

maeander patterns, 64, 96, 98, 108, 122,
231, 242

Maglemose culture, 10-12, 116, 206, 210
Maikop (S. Russia), 151-3, 157
Marinatos, S., 24
Mariupol (Ukraine), 149, 150
Matera (S. Italy), 232
mattocks, see axes, antler
megalithic tombs, see cists, dolmens,
gallery graves, passage graves
megaton houses, 41, 63, 183
Michelsberg culture, 118, 191, 290, 291-5,
306

microliths, 4, 5, 6, 9,10, 11, 13, 96, 98, 148,
150, 152, 245, 266, 267, 269, 276
see also arrow-heads, transverse
Mikhailovka (Ukraine), 147
Mikhalic (Bulgaria), 66, 68, 69, 71, 95
Mikov, V., 94, 96
Milazzo (Sicily), 239
millet, 85, 96, 136, 150, 223, 248
Milojfiid, V., 66, 84, 87, 89, 90, 92
mines, copper, 123, 128, 247, 282, 298, 302
flint, 183, 187, 235, 293, 324, 331
Minyan ware, 46, 47, 56, 73, 75, 77, 78, 79,
92 n.

models, see animals, basketry, altars,
gourds, houses, leather, wooden
Molfetta (S. Italy), 230-2, 234
Mondsee (Austria), 247, 299
Monte Bradoni (C. Italy), 241, 246
Montelius, O., 175, 185, 198, 221, 339
moulds (for casting metal), 38, 74, 83, 123,
128, 223, 249, 299

Mycenae (Greece), 29, 33, 73, 78, 127, 135,
150, 190, 218, 219, 239, 243, 250,
256, 336, 339

Natufians, 15, 23, 54, 150
Nestor, I., 142

nets (fishing), 10, 85, 110, 111, 137, 207,
289

Nezviska (Ukraine), 110, 136, 143, 144
Northsealand, 2, 13

Novosvobodnaya (Russia), 153-4,157,195
nuraghe, 262

Obermaier, H., 221

obsidian, 17, 27, 41, 48, 56, 68, 74, 76, 87,
91, 110, 113, 122, 139, 229, 231,
234, 238, 244, 245, 254, 257
ochre, red, in graves, 6, 209, 254, 259
ochre graves, 103, 168
oculi motive, 185, 271
Oder culture, 167-8, 198
Ofnet (Germany), 4

Olenix Ostrovo (N. Russia), 150, 204, 209

olives, 22, 267

Olynthos (Macedonia), 112

Orchomenos (Greece), 69, 73

Orsi, P„ 229, 239

orthostats, 213

Ossam (Austria), 124

ostrich eggs, 271

365
 INDEX

Otzaki (Greece), 58

ovens, 37, 46, 85, 89, 137, 292, 293

ovoid vases, 151, 158, 167, 204, 210, 324

paddles, 11, 208
Paestum (Italy), 241, 256, 279
palaces, 21, 26, 37, 56, 67
palettes, 19, 53, 69
Palmella (Portugal), 223, 275, 329
Pantalica (Sicily), 240
Paris cists, 312
see gallery graves

parti-coloured pottery, 58, 65, 90, 353
passage graves, 182, 185, 193, 214, 226,
242, 269, 276, 307, 316, 328
see also tholoi, rock-cut tombs
Passek, T., 136, 147
peas, 106, 289
P&el, see Baden
Peet, T. E., 229, 240
pedestailed bowls, see fruitstands
Pericot, L., 269, 307, 309
peristalith, 181, 218
see also circles round graves
Perj&mos culture, 130, 134
Pescale (Italy), 301
Peterborough ware, 324, 332
phalli, 25, 41, 46,101, 142, 325
Phylakopi (Greece), 48, 56, 75, 81
Piggott, S., 320, 323, 324, 331
pigs, 22, 37, 85, 106, 136, 145, 150, 166,
177, 195, 201, 203, 231, 248, 289,
298, 299, 304, 323
pins: bird headed, 50, 53
bulb headed, 309

Bohemian eyelet, 132, 200, 201, 248, 298
crutch headed, 193, 297
cylinder headed, 272, 274, 278, 338
double-spiral headed, 2, 44, 50, 53, 69, 98
hammer headed, 44, 76, 151, 154, 157,
165, 166, 169, 173, 183, 186, 247
knot headed, 44, 45, 129, 132, 139, 144,
201, 298

racket headed, 129, 298, 309
trefoil headed, 298, 309
with lateral loops, 331, 334
see also fibulae
piracy, 48, 61, 238

pit caves, 27, 51, 72, 91, 156, 167, 234, 241,
301

pit-comb ware, 204-210, 332
pithos burials, see burial in jars
pit ornament, 185, 204, 324
Pittioni, R„ 125, 126, 247
Plocnik (Yugoslavia), 90, 91
ploSHadki, 137
ploughs, 187, 248
points, slotted bone, 5, 10, 207
Polada (N. Italy), 246
Poliochni (Lemnos), 36, 37, 41
pollen-analysis, 1, 13, 178, 186, 206, 210,
288

polypod bowls, 309, 337

population density, see areas, cemeteries
portals, dummy, 23, 51, 72, 326
porthole slabs, 152, 158,165,190,195, 198,
217, 237, 240, 254, 259, 273, 274,
278, 313, 314, 318, 326
Postoloprty (Bohemia), 106, 132
Puglisi, 233, 240, 307
Punto del Tonno (Italy), 243, 251
pyxides, 19, 39, 54, 66, 122, 241, 272

quadrilobate vases, see square-mouthed
quatrefoil lipped cantharoi, 33, 132, 135
quatrefoil footed bowls, 86, 156, 300
querns, 85, 108, 138, 231, 254, 266, 267

races: brachycranial, 4, 6, 72, 102, 126,
156, 227, 241, 247, 260, 279, 283,
314, 329

dolichocranial, 72, 109, 126, 171, 241,
247, 260, 283, 290, 294, 314
Lapponoid, 158, 171, 203, 209
Mongoloid, 203, 209

radio carbon dates, 9,15, 36, 109, 162, 177,
269, 281, 342

rapiers, 29, 72, 79, 82, 238, 339
rattles, 112

razors, 32, 240, 243, 250
red-slipped ware, 44, 90, 276
Remedello culture, 246-8
ribbon decoration, 17, 93, 116, 122, 242
Rinaldone culture, 126, 231, 241, 301
ring pendants, 44, 64, 91, 98, 194, 198
rings: bone, 111
stone, 260, 313
Rinyo-Clacton culture, 332-4
rivets, silver, 29, 282
lead, 38

rock-cut tombs, 24, 27, 51, 72, 78, 82, 91,
213, 215, 226, 233, 236, 239, 240,
241, 254, 258, 263, 274, 275, 281,
285, 312

see also pit-caves
rock engravings, see art
Rdssen culture, 113, 117-8, 187, 190, 290,
291, 295, 304, 315
Rouzic, Z. le, 317, 319
rural economy, 58, 86, 105-6, 136, 177-8,
295, 302, 330

rusticated ornament, 58, 64, 86, 100, 108,
230, 305, 353

sacrifices, see votive offerings

Saflund, G., 249, 250

Salcu^a culture, 91, 102-3

Saale-Warta culture, 200-2, 320, 335

“salt cellars’1, 234, 241

sandals, 274, 278

Sangmeister, 106, 108, 109

sati, see burials, double

sauceboats, 52, 70, 93

saws, 29, 74, 271, 275, 276, 282

sceptre-heads, 103, 142, 158

366
 INDEX

Schachermeyr, 112
Schliemann, H., 36, 78
Schussenried style, 293, 303
scratched ornament, 231, 244, 263, 303
sea mammals, 12, 203
seals: cylinder, 36, 44, 50, 111

stamp, clay, 36, 46, 61, 87, 88, 98, 112,
142, 232, 233, 244
stone, 25, 60
seals, see sea mammals
segmented cists, 215, 226, 240, 306, 326
Seima (N.E. Russia), 170, 212
semicircle pattern, 32, 258, 260, 290, 310,
317, 326, 340
septal stones, 215, 307
Serra d’Alto (S. Italy), 232
Servia (Macedonia), 65, 92
Sesklo culture, 58, 63, 73, 88
shaft graves, 27, 51, 56, 78, 150
Shaft Graves, see Mycenae
sheep, 7, 13, 15, 37, 85, 88 n., 106, 124, 136,
145, 150, 152, 177, 179, 201, 231,
248, 269, 289, 299, 323, 328, 332
sickles, flint armed, 27, 38, 68, 85, 108, 154,
167, 197, 231, 248, 266, 267, 299
metal, 29, 47, 135, 243, 248, 250
silver, 25, 33, 41, 51, 53, 68, 75, 146, 152,
247, 256, 257, 260, 270, 283, 320
Siret, L., 267, 270, 280
Skara Brae (Orkney), see Rinyo
skis, 208
sledges, 11, 208

sleeves for celts, antler, 4, 11, 64, 74, 86,
96, 164, 247, 288, 293, 296, 297, 299,
303 313 333

sling, use of the, 35, 38, 60, 65, 68, 84, 85,
94, 156, 230, 299
slotted bone points, see points
smelting, 68, 270, 276, 298, 299
sockets, see axes, chisels, spear-heads
SOM. (Seine-Oise-Marne) culture, 214,
312-15

spatulae, bone, 60, 85, 108, 110, 266
spear-heads, metal: Helladic, 73, 79
hook-tanged, 44, 53
socketed, 30, 132, 199, 336
tanged, 334

spectacle spirals, 123, 235
Spiennes (Belgium), 293
spindle whorls, 39, 86, 96, 125, 267, 305
spiral patterns, 32, 49, 52, 54, 64, 65, 73,
78, 87, 93, 94, 96, 98, 108, 111, 115,
142, 156, 231, 236, 242, 245, 253,
256, 328, 333

splay-footed vases, 198, 263, 296, 313, 314,
318

Spondylus shell, 61, 65, 87, 91, 97, 102,
109, 113, 123, 125, 244, 254
spools, 39, 86, 125

spouts to vases, 17, 19, 24, 43, 90, 111, 112,
233

 DAWN OF EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION

But each, column is virtually independent and should be regarded
as a single scroll hanging freely from its own roller. The lower end is
always loose, so that, as far as pure archaeology is concerned, each
scroll could be rolled up at least to the 1400 notch—deduced from
segmented fayence beads. Nuclear physicists have indeed diffidently
offered some provisional radio-carbon dates1 that might act as pins
to keep some scrolls extended. So in column 15 the Windmill Hill
culture (at Ehenside Tam in the Lake District!) might be pinned about
3000 b.c.1 2 and the Secondary Neolithic of Stonehenge I at 1850; in
column 7 Early Cortaillod about 2740,3 and in column 14 the earliest,
A, funnel-beakers at 2650, while in column 2 Danubian I (in Germany!)
might go back before 4000.4 But radio-carbon dating proves to be
infected by so many potential sources of error that European pre-
historians accept its results with as much reserve as the physicists
offer them. In any case the available dates do not suffice to decide
between the competing archaeological chronologies of the European
Bronze Age set out on pp. 135. The Stonehenge figure perhaps makes
the extreme dates for the beginning of the Unetician culture—before
2000 and after 1600 b.c. respectively—less likely, but any year between
1950 and 1650 B.c. would still be equally defensible. Fortunately, for
some positive conclusions at least, these uncertainties do not matter.

Whichever chronology be eventually vindicated, the primacy of
the Orient remains unchallenged. The Neolithic Revolution was
accomplished in South-Western Asia; its fruits—cultivated cereals
and domestic stock—were slowly diffused thence through Europe,
reaching Denmark only three centuries or so after the Urban Revolu-
tion has been completed in Egypt and Sumer. Ere then the techniques
of smelting and casting copper had been discovered and were being
intelligently applied in Egypt and Mesopotamia, to be in their turn
diffused round the Mediterranean during the third millennium, but
north of the Alps only at its close, if not already in the second. The
development of industry and commerce in Greece and subsequently
in Temperate Europe was as much dependent on Oriental capital as
the industrialization of India and Japan was on British and American
capital last century.

On the other hand, European societies were never passive recipients
of Oriental contributions, but displayed more originality and inventive-

1   The method is explained by Zeuner, Dating the Past (1952), pp. 341 ff.

2   Libby, Radio Carbon Dating (Chicago, 1953), 75- British prehistorians unanimously
reject this date.

8 See p. 291, n. 3.

4   These figures have frequently been mentioned by archaeologists, but not formally
published by the responsible physicists.

342
 THE PREHISTORY OF EUROPEAN SOCIETY

ness in developing Oriental inventions than had the inventors’ more
direct heirs in Egypt and Hither Asia. This is most obvious in the
Bronze Age of Temperate Europe. In the Near East many metal types
persisted unchanged for two thousand years; in Temperate Europe an
extraordinarily brisk evolution of tools and weapons and multiplication
of types occupied a quarter of that time.

The startling tempo of progress in European prehistory thus docu-
mented is not to be explained racially by some mystic property of
European blood and soil, nor yet by reference to mere material habitat,
but rather in sociological and historical terms. No doubt the Cro-
Magnons of Europe created a unique art in the Upper Palaeolithic
Age while their mesolithic successors devised and bequeathed to con-
temporary Europe much ingenious equipment for exploiting their
environment (p. 14). No doubt, too, its deeply indented coastline,
its propitiously situated mountain ranges and navigable streams, and
its resources in tin, copper, and precious metal have conferred on our
continent advantages possessed by no other comparable land mass,
while the Mediterranean was a unique school for navigators. But the
creative utilization of these favours of Nature must be interpreted in
sociological terms.

The bounteous water-supply and seemingly unlimited land for
cultivation allowed Early Neolithic farmers an unrestricted dispersion
of population; dense aggregations had to grow up in the arid cradle of
cereal cultivation where settled farming was possible only in a few
oases or in narrow zones along the banks of permanent rivers. Hence
Jericho, the earliest known neolithic settlement in the Near East,
probably contained ten times as many inhabitants as any Early
Neolithic village in Europe. But such aggregations require rigid dis-
cipline which the scarcity of water enables society to enforce. So from
the first the Oriental environment put a premium on conformity. In
Europe it was always feasible, however perilous, to escape the restraints
of irksome custom by clearing fresh land for tillage; indeed, such an
escape was actually imposed on the younger children of a village in
historical times, at least in Italy, by the Sacred Spring. But such dis-
persion under neolithic conditions of self-sufficiency encouraged
divergence of traditions and the formation of independent societies.
Just that is imperfectly reflected during our period II in the multi-
plication within a comparatively small area of cultures distinguished
by differences in ceramic art, burial rites, equipment, and even economy.
Thereby even on our simplified map Europe appears in contrast to
Hither Asia where the Halafian and Ubaid cultures are successively
but uniformly spread over a vast area. Again in the ideological sphere

343
 DAWN OF EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION

the variations in megalithic architecture—really far greater than
could be indicated here—should be the counterpart of the fission of a
single and presumably Oriental orthodoxy into a myriad local sects.
It might then be compared to the disruption of Christianity after the
Reformation and contrasted with the faithful repetition of temple
plans from the Persian Gulf to the Orontes in the third millennium.
In short, a multiplicity of neolithic societies, distinguished by divergent
traditions but never completely isolated one from the other, offered
a European peasant some possibility of comparison and free choice.

The observed diversity was, of course, due not only to the splitting
of a few immigrant societies and foreign traditions. Divergence was
accelerated and emphasized also on the one hand by the multiplicity of
pre-existing mesolithic groups who absorbed the neolithic techniques
or were absorbed in the neolithic societies, on the other by the plurality
of external stimuli that impinged upon them from Africa, the Levant,
Anatolia, and perhaps Central Asia.

Still, material progress was impossible without an accumulation of
capital, a concentration of the social surplus. This was effected in
Early iEgean times and during period III of the temperate zone by the
emergence of chieftains or aristocracies, spiritual or temporal; it made
effective a demand for reliable metal weapons promoted by the con-
commitant intensification of warlike behaviour. Yet the small inde-
pendent groups of herdsmen, cultivators, and fishers, owing allegiance
to such rulers, just could not by themselves accumulate resources
sufficient for the development of a metallurgical industry and of an
efficient machinery for the distribution of its products. That had
demanded the Urban Revolution, the concentration of the surplus
produced by thousands of irrigation-farmers in the hands of a tiny
minority of priests, kings, and nobles in the valleys of the Nile, the
Tigris-Euphrates, and the Indus. Fortunately the effective demands
of the masters of this concentrated wealth in Egypt and Mesopotamia
enabled iEgean farmers and fishermen to secure a share in the surplus
thus accumulated without themselves submitting to the same degree
of political unification and class division. The archseological picture
of Bronze Age Greece at its most prosperous period corresponds well
with Homer’s description of many independent but loosely federated
principalities, smaller but more numerous than even the Temple
States of pre-Sargonic Mesopotamia.

In the sequel, Minoan and Mycensean demand for tin, gold, and
eventually amber, created a reliable market for the peculiar products
of Temperate Europe. Thus indirectly the barbarian societies of Central
Europe and thg British Isles obtained a share in the capital accumu-

344
 THE PREHISTORY OF EUROPEAN SOCIETY

lated through the Urban Revolution for the development of their own
extractive, manufacturing, and distributive industries without sub-
mitting to the repressive discipline of urban civilization or suffering
the irrevocable class division it entailed. Specialist craftsmen were
liberated from the absorbing preoccupation of food production, but
yet were not dependent on a single despot’s court, temple, or feudal
estate. They must no doubt sell their products and their skill to patrons,
but whether these were classless societies, as perhaps in Bohemia and
on the Middle Danube, or chieftains, as in the Saale-Warta province
and in Wessex, there was plenty of competition for their services. As
in Homeric Greece, a craftsman was welcome everywhere. So they had
every inducement to display their virtuosity and inventiveness. In
the European Bronze Age metal-workers were in fact producing for an
international market.

In the ancient East the Urban Revolution had finally divided the
societies affected by it into two economically opposed classes and had
irretrievably consigned craftsmen, the pioneers of material progress,
to the lower class. In prehistoric European and Mycenaean societies
the cleavage was never so deep, if only because of their smallness and
poverty. Craftsmen at least were not depressed into a class of slaves
or serfs.

345
 H

to

00



On

O'



co
 Segmented faience beads
 MAP I

Co

4^

00

Europe in Period I,
 MAP II

Oo

5* Meridian of 0* (ii-eeirricli

Europe in Period II.
 MAP Ilia

u>

c_n

O
 MAP IIIb

co

Cn

H

Europe in Period III: Beaker and Battle-axe cultures.
 MAP IV

Europe in Period IV: Early Bronze Age cultures and trade routes.
 NOTES ON TERMINOLOGY

Definitions of certain terms, descriptive of ceramic decoration, here used in a
special or restricted sense.

Cardial—decorated with lines executed with a shell edge.

Channelled—with relatively wide and shallow incisions, round-bottomed.
Cordoned—with applied strips of clay in relief.

Crusted—with colours (paints) applied to the vase surface after the firing of
the vessel.

Excised—with regular small triangular or square hollows made by depressing the
surface or actually cut out ("fret-work” or “chip-carving” or "false relief”).

Fluted—with flutings separated only by a sharp narrow ridge.

Grooved—with broad incisions, not normally round-bottomed.

Incrusted—with incised lines filled with white or coloured paste.

Maggot—with the impressions of a loop of whipped threads, see Fig. 155.

Particoloured—by firing the vessel so that part is reddened by the oxidization
of the iron oxides exposed to a free access of air while part is blackened by
the reduction of these oxides. (Egyptian black-topped ware is one variety.)

Rusticated—by roughening the surface, generally covered with a thick slip, by
pinching with the fingers, brushing, etc. ("barbotine”).

Rouletted—as described on p. 224.

Stab-and-drag—decorated with continuous lines formed by jabbing a pointed
implement into the soft clay, then drawing the point backwards a short
distance and stabbing it in again, and so on.

Celt, a term formerly used to describe chopping implements of stone or metal
that could be used as axes, adzes, gouges, chisels, or even hoe-blades. Here we
distinguish, where possible, between the several types and in particular describe
as

Adze—a celt that is asymmetrical about its major axis so that it could not
possibly be used as an axe (Fig. 29, D, B). When hafted the handle is
perpendicular to the plane of the blade.

Axe—therefore describes a celt that is symmetrical about its major axis even
though such a celt could often be used as an adze.

An axe (or adze) provided with a hole for the shaft, like a modem axe-head, is
termed a shaft-hole axe (or adze), but, if the butt end is elongated and
carefully shaped, the term battle-axe is conventionally used.

Burials should be described as contracted when the knees are drawn up towards
the chin so as to make an angle of 90° or less with the spinal column. When
the angle is more than a right angle, the terra, flexed should be used. Owing
to ambiguities in the authorities followed, it has not been possible to main-
tain this distinction strictly here.

Z

353
 ABBREVIATIONS

AAH.

"Aamose”

Aarbager
Acta Ay oh.
Act. y Mem.

AA

AE.

AfO.

AfA.

Afas.

AJA.

Altschles.
Am. Anthr.
AM.

Ampurias
Antiquity
Ant. J.
Anuari
Arch.

Arch. Camb.
Arch. Ert.
Arch. Hung.
Arch. J.

AR.

Arh. Vest.
Arkh. Pam.

Arsberdttelse.

APL.

AsA.

PERIODICALS AND COLLECTIVE WORKS

Acta Archesologica Hungarica, Buda-Pest.

“Stenalderbopladser i Aamosen,” by T. Mathiassen, J. Troels-
Srnith, and M. Degerbol, Nordiske Fortidsminder, iii, 3,
Copenhagen, 1943.

Aarb0ger for Nor dish Oldkyndighed og Historic, Copenhagen.
Acta Archesologica, Copenhagen.

Adas y Memorias de la Sociedad Espanola de Antropologla,
Etnograffa y Preistoria, Madrid.

’Ap^aioKoyiKov Ae\rLov, Athens.

Archcsologiai Ertcsit'6, Buda-Pest (A Magyar Tudomanyos
Akadexnia).

Archiv fur Orientforschung, Vienna.

Archiv fur Anthropologic, Brunswick.

Association fran9aise pour Tavancement des Sciences (Reports
of congresses).

American Journal of Archaeology (Archaeological Institute of
America).

Altschlesien, Breslau (Schlesische Altertumsverein).

American Anthropologist (New Haven, Conn.).

Mitteilungen des archaologischen Instituts des deutschen Reiches,
Athenische Abteilung.

Ampurias, Barcelona.

Antiquity, Gloucester.

Antiquaries' Journal, London (Society of Antiquaries).

Anuari de I'Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona.

ArchcBologia, London (Society of Antiquaries).

Archceologia Cambrensis, Cardiff.

See A .E.

Archesologia Hungarica, Buda-Pest.

Archaeological Journal, London (R. Archaeological Institute).

Archeologiske Rozhledy, Praha (Ceckoslovenskd Akademie
VSd).

Arheoloski Vestnik, Ljubljana (Slovenska Akademija Znanosti)

Arkheolog. Pamyaiki U.R.S.R., Kiev (Ukrainian Academy of
Sciences).

Arsberdttelse K. Humanistiska Vetenskapssamfundets i Lund.
Archivo de Prehistoria Levantina, Valencia.

Anzeiger fur schweizerische Altertumskunde, Zurich.

354
 ABBREVIATIONS

AsAg.

ASPRB.

Bad. Fb.

BCH.

Belleten

Bl.f.d.V.

Bol.R.Acad.Hist.

BP.

BRGK.

Archives suisses d’Anthropologie generate, Geneva.

American School of Prehistoric Research, Bulletin, New Haven,
Conn.

Badische Fundberichte, Baden-Baden.

Bulletin de correspondance hellenique.

Belleten, Ankara (Turk Tarih Kurumu).

Blatter fur deutsche Vorgeschichte, Konigsberg.

Boletin de la R. Academia de la Historia, Madrid.

Bullettino di paletnologia italiana, Parma, Roma.

Bericht der rbmisch-germanischen Kommission des arch.
Instituts des deutschen Reiches, Frankfurt.

BSA.

BSR.

BSABrux.

BSAPar.

BSPF.

CIIA.

CIPP.

CISPP.

Cuadernos

Dacia

Dolg.

’AW

ESA.

FA.

FM.

FNA.

Fv.

Gallia

Germania

IGAIMK.

Inst. Arch.AR.

IPEK.

lYH-.Mem.

Iraq

Annual of the British School at Athens.

Papers of the British School at Rome.

Bulletin et Memoires de la Soci6te d’Anthropologie de
Bruxelles.

Bulletin de la Soci6t6 d’Anthropologie de Paris.

Bulletin de la Soci6t6 prdhistorique fran£aise, Paris.

Institut international d’anthropologie, Congres.

Comisidn de investigaciones paleontologicas y prehistoricas,
Madrid (Junta para Ampliaci6n de estudios cientificas).

Congres international des sciences pr6historiques et proto-
historiques.

Cuadernos de Historia Primitiva, Madrid.

Dacia'. Recherches et Decouvertes arcMologiques en Roumanie,
Bucuresti.

Dolgozatok a m. kir. Ferencz J dszef-tudom&nyegyetem
archaeologia int6zet6bol, Szeged.

’E<pr]nepis ’ApxaioXoytKrj, Athens.

'Eurasia septentrionalis antiqua, Helsinki.

Folya Archceologica, Buda-Pest.

Finsht Museum, Helsinki.

Fra Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark, Copenhagen.

Fornvannen, Stockholm (K. Vitterhets, Historie och Anti-
kvitets Alcademien).

Gallia, Paris.

Rdmisch-germanische Kommission des archaologischen Insti-
tuts des deutschen Reiches.

Izvesiiya Gos. Akademrya Istorii Materialnoi Kultury, Lenin-
grad-Moskva.

Annual Report of London University Institute of Archaeology,
London.

Jakrbuch fur prdhistorische und ethnographische Kunst, Koln.

Institut de Pal6ontologie humaine, MSmoire, Paris.

Iraq, London (British School of Archaeology in Iraq).

355