The restored Pelops was endowed with such beauty that
Poseidon gave him a chariot which would fly over land and
sea, and confident in his charms he presented himself as a
suitor of Hippodameia, the daughter of Oinomaos, king of
Pisa in Elis. The maiden reciprocated his love, but he was
unable to wed her because of the strange conditions imposed
by her father, who had been told by an oracle that he would be
murdered by the man who should wed his daughter. Resolved
to defeat the oracle by having no son-in-law, he challenged
each of his daughter's suitors to a chariot-race, stipulating
that if the suitor won he was to receive Hippodameia, but that
if he lost he was to be killed. Carried by his horses, which were
swifter than the north wind, Oinomaos had always overtaken
the suitors, as a row of heads before his palace eloquently
testified, but Pelops knew all this and bribed Myrtilos, the
king's charioteer, to draw the linchpins of his master's car,



 



 



I20 GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

8o that in the race with Pelops Oinomaos was thrown, and,
caught in the reins, was dragged to his death. With Hippo-
dameia Pelops sailed to his home in Argos, where there
were afterward bom to them, among other sons, Atreus and
Thyestes.

For the sins of Tantalos an inevitable curse of family strife
and bloodshed followed all the generations of his house.
Unknown to Atreus, his wife yielded herself and her affections
to Thyestes. Now Atreus had promised to sacrifice to Artemis
the most beautiful animal that should be found among his
flocks, but when one of his ewes gave birth to a golden lamb,^
he greedily coveted the precious creature, and strangling it
hid its body in a chest that the goddess might not see it.
Besides himself, only his wife knew of this lamb, which he
seemed to regard as the emblem of the kingship at Mykenai,
and she privily gave it to Thyestes, who thereby secured the
throne. Prompted by Zeus, Atreus made a pact with his
brother that if the sun should be seen to reverse its usual
course, the kingship was to revert to himself. One morning
the sun chanced to be in total eclipse. Interpreting this as
the setting of the sun in the east, Thyestes yielded to Atreus,
and then, when all his iniquity was revealed, was expelled
from the country. Some time afterward, under the guise of a
reconciliation, Atreus recalled him, but actually it was in
order to wreak a most revolting revenge, for he killed Thyestes'
children and served their cooked flesh to their parent, and in
the midst of the meal, with ghoulish satisfaction, made known
to the father the nature of the food. Thyestes fled, plotting
revenge in his turn, and an oracle declared to him that his
desire would be realized through a son whom he should beget
by his own daughter. His spirit rebelling at the thought, he
endeavoured by all possible means to avoid bringing the oracle
to fulfilment, even though he should lose his kingdom. Destiny
was against him, however, for Aigisthos, a son of unwitting
incest, restored him to Mykenai, where he ruled until driven



 



 



 



 



PLATE XXX

The Sacrifice of Iphigeneia

Diomedes and Odysseus, a strongly built, bearded
man, are carrying Iphigeneia to the altar faintly visible
at the right of the scene. The maiden raises her
hands toward her father, Agamemnon, the veiled per-
sonage to the left, in a last appeal for help. Between
her and the altar towers the foreboding figure of Kal-
chas, clad in his ceremonial robes and meditatively
holding the sacrificial knife in his raised right hand.
High in a background of cloud a nymph is leading a
deer to Artemis, whose image, flanked by hunting-
dogs, stands on the column beside Agamemnon.
From a Pompeian wall-painting ( Herman n-Bruck-
mann, Denkmdler der Malerei ie$ Altertums^ No. 15).
See pp. 1 25-26.



 



 




 



 



 



 



THE TALE OF TROY 121

out by Atreus's sons, Agamemnon and Menelaos, aided by
Tyndareos of Sparta. These two sons married daughters of
Tyndareos; the former took KJytaimestra and ruled at My-
kenai, and the latter wedded Helen and succeeded his father-
in-law on the throne of Sparta.

The House of Aiakos. — After her removal to the island of
Oinone, as we have read in the tales of Corinth, the nymph
Aigina bore to Zeus a son named Aiakos. Noticing that he
was without companions, his father, turning the ants of the
island iiito human beings, made Aiakos their king, and by a
play on the Greek word for ant (/av^m^?? ) these ant-men were
known as Myrmidons. By a first marriage Aiakos had two
sons, Peleus and Telamon, and by a second, another son,
Phokos. Of all men of that age Aiakos was the most devoted
to the worship of the gods, and so dear was he to them on that
account that when a famine came upon Hellas, they removed it
in answer to his supplication alone, while after death he was
accorded a high place in the kingdom of Hades.

Spurred on by jealousy, Peleus and Telamon killed their
brother Phokos and for their crime were sent into exile.
Telamon took refuge in the island of Salamis, where later he
became king and married into the line of Pelops, the fruit of
this union being the hero Aias (Ajax). Afterward Telamon
accompanied Herakles on his expedition against Troy, and as
a reward for his services received Hesione, by whom he became
the father of Teukros.

Peleus made his way to Phthia in Thessaly and there won
the king's daughter and a portion of land. Accidentally killing
his father-in-law, he hastened to lolkos, where Akastos purged
him of his pollution, and where, too, Akastos's wife made the
same charge against him that Proitos's wife had alleged against
Bellerophon. Akastos believed the tale, as was only too nat-
ural, but fearing to take Peleus's life openly resorted to many
underhanded plots, although in the end Peleus was saved by
the Centaur Cheiron, and from that day these two were fast



 



 



122 GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

friends. Becoming enamoured of the sea-nymph Thetis, the
daughter of Nereus, and finding himself bafiled by her power
to assume any shape she wished, he was counselled by the
wise Cheiron to seize her and defy her elusiveness. This he did,
and though she became now fire, now water, and now beast, he
clung to her until, resuming her normal form, she consented
to marriage, and they were wedded on Mount Pelion in the
presence of all the gods, who gave them many priceless gifts.

In due time a son was bom to Peleus and Thetis, and to
cleanse him of his inheritance of mortality his mother would
bathe him in ambrosia by day and pass him through fire by
night, but Peleus protested at the harshness of the treatment,
and Thetis, offended, retired to her home in the sea. Peleus
placed the infant in the care of Cheiron, who fed him on the
flesh and marrow of wild beasts, and gave him the name of
Achilles because his lips had not touched a mother's breast
(by a false etymology with i-, "not," and X€Z\o9, "lip"),
training him, too, in the hunt and in those sports that develop
the peculiar strength and beauty of a man. When the boy was
nine years old, ELalchas, the prophet, foretold that, if he went
with the Greeks against Troy, he should surely die there; and
yet, he said, the Hellenes could not conquer the city without
him. Through a strange infatuation Thetis hoped to evade the
prophecy and sent Achilles, dressed as a girl, to the court of
Lykomedes, king of Skyros, where he remained for six years.
At the end of this time Odysseus was deputed by the Greeks
to go to Skyros and bring Achilles to Troy, but the young man's
disguise safely concealed him for a while. At length the wily
Odysseus had his men blow a loud alarm of trumpets, when
out into the main hall of the palace rushed Achilles, who
thinking an enemy was upon them threw off his feminine
garb and donned his armour. Now that his identity was es-
tablished, he was easily persuaded by Odysseus to espouse
the cause of the Greeks, and with his bosom friend Patroklos
he joined the host at Aulis.



 



 



THE TALE OF TROY 123

Diomedes and Odysseus. — Of all the other heroes who
fought about Troy the most conspicuous are Diomedes and
Odysseus, the first of whom was the son of that Tydeus who
fell before Thebes. A warrior from his youth, he took part in
the capture of Thebes by the Epigonoi and led to Troy eighty
ships from the Argolid and outlying islands. He was valiant
in battle, resourceful in plotting, and wise in the councils of
his peers. Frequently associated with him, especially when
trickery was to be employed, was Odysseus. This man gen-
erally passed as the son of Antikleia, a daughter of Autolykos,
and of Laertes, though some gossipy myths will have it that
he was in reality the son of Sisyphos, his craftiness and ver-
satility being thus explained as inheritances from both sides
of the house. Once during his youth, when on a visit to his
grandfather Autolykos near Mount Pamassos, he was wounded
on the knee by a boar, and in healing, the wound left a scar by
which he was recognized years afterward by his old nurse.
Another time, when Laertes sent him to the mainland to
demand restitution from certain Messenians who had carried
off some of their sheep from Ithake, he met Iphitos and re-
ceived from him the bow which only Odysseus could draw.
He won as his bride Penelope, the daughter of Ikarios of Lake-
daimon, one of whose acts, soon after their marriage, fore-
shadowed the unswerving fidelity of her later years. It is said
that when Odysseus refused to make his home in Lakedaimon,
Ikarios, like a fond parent, persistently besought his daughter
to remain behind her husband, until at last Odysseus, losing
patience, bade her choose between himself and her father,
whereupon, without a word, she drew down her veil and fol-
lowed her husband. In Ithake she bore him a son Telemachos,
but while the child was still in arms, Menelaos came with
Palamedes to Odysseus to entreat his aid against Troy.
Being averse to war, he feigned madness, but Palamedes saw
through the ruse, and taking Telemachos from his mother
made as if to run him through with a sword. At this Odysseus



 



 



124 GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

admitted his pretence, but though he consented to their re-
quest he ever after bore a grudge against Palamedes.

The Kypria; Traditional Causes of the War. — "There was
a time when thousands upon thousands of men cumbered the
broad bosom of earth. Having pity on them, Zeus in his great
wisdom resolved to lighten earth's burden. So he caused the
strife at Ilion to the end that through death he might make a
void in the race of men; and the heroes perished, thus bringing
to pass the will of Zeus." In these words the late epic known
as the Kypria,* with an almost modern political casuistry,
traces the cause of the war back to overpopulation. Instead
of solving the problem by thunderbolt and flood, Zeus decided
to use a much less direct method. First of all he brought about
the marriage of Thetis with the mortal Peleus, and then he
begat a daughter Helen, who was so beautiful that it could
be said of her:

''She snareth strong men's eyes; she snareth tall
Cities; and fire from out her eateth up
Houses. Such magic hath she, as a cup
Of death." »

In brief, she was a trouble-maker by birth. Into the midst of
the gods, gathered at the wedding of Peleus, Zeus sent Eris,
who stirred up a quarrelsome debate among Hera, Athene, and
Aphrodite, as to which of them was the most beautiful; and
Zeus, knowing that, woman-like, they could never settle the
question of themselves, had them appear on Mount Ida before
Paris as arbiter.

"... And this Paris judged beneath the trees
Three Crowns of Life, three diverse Goddesses.
The gift of Pallas was of War, to lead
His East in conquering battles, and make bleed
The hearths of Hellas. Hera held a Throne —
If majesties he craved — to reign alone
From Phrygia to the last realm of the West.
And Cypris, if he deemed her loveliest,



 



 



 



 



PLATE XXXI

Hektor Taking Leave of Andromache

Owing to its lack of feeling this scene is an inade-
quate illustration of the famous episode in the sixth
book of the Iliad. The central figures are, of course,
Hektor and Andromache. Behind the former his
driver Kebriones is mounted on one of the two chariot
horses, while behind the latter stand Paris and Helen.
The figures approaching from the sides are not named.
From a Chalkidian krater of about 550 B.C., in
Wurzburg (Furtwangler-Reichhold, Griichische Vasin^
malerei^ No. 1 01). Se^ p. 120.



 



 




 



 



 



 



THE TALE OF TROY 125

Beyond all heaven, made dreams about my face

And for her grace gave me [i. e, Helen]. And, lo! her grace

Was judged the fairest, and she stood above

Those twain." *

Paris then awarded Aphrodite the apple inscribed with the
legend, "To the most beautiful.'*

At the suggestion of the goddess whom he had honoured
Paris built a ship and with fair omens went to Sparta, where
he was courteously entertained. During an absence of Mene-
laos, however, he threw the laws of hospitality to the winds,
made love to Helen, and at last, with her full consent, carried
her away in his ship along with her jewels and handmaidens,
landing her in Troy after a devious and stormy voyage.
When Menelaos demanded her return and was refused, he
remembered the oath sworn by his fellow-suitors and resolved
to invoke their aid in a war of punishment; wherefore, with
his brother Agamemnon of Mykenai, he gathered together
the chieftains of the Greeks and set sail from Aulis. They
landed first on the coast of Teuthrania, which they attacked
under the impression that it was Troy, and here it was that
Telephos, the son of Auge and Herakles, was sorely wounded
by the spear of Achilles. When the Greeks endeavoured to
sail thence to their proper destination, they were caught by
a storm and driven back to their home coasts. Again Menelaos
marshalled them at Aulis, but this time he took the precau-
tion of securing some one to guide them straight to their goal,
and such a leader was present in the person of Telephos, who,
out of gratitude for having his wound healed by the same spear
with which it had been caused, consented to serve the Greeks.
At Aulis Agamemnon killed a sacred hind of Artemis and the
goddess in anger sent "on that great host storms and despair
of sailing,"* whereupon Kalchas consulted the omens and
made known to Agamemnon that he could not obtain fair
winds until his daughter Iphigeneia should be sacrificed on the
altar of Artemis. Shrinking from the task of taking the maiden



 



 



126 GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

from her mother, Agamemnon deputed it to Odysseus, who,
shamelessly representing that she was to become the bride of
Achilles, led her away from Mykenai. Just as her blood was
about to be spilt on the altar, however, Artemis put a deer in
her place and bore her away unseen to the land of the barba-
rous Tauri, where she became a priestess in her service. Then
the seas became calm, and the fleet set sail.

On their way the Greeks touched at Tenedos, where Philo-
ktetes, the possessor of the bow of Herakles, received on the
foot a serpent's bite which developed into so loathsome a sore
that he had to be removed from Lemnos. At length the army
came to the shores of Troy and found their landing disputed
by the Trojans. Desirous to acquire the fame of being the
first to land, although it meant certain death, Protesilaos, one
of the younger heroes, leaped ashore and fell then and there
before the spear of Hektor. When the tidings of his untimely
death reached his young bride Laodameia, she besought the
gods that for three hours her husband be restored to her.
They heard her prayer, but so great was her grief at the hour
of his final departure to Hades that in despair she made an
image of him, and finding no comfort in it took her own
life. Unable to assail Troy directly with any chances of suc-
cess, the Greeks sacked many of the Trojans' supply cities and
captured much booty. After one of these raids Achilles re-
ceived as his prize a maiden, Briseis, and Agamemnon another
maiden, Chryseis, a daughter of Chryses, a priest of Apollo;
and it was through the presence of these maidens in the camp
that the great wrath of Achilles was kindled with such momen-
tous consequences for the Greeks.

The Iliad, — The poet of the Kypria gathered up the legends
describing the events of the war prior to the action of the Iliad
of Homer. The theme of the Iliad^ on the contrary, is one epi-
sode alone, the Wrath of Achilles, though it has been so
treated that by skilful allusions it gives glimpses of earlier
happenings of the war; and in this way the recital of the poem



 



 



THE TALE OF TROY 127

is devoid of the monotony that would otherwise result from its
failure to touch on raids on the outlying territories of Troy
during the twenty-eight days allotted to the action of the
epic. ,

Books I-VI. — A plague fell upon the Greek host, smiting
man and beast so grievously that "the pyres of the dead burnt
continually in multitude," • and when Kalchas explained this
as the visitation of Apollo's anger for the seizure of Chryseis,
Agamenmon, with bitter reluctance, restored her to her father,
and the plague was stayed. In his thoughtless selfishness,
however, Agamemnon took Achilles' Brisels in her place,
whereupon, maddened with anger, Achilles swore that from
that day he would withhold his strength and skill from the
Greeks even though many of them should fall by the hand
of Hektor; and in her sea-home Thetis heard her son's com-
plaint and won from Zeus the promise that victory would be
denied the Greeks until they should do honour to Achilles.
Prompted by Zeus in a dream, Agamemnon mustered the army
for an assault on Troy, but at the sight of the Trojans' prepara-
tions for resistance he weakened in his purpose and like a
craven suggested to the Greeks that they abandon the war
as hopeless. The stubborn Odysseus opposed him, however,
and forced him to change his will and do battle with the foe.
Long the tide of strife swung uncertainly this way and that,
until at length Hektor, impatient for a decision, and weary of
the shameless Helen, proposed that Paris and Menelaos fight
a duel and that to the victor Helen and her wealth be finally
surrendered. By an oath and a sacrifice the opposing leaders
ratified their willingness to stand by the outcome of the duel,
and Paris and Menelaos then came forth and fought. At one
moment, when Menelaos had Paris at his mercy and the end
of the war seemed to be in sight, to the unspeakable despair of
the Greeks Aphrodite veiled Paris in a cloud and hurried him
away to safety behind the walls. The gods, taking sides,
willed that the strife continue uncertain, and inspired the com-



 



 

Before the captives were enclosed in the labyrinth, Ariadne,
a daughter of Minos, fell in love with Theseus and promised to
help him find his way out of the prison, if he would bind him-
self to take her to Athens and make her his wife. Theseus
promptly gave this easy pledge, and at the suggestion of Dai-
dalos Ariadne then presented him with a skein of linen thread
which he was to unwind as he advanced to the innermost re-
cess of the labyrinth. Once there he easily slew the Minotaur
with his fists, and by following the thread made his way back
to the light. Embarking on his ship with Ariadne, he fled from
Crete and touched at the island of Naxos, but as to just what
happened here the sources are not agreed. One has it that
Theseus, tiring of his bride, deserted her, and that she in
despair hanged herself; another, that Dionysos, enamoured
of her, conveyed her to Lemnos and forced her to wed him;
and still another, that, driven by a storm on the shores of
Cyprus, Ariadne died from exposure and Theseus instituted



 



 



I02 GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

regular sacrifices at her tx>mb. At all events, Theseus reached
home without her, but as the ship drew near to Athens, the
helmsman in his great joy forgot to hoist the white sail, and
Aigeus, seeing the black one, threw himself over the cliffs on
which he stood and was dashed to pieces. On landing Theseus
buried his father's remains and paid his vows to Apollo.




Fig. 4. Theseus and the Minotauk

Theseus, an athletic young man, with his left hand seizes the Minotaur by a horn,
while with his right hand he is about to thrust at the monster with a short sword.
Compare this manner of killing with that mentioned in the text. The two spectators
of the struggle may be Minos and Ariadne. From a red-figured kraUr of the fifth
century B.C., found at Gela {Monumenti Jntichi, xvii, Plate XXX).

Theseus and the Bull of Marathon. — The story of Theseus
and the bull of Marathon is really a continuation of that of
his Cretan adventures. It will be remembered that the beast
had killed Androgeos, the son of Minos, and after this it con-
tinued, unchecked, its ravages among both men and crops.
Assigning himself the task of subduing it, Theseus went to
Marathon, grappled with the bull, and by sheer strength of
muscle forced it to submit to his will, after which he drove it
across country and through the streets of Athens, at last sacri-
ficing it on the altar of Apollo.



 



 



THESEUS 103

Thesevj as King and Statesman. — When, on the death of
his father, Theseus became the head of the state, he soon per-
ceived that the lack of proper political association among the
scattered townships of Attike was a great source of weak-
ness for his country, and in order to secure co-operation among
them in the works of peace and war alike he persuaded the
various communities to unite in the formation of a common-
wealth. He then appointed central places for meeting and
conference, instituted a national festival, drew up laws, and
issued a state currency; he divided the populace into three
classes, nobles, farmers, and artisans, giving each class its
special political function; he invited outsiders to settle in
Athens and enjoy the rights of citizenship; he annexed Megara,
and in emulation of Herakles founded games on the Isthmus
in honour of Poseidon. In order to appear democratic he pro-
posed to the people that he be known, not as king, but as com-
mander-in-chief of the army and defender of the laws, yet,
despite all this, he was always regarded as king.

The Later Adventures of Theseus; the Amazons. — Like
Herakles, Theseus had what we may call his supernumerary
adventures, the first of which is generally accounted to have
been his expedition against the Amazons. Whether this was
purely his own venture, or whether he was merely the comrade
of Herakles, is by no means clearly determined, but in either
instance, he won Antiope as the prize of his efforts and took
her back to Athens. For her seizure the Amazons declared
war against Athens and besieged the Acropolis, encamping
on an eminence at its foot, and since they were the daugh-
ters of Ares, this height was from that time known as Are-
opagos (for another legendary explanation of the name, see
above, p. 70). The siege lasted four months and was broken
only through the intercession of Theseus^s Amazon wife,
although some authorities, on the contrary, assert that she
fought against her own race and died at her husband's side,
pierced by a javelin. Many of the slain Amazons were buried



 



 



104 GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

in the vicinity of Athens, and their graves were objects of
interest to travellers for many centuries. This mythical con-
flict foreshadowed the later wars of history in which Athens
was to be the leader of the Greeks against invading barba-
rians.

Theseus and Hippolytos. — If we are to discredit the story
of Antiope^s noble death, we must accept another in which
she was set aside by the fickle Theseus in favour of Phaidra,
a sister of the deserted Ariadne. According to this version,
her rejection gave her a pretext for leading the Amazons to
prosecute a war against Athens, but by Theseus she left a son
Hippolytos who turned out to be "a somewhat intractable
compound of a Jehu and a Joseph." As a youth he was de-
voted to the hunt and was a diligent worshipper of the chaste
Artemis, while Aphrodite and all her works he hated with a
holy hatred. For this Aphrodite punished him, causing his
step-mother Phaidra to bum with love for him and to make
evil advances, but when he haughtily rejected these, she
slandered him before his father, who banished him and be-
sought Poseidon to visit destruction upon him as the fulfil-
ment of one of the three wishes he was to grant. Poseidon
heard the prayer and raised up from the sea an enormous bull
which so frightened the horses of Hippolytos that they ran
away and killed him. When it was too late, the truth of the
matter was revealed to the remorseful Theseus, while the guilty
Phaidra took her own life by hanging.

Friendship with Peirithoos. — Peirithoos had heard of the
great strength of Theseus, and, in order to test it, drove some
of Theseus's cattle from the plain of Marathon. Theseus pur-
sued the raider, but, when they came face to face, they found
themselves unexpectedly attracted to one another. Peirithoos
promptly offered to pay whatever damages Theseus might
claim, but all that the latter would accept was a pledge of
friendship, and thenceforth they were inseparable. Theseus
was present at the wedding of Peirithoos to Deidameia in the



 



 



THESEUS los

country of the Lapithai, when some Thessalian Centaurs, who
were also guests, became heated with wine and attacked the
Lapith women; but, led by Theseus, the men fought them off,
slew some, and drove others from the land.

When Theseus was about fifty years old, the two friends
kidnapped Helen of Sparta and held her for a while in Attic
territory, this constituting an adventure with whose details
we have already become acquainted. During her detention
Theseus accompanied Peirithoos to the home of Hades to
seize Persephone and make her the bride of Peirithoos, but the
task was not like that of capturing the partly mortal Helen,
for Hades had the two abductors overpowered and bound with
serpents to the Seat of Lethe ("Forgetfulness")* Herakles
later set Theseus free, but even his great strength was insuf-
ficient to enable him to loose Peirithoos.

Death of Theseus. — On returning to Athens Theseus learned
that Helen's brothers had stormed the fortress where she had
been held captive and had taken her back to Sparta, and, along
with her, his own mother Aithra, while, to increase his troubles,
another political party was in the ascendancy and was in-
stigating the people against him. Finding the opposition too
great, he solemnly cursed the Athenians and with his family
withdrew to the rocky island of Skyros, where, it is said, at
the command of the king of the island he was pushed over
the sea-cliffs and killed. After the fall of Troy his children
returned to Athens and reigned. Nevertheless, the spirit of
Theseus was not dead, for at Marathon he fought on the
side of the Athenians and turned the tide of battle in their
favour. At the close of the Persian wars his bones were brought
to Athens from Skyros in obedience to an oracle, and buried
with great pomp in a tomb in the heart of the city.



 



 



CHAPTER VII
THE VOYAGE OF THE ARGO

THE voyage of the Argo is the great culminating episode
in the vicissitudes of certain branches of the family of
Aiolos, and it will, therefore, be necessary to review the lives
of the most important personages of this family.

The Descendants of Aiolos; SalmoneuSj Pelias. — Salmoneus,
a son of Aiolos who had settled in Elis, drew upon himself the
divine anger for having attempted to usurp some of the pre-
rogatives of Zeus, for he made a practice of imitating the
thunder and the lightning of a rain-storm and was killed by a
real bolt from the hand of Zeus. From this description of him
we are to infer that he was of the class of rain-making magi-
cians still to be found in some primitive communities. His
daughter Tyro was forced to yield to the embraces of Posei-
don and bore twin sons, Nereus (Neleus) and Pelias, who were
exposed in infancy, but were found and reared in another
family than their own. Nereus and his children were slain by
Herakles at Pylos, but Pelias took up his abode somewhere
in Thessaly, married, and had, among other children, a son
Akastos and a daughter Alkestis who was destined to become
one of the most famous of women. For an impious act of his
youth Hera visited on Pelias a curse which was to follow him
through life. Tyro, after the abandonment of her children,
was legally wedded to Kretheus, her father's brother, and be-
came the mother of three more children, Amythaon, Aison,
and Pheres, who lived together in the Thessalian city of
lolkos which Kretheus had founded, until Pheres, with laud-
able enterprise, built the new city of Pherai, on an inland site



 



 



 



 



PLATE XXVII
The Argonauts

The interpretation of this scene is by no means
certain. It has been explained as depicting a band of
Athenian warriors about to give battle to the Persians
in the presence of the gods and heroes of old.
Generally, however, it is thought to represent a group
of the Argonauts, without reference to any particular
episode. If this interpretation is correct, one can
easily perceive the appropriate appearance of Athene,
the divine patroness of the Argo, of Herakles, with
club and lion-skin, and of one of the Dioskouroi, with
his horse. Any attempt to identify the other figures
would be purely fanciful. From a red-figured krater of
the end of the fifth century B.C., in the Louvre (Furt-
wangler-Reichhold, GnVf Awe A^ Vasenmalereiy^o. io8).



 



 




 



 



 



 



THE VOYAGE OF THE ARGO 107

not many leagues away, and became its king. In his old age
Pheres gave up the throne to his son Admetos.

Admetos and Alkestis. — The story of the courtship and
wedded life of Admetos is the theme of the Alkestis of Euripi-
des. The beginning of the story goes back to Apollo's slay-
ing of the Kyklopes in revenge for the death of his son Asklep-
ios, and for this murder he was punished by Zeus, being sent
to serve as a slave to a mortal man. That man chanced to be
Admetos, who treated the god with the kindest hospitality
and was rewarded by a great increase in his flocks and herds.
Seeking in marriage Alkestis, the daughter of his kinsman
Pelias, he went to lolkos and paid her court, but her father
had promised that he would give her only to the man who
should succeed in yoking to a car a lion and a wild boar.
When it seemed to Admetos as if this impossible condition
would compel him to forego his love, Apollo yoked the animals,
and helped him win his bride. At the wedding-sacrifice, how-
ever, Admetos forgot to give victims to Artemis, who, to
requite him, filled his bridal chamber with serpents, but
Apollo bade him offer suitable propitiation and obtained for
him from the Fates the boon that, when about to pass away,
he should be spared the actual terrors of dissolution through
the death of a voluntary substitute. At last Admetos's fated
day came, and of all his friends and kin none but his dear
wife Alkestis was willing to die for him. He became well again
while she sickened and died and was buried; but by chance
Herakles passed through Pherai bound for Thrace, and learn-
ing the cause of the mourning in the house he entered the tomb,
defeated Death, and amid general rejoicing brought Alkestis
back to her husband.

AthamaSy Phrixos, and Helle, — Athamas, another son of
Aiolos, had two children, a son Phrixos and a daughter Helle,
by an earlier marriage than that with Ino, who was very jealous
of them and plotted to destroy them. Secretly advising the
women of the country to roast the corn before sowing, she



 



 



io8 GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

brought about a failure of the crops, and when Athamas sent
messengers to the oracle to inquire how to remove this condi-
tion, Ino suborned them, and they brought back a false re-
port, announcing that the land would again bear fruit if
Phrixos were sacrificed to Zeus. As the lad stood by the altar
to be slain, his mother Nephele suddenly led out a ram with
a golden fleece, the offspring of Poseidon and Theophane, and
placing Phrixos and Helle on the animal she drove it away.
Swiftly it went eastward overland to the straits between Europe
and Asia, but as it was swimming these Helle fell off its back
into the water and was drowned, whence, ever afterward, the
Greeks knew the straits as the Hellespont ("Helle's Sea^O*
Phrixos, on the other hand, was borne by the ram to the farther
end of the Euxine, where was the land of Kolchis, over which
King Aietes ruled. There, as one story says, he grew to man-
hood and afterward returned to his old home in the west;
although, according to a variant legend, he was killed by Aietes,
and the ram was sacrificed to Zeus, while its golden fleece was
hung on a mighty oak in the grove of Ares and guarded by a
dragon.

The Return of lason. — The narrative now returns to lolkos.
When Kretheus died, his son Aison was dispossessed of his king-
dom by his half-brother Pelias, but he still lived on in lolkos
and offered no resistance to the usurper. To prepare, however,
for a day of vengeance he craftily announced that his son
lason was dead, whereas, in reality, he had sent him away to
Cheiron to be educated, while to Pelias he made the prophecy
that some day he, Pelias, would die at the hands of an Aiolid
or by an incurable poison. Years after this lason returned to
lolkos, and with many others was invited by Pelias to a feast of
Poseidon, but in crossing a swollen stream on the way he
chanced to lose his left sandal in the mire. As he approached
with only his right foot shod, Pelias observed him, and when
he learned who he was called to mind with a great shock that
this was the mark of the man by whom he was doomed to die.



 



 



THE VOYAGE OF THE ARGO 109

After a conference of several days with his father and other
kinsfolk, lason, appearing before Pelias, boldly asked him to
surrender the throne and sceptre, and the usurper weakly
assented, but begged him to have pity on his old age. Would
he not first of all, he asked, recover the Golden Fleece, and by
thus appeasing the soul of Phrixos bring peace to the line of
Aiolos ? On this condition Pelias was willing to step down from
the throne without a struggle. lason accepted the task, but,
suspecting a ruse against his life, engaged Akastos, Pelias's
son, to share the dangers of the adventure with him.

The Voyage of the Argo. — Summoning Argos, a son of
Phrixos, lason bade him build a fifty-oared ship, and with
the help of Athene Argos fashioned "the most excellent of all
ships that have made trial of the sea with oars," ^ and named
it the Argo. Into its prow Athene fitted a piece of the talking
oak of Zeus at Dodona, and when it was completed lason
sent heralds throughout Greece announcing his expedition.
From all parts men hastened to enroll themselves as his com-
panions. Their number was too great for us to catalogue them
here, but we may say that all of them were real "heroes, the
crown of men, like gods in fight," many of whom we have met
in the myths already recorded. Bidding farewell to the people
of lolkos, the company withdrew to the seashore, and beside
the ship held a council in which with one accord they elected
lason their leader. After a sacrifice to Apollo in which they
found the omens favourable, they launched the Argo and sailed
away through the Gulf of Pagasai to the open Aegean, "and
their arms shone in the sun like flames as the ship sped on." *
Skirting the coast, they held first a northward and later an
eastward course, until they came to Lemnos, where lived a
race of women, ruled by Hypsipyle, who out of jealousy
had killed off all their husbands, but who, by this time weary
of single existence, joyfully welcomed the Argons crew and
tempted them to delay among them for a season. With the
weakness of true sailors the men yielded to their beguilements



 



 



no GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

and lingered many days; and perhaps they would utterly have
forgotten their goal had not Herakles vigorously brought them
to their senses. Embarking once more, they sailed north to
Samothrace, where they accepted initiation into the sacred
mysteries in order to ensure themselves a safe return, and
thence they passed through the Hellespont, "dark-gleaming
with eddies,'* to the island of Kyzikos, the land of the Doliones.
Here they obtained stores and information, and had to ward
off an attack of the six-armed Earth-bom men, many of whom
fell before the bow of Herakles. After proceeding only a short
distance eastward, they were buffeted by head winds and
driven back to another part of the island. The same Doliones
who had given them food saw them land but were unable
to recognize them owing to the distance, and taking them for
pirates they set upon them, only to bring destruction upon
themselves. For twelve days and twelve nights the Argonauts
were detained here by reason of storms, which abated, how-
ever, after a sacrifice to Hera. When they had rowed to a point
on the coast of Mysia, Herakles and Hylas, his favourite youth,
went ashore and made their way into the forest, the one to get
wood and the other to draw water; but as Hylas stooped over
a spring, the water-nymphs, won by his beauty, reached up and
drew him under. One who heard him cry out ran and told
Herakles, thinking that a beast had slain him, and in vain the
hero wandered back and forth through the forest searching for
the lad, being away so long that his friends on the Argo forgot
him and put to sea without him.

86 GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

self to slay it and save Hesione should the horses which. Zeus
had given Laomedon for the theft of Ganymedes be surrendered
to him. He performed his part of the contract by leaping down
into the monster's throat and cutting his way out through its
belly, but the Trojans failed to fulfil theirs, whereupon, breath-
ing out threats of a later punishment, Herakles embarked in
his ship and sailed to Mykenai with his prize. Many scholars
are now inclined to think that the original models of the
Amazons were the Hittites, whose strange customs and ap-
parel seemed to the Hellenes to be strikingly feminine.*

Tenth Labour. — Near the distant river of Okeanos was an
island called Erytheia, where lived Geryoneus, son of Chry-
saor and the nymph Kalliroe. He was a human monster with
three bodies instead of one, and he was known all over the
world for his herd of red cattle which were guarded by Eury-
tion and the two-headed dog Orthos, a brother of the hell-
hound Kerberos. Herakles was assigned the task of driving this
herd to Mykenai. Crossing Europe, he came to the straits
between that continent and Africa and set up two pillars
as memorials of his journey. Here Helios beat so hotly upon
his head that he shot an arrow at him, and in admiration for
his attempt of the impossible Helios gave him a golden cup in
which he crossed Okeanos and reached Erytheia. With his
club he easily put the warders of the herd out of the way, but
it was only after a long struggle that he killed Geryoneus
himself with an arrow. Gathering the cattle into the cup of
Helios, he transported them to Europe and drove rfiem east-
ward overland in successive stages. At Rhegion a bull broke
loose, and, swimming the straits to Sicily, mingled with the
herds of King Eryx, and when Eryx resisted an attempt to
regain the animal, Herakles wrestled with him and threw
him to his death. From the toe of Italy to the extremity of the
Adriatic the cattle were driven, and thence to the Hellespont,
but many of them, maddened by a gad-fly sent by Hera, wan-
dered away from the main herd and were lost in the wild lands



 



 



HERAKLES 87

of Thrace. When Herakles arrived at Mykenai, he sacrificed
the rest of the herd to Hera.

Eleventh Labour. — The ten labours had consumed eight
years and one month, but the end was not yet, for, owing to
the quibbling of Eurystheus, the ten counted as only eight.
To complete the prescribed number Eurystheus enjoined two
more, in the first of which Herakles was required to bring back
the Golden Apples of the Hesperides ("Daughters of the Even-
ing-Land"). These apples were very precious, having once
been the wedding-gift of Zeus to Hera, and to obtain them
was perhaps the most difiicult of all the labours of Herakles,
for they were guarded not only by the Hesperides but also by
a deathless dragon of one hundred heads, besides all which
the hero did not yet know in just what part of the world
they were to be found. Setting out at random in the hope of
chancing upon his goal, Herakles came to the river Echedoros
where, in a contest of strength, he would have slain Ares'
son Kyknos had Zeus not separated them by a thunderbolt.
Happening to find Nereus, the Ancient of the Sea, asleep on
the banks of the Eridanos, the great river of the north, he
seized him, and, in spite of his power to change into many
forms, did not release him until he told where the Golden
Apples were to be found. On learning this, he turned south to
Libya, in which ruled Poseidon's son Antaios, who used to
compel all strangers passing that way to wrestle with him.
They were invariably killed in the struggle, but in Herakles
he met more than his equal, for the hero lifted him aloft as
though he had been nothing and dashed him to pieces on the
ground. From Libya Herakles passed on to Egypt, the king-
dom of Bousiris, another son of Poseidon, who, too, was unkind
to strangers, making a practice of sacrificing them to Zeus, alleg-
ing that he was thus obeying an oracle. His attendants bound
Herakles to the altar, but with a single eflFort the hero burst
the bonds and stained the shrine with the king's own blood.
From Egypt he went on through Asia to the island of Rhodes,



 



 



88 GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

where he is said to have stolen a team of oxen and to have
sacrificed them, notwithstanding the imprecations of their
owner. From that time onward it was customary to utter im-
precations when sacrificing to Herakles. Wandering across
Arabia and Lydia, he chanced to come to the place where the
unhappy Prometheus was chained. Moved with pity, he shot
the bird that was tormenting him, unbound his fetters, and with
the permission of Zeus gave him Cheiron's eternal immunity
from death. At last he reached the end of his weary journey,
the land of the Hyperboreians where Atlas stood bearing the
heavens on his shoulders. With little more ado Herakles killed
the dragon, plucked the apples, and conveyed them to Eurys-
thcus, but as they were too divine for mortal keeping, they were
later restored to the Hesperides. Another version of this
legend, in which Atlas is beguiled to accomplish the theft, is
inconsistent with the character of the traditional Herakles.

Twelfth Labour. — One realm of nature was as yet uncon-
quered by Herakles — the underworld — and thither he was
sent on his last mission to fetch Kerbcros, the hell-hound with
three heads and the tail of a serpent, and out of whose body
grew a writhing tangle of snakes. On his way to Tainaron in
Lakonia, the most spacious entry to the lower world, Herakles
halted at Eleusis, and, as soon as Eumolpos had purified him
of the blood of the Centaurs, he was initiated into the mys-
teries. Once at the cave of Tainaron, he descended and found
among the shades those of many whom he had known in the
world above. Though the place was entirely strange to him,
he could not be daunted from continuing his deeds of chivalry.
He released Theseus from the bonds which Hades had thrown
upon him, overpowered Menoites, the herdsman of Hades* kine,
until Persephone had to beg for him to be spared, and, kill-
ing one of the cattle, he shed its blood to gratify the gibbering
shades. Kerberos he found on guard at the entrance to Acheron.
Protected by his breastplate and impenetrable lion's skin, he
cautiously approached the beast, and, suddenly grasping him



 



 



 



 



PLATE XXIII

I. Herakles and Nereus
Just to the right of the centre of the composition Herakles may
be distinguished by the lion-skin which he wears on his head and the
front of his body; above his shoulders can be seen the rim of a quiver
and the end of an unstrung bow. He stands with his feet wide apart
so as to brace himself against the struggles of Nereus, whom he holds
tightly in his arms. The sea-god is shown with human head and
shoulders, while his body, which he lashes wildly about in his en-
deavours to escape, is that of a fish. At the left of the picture
Hermes, with the caduceus (herald's wand), sandals, chlamys (a sort of
cape), and petasos (travelling hat), draws near to the combat. The
two frightened women on either side may be Nereids. From a bUck-
figured lekythos of the late sixth century B.C., found at Gela (Monu-
mend Antichi^ xvii, Plate XXV). See p. 87.

2. Herakles and the Cretan Bull
Herakles, a sinewy and beardless young man, is running beside the
bull and endeavouring to retard its speed by pulling back on its right
horn. In his right hand he is swinging his knotted club preparatory
to dealing the creature a heavy blow. He is lightly clad for his stren-
uous task, wearing only a short, sleeveless chiton. On his head is a
peculiar cap, with, a conical crown and a projecting peak, such as is
often worn by Hermes and Perseus. At his left side appears the hilt
of a sword. From a black-figured lekythos with a white ground, found
at Gela and apparently of the early fifth century B.C. {Monumenti
Jntichi^ xvii, Plate XXVIII). See p. 84.

3. Herakles and Apollo
Herakles can be very easily identified by his club, lion-skin (the
legs of which are knotted across his chest), and the quiver, out of
which five shafts are protruding. In his left hand he grasps one of
the legs of the Delphic tripod which he is trying to wrest from Apollo,
a lithe, boyish figure bearing a laden quiver on his back. Directly in
the path of Herakles and with her face toward him stands Athene,
fully armed, and, behind her, Hermes with his characteristic attributes.
The women who witness the contest cannot be identified. From a
black-figured lekythos of the early fifth century b.c, found at Gela
(^Monument! Jntichi^ xvii, Plate XXIIl). See pp. 89-90.



 



 



^^AVA*A\VVWVV*/i%%VW^/^*%W.V%>Vi\V/^»V>%%VWiU%NV^%V\VVVVf%V





 



 



 



 



HERAKLES 89

by the head and neck, forced him to submit to being led
away. He made his ascent by way of the grotto at Troizen,
and when he had shown the dog to Eurystheus as indisputable
proof of his success, he took him back to Hades.

The Later Adventures of Herakles; In Euboia. — On his re-
lease from his servitude to Eurystheus, Herakles returned to
his home city of Thebes, where his first act was to get rid of
his wife without proper cause by heartlessly handing her over
to lolaos like a mere chattel. In casting about him for another
spouse, he learned that Eurytos, lord of the Euboian city of
Oichalia, had offered his daughter lole to the man who should
excel himself and his sons in archery. Herakles took up this
very general challenge and won, but his fair prize was with-
held from him on the ground that his madness might return
and drive him to repeat the murderous deeds of his earlier
years. Not long after this episode the wily Autolykos stole
some of Eurytos's cattle, but their owner attributed the theft
to Herakles as an act of revenge. It chanced that Iphitos, one
of Eurytos's sons, when searching for the lost animals, fell
in with Herakles, whom he engaged to join him in his errand;
but suddenly, in the midst of their peaceful intercourse at
Tiryns, a fit of madness came over Herakles, and, grasping his
friend in his powerful arms, he dashed him to destruction from
the summit of the city walls. Now in the eyes of the Greeks
an act of violence against a friend was one of the most repre-
hensible of sins, so that a dreadful disease which came upon
Herakles was regarded by all as a just retribution for his evil-
doing. He sought purification at the hands of Nereus (Neleus),
but was ignominiously turned away as an oflFender for whom
there was no pardon. Later, at Amyklai, he received it from
the more tender-hearted Deiphobos, but this removed only his
pollution, and in order to find a cure for his disease he went
to Delphoi, where the priestess refused to dispense to him the
healing wisdom of the oracle. Overmastered by rage, Herakles
proceeded to sack the shrine, scattering its furnishings about



 



 



90 GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

as would an angry child, and, laying hold of the sacred tripod,
he was on the point of setting up his own independent oracle
when Apollo resisted him with force. In the midst of their
struggle they were unexpectedly separated by a thunderbolt of
Zeus, whereupon the oracle revealed to Herakles that he would
obtain relief from his malady and would make proper amends
for his crime only when he had been sold into slavery and had
served three years in bondage.

In Lydia. — Hermes sold Herakles to Omphale, the widow of
Tmolos, a former king of Lydia, and Eurytos, to whom the
money realized from the sale was oflFered, refused it with a
much more genuine scrupulousness than that which marks the
actions of most characters of myth. This period in Herakles'
life was relieved by many episodes which had a mirthful as
well as a serious side. During a part of his servitude Omphale,
possessed of a saving sense of humour, made this most mas-
culine of all the heroes wear woman's garb and engage in the
narrow round of domestic duties, while she herself went about
wearing the lion's skin and wielding the huge club. Yet Hera-
kles was given enough freedom to allow him to go from land
to land accomplishing great exploits. Near Ephesos there were
two men called Kerkopes who made a practice of waylaying
travellers, and one day, when Herakles waked from a nap by
the roadside, he saw them standing over him wearing his
armour and brandishing his weapons. Relying on his strength
alone, he seized them, tied their feet together, and, hanging
them head downward, one on each end of a great stick of
timber, he proceeded to carry them oflF, but soon, won over
by their irrepressible pleasantries, let them go. In Aulis lived
a certain Syleus who used to force passers-by to till his vine-
yards; but Herakles was not to be thus treated. Uprooting
all the vines in the vineyard and piling them into a heap,
he placed Syleus and his daughter on the top and kindled it;
although in one form of the tale he gorged himself at Syleus's
larder and then washed away the entire plantation by divert-



 



 



HERAKLES 91

ing the waters of a river across it. During his slavery he was
of service to Lydia in crushing her enemies, and he also made
a second expedition against the Amazons and with the other
heroes sailed on the Argo in the quest of the Golden Fleece.
One of his many thoughtful acts was to bury the body of the
bold but unfortunate Ikaros, which he found cast by the waves
on the seashore, and in gratitude Daidalos erected a statue of
him at Olympia.

At Troy. — On attaining his liberty, Herakles promptly
carried out his threat against Troy for her perfidy. Accom-
panied by many of the nobles from all parts of Greece, he went
against the city with a fleet and an army, and having eflFected
a landing and repulsed an attack of the Trojans he drove them
back and besieged them. Through a breach made in the
walls the Greeks finally entered the city, but at the expense
of an altercation between Herakles and Telamon, one of his
generals, who, Herakles pettily urged, had inconsiderately de-
prived his leader of the honour of being the first to set foot
in the conquered city. Their quarrel was patched up, how-
ever, and Telamon was given the princess Hesione as a prize
of war. Herakles slew the ungrateful Laomedon, but granted
life to his son Podarkes ("Swift Foot")> who was afterward
to be called Priamos. As the victors were sailing away to the
west, Hera caught Zeus napping and sent violent storms upon
them, but the Olympian punished her for her deceit by sus-
pending her from heaven. Touching at Kos, Herakles engaged
in a battle with Eurypylos, king of the island, slew him, and,
when himself wounded, was mysteriously removed to safety by
his divine father Zeus. On reaching home he was summoned to
support the cause of the gods against the rebellious Titans.

In the Peloponnesos. — As Herakles had repaid Laomedon
for his failure to keep a pledge, so was he to have revenge on
Angelas. Assembling a host of volunteers, he invaded Elis
and met with a powerful resistance. Falling ill, he succeeded
in making a truce with the enemy, but they, on learning the



 



 



92 GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

reason of it and thinking to take him oflF his guard, attacked
him treacherously. Herakles, however, was a master of re-
taliation, for when he subsequently caught them in an ambus-
cade, he put Augeias and his sons to death, captured the city
of Elis, and gave the kingdom to another. "Then the valiant
son of Zeus assembled in Pisa all his hosts and all the spoils
of war, and measured oflF the boundaries of a precinct which
he made sacred to his mighty sire. In the midst of the plain
did he set aside a level space, the Altis, and fenced it round
about. The land without this space did he ordain to be a place
for feasting and for rest. Then to Alpheios' stream he sacrificed
and to the twelve sovereign gods." ^ In the space which he
had consecrated Herakles celebrated the first Olympian games.

From Pisa he went against the city of Pylos, which fell
before his arms, and here he encountered Periklymenos, one
of the sons of Nereus, who tried to escape his fate by resorting
to the powers of transformation which Poseidon had given
him. He could change himself into a lion, a snake, a bee, or
even so small an insect as a gnat, but when he had taken the
form of this last and was about to escape, Herakles* vision was
miraculously cleared so that he detected and caught him,
and slew him along with all the rest of his family except his
brother Nestor. In this struggle Hades fought on the side of
the Pylians and was grievously wounded by Herakles.

Among the allies of Nereus had been the sons of Hippokoon
of Sparta, against whom Herakles organized an expedition for
their opposition to him and for their wanton murder of one of
his kinsmen, as well as for a grudge against the Spartans who
had withheld cleansing from him after the death of Iphitos.
After much persuasion he enlisted on his side King Kepheus
of Tegea, and to save Tegea from capture during the absence
of its defenders he left with Kepheus's daughter a lock of the
Gorgon's hair enclosed in a bronze water-jar. In the war that
ensued Iphikles and the men of Tegea were killed, but in spite
of this loss Herakles was able in the end to overcome his foes



 



 



 



 



PLATE XXIV

Amazons in Battle

To the left of the centre of the picture an Amazon,
wearing a turban-like helmet and mounted on a horse,
thrusts with a lance at a fallen Greek warrior, behind
whom one of his fellows battles with another Amazon
attacking with an axe. Both of the warrior-women
are clad in tight-fitting garments conspicuous by
reason of their peculiar chequered and zigzag patterns.
From a red-figured volute krater of the latter half of
the fifth century B.C., in the Metropolitan Museum of
Art, New York {photograph). See pp. 85, 103-04.



 



 




 



 



 



 



HERAKLES 93

and gain their city, which he restored to its rightful king,
Tyndareos (or, perhaps, to his sons), who had been driven out
by the sons of Hippokoon. It was just after this occasion that
Herakles met Auge in Tegea.

68 GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

Prokne and Philomele, and of two sons, Boutes and Ere-
chtheus, who divided the royal duties between them on their
father's death, the first taking the joint priesthood of Athene
and Poseidon, the second the administration of the govern-
ment. Boutes became the founder of a priestly family which
continued down to historical times. Erechtheus was really a
double of Erichthonios, as is indicated by his name, which is
only an abbreviated form of Erichthonios, and thus, after a
fashion, Erechtheus also was a ward of Athene. It was said
that he had snake^like feet and that to hide them as he went
about among his people he invented the chariot and thus
avoided walking, although in some sources he is described as
entirely of human form. As secular leader of the Athenians
he conducted an expedition against the people of Eleusis, and
in accordance with the behest of an oracle he sacrificed his
youngest daughter to bring victory to the Athenian arms.
His success was indeed tragic, for though he slew Eumolpos,
the commander of the Eleusinians, his other daughters took
their own lives on learning of the offering of their sister, and
he himself was killed by Poseidon, the father of Eumolpos.
Of his daughters Kreousa, Prokris, and Oreithyia became fa-
mous names in Attic myth. He was followed in order by a son
and a grandson, Kekrops and Pandion, the second of whom
was dispossessed of his throne by his usurping cousins, the
sons of Metion. Taking refuge in Megara, he there brought
up a family of four valiant sons, Aigeus, Pallas, Nisos, and
Lykos. These, to avenge their father's wrong, invaded Attike,
evicted the usurpers, and partitioned the realm amongst them-
selves, allowing Aigeus, however, the chief authority. The
legends of the marriages and the early reign of Aigeus belong
more properly to the account of the life of his son Theseus.

The Sons of Pandion; The War with Minos. — After return-
ing from a sojourn in Troizen, Aigeus celebrated the Panath-
enaic festival. It happened that Androgeos, the son of Minos
of Crete, was the victor in all the athletic contests, and as



 



 



MYTHS OF CRETE AND ATTIKE 69

a supreme test of the young man's skill and swiftness of foot
Aigeus sent him against the bull of Marathon, but Androgeos
lost his life in the undertaking. On the other hand, the authors
of certain accounts state that on his way to the funeral games
of Pelias he was killed by jealous rivals who had lost to him
in Athens. In either event Minos held Athens as blameworthy
for his son's death and to punish her led a great army and fleet
against her, taking Megara by storm and making Nisos pris-
oner. Now Nisos had growing in his head a purple hair, and
an oracle had declared that as long as he retained it his kingdom
would stand; but his daughter Skylla, falling in love with
Minos, plucked the hair in order to win favour, and brought
about her father's fall. When Minos sailed away she asked to
be taken with him, but meeting with a refusal on account of
her treachery, she threw herself into the sea and became a
fish, while Nisos, in pursuit of her, was changed into a sea-
eagle. Lykos, a third son of Pandion, was credited by some
Athenians with having founded the famous Lykeion in Athens.

Athens herself held out against all the assaults of Minos,
until, finally, he appealed to Zens to visit vengeance upon the
city, and the god sent famine and pestilence to do what human
efforts could not avail. The Athenians sacrificed four maidens
over the grave of Geraistios, but still their troubles did not
abate, and at last they yielded and accepted the terms of
Minos, who cruelly exacted that each year Athens was to send
to Crete seven unarmed youths and maidens to be the prey
of the Minotaur. From this dreadful tribute the Athenians
suffered until released years afterward by Theseus.

The Daughters of Kekrops. — Agraulos, one of the three
daughters of Kekrops, became the wife of Ares and by him the
mother of a daughter, Alkippe, who, while still a mere girl,
was shamefully attacked by Halirrhothios, a son of Poseidon.
Ares promptly killed the offender, and, on the appeal of Posei-
don, was tried before a tribunal of the gods on a rocky emi-
nence at the foot of the Acropolis, being acquitted, as it were.



 



 



70 GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

on the strength of the "unwritten law." After this the Athe-
nians, essaying to follow the divine example, established a
criminal court on the same spot and designated it Areopagos,
"Hill of Ares."* The two sisters of Agraulos, Herse and
Pandrosos, were both united in wedlock to Hermes, by whom
the one became tJie mother of the beautiful Kephalos and the
other bore Keryx, the forefather of a great Athenian family.

The Daughters of Pandion. — When war broke out between
Athens and Thebes over the question of the marchlands,
Pandion asked Tereus, son of Ares, to come from Thrace to
help him. By means of his assistance he won the war and as a
reward gave him his daughter Prokne, but after a few years of
married life the love of Tereus cooled and a passion for his
wife's sister, Philomele, mastered him. He told his sister-in-
law that Prokne was dead and professed so warm a love for
her that she consented to become his wife. But it was not
long before she discovered his trickery, wherefore, lest she tell
her story to the world, Tereus cut out her tongue and con-
fined her in a solitary place. Notwithstanding his precautions,
she wove a message into a garment and sent it to her sister.
After a long search Prokne found Philomele, and together they
devised a revolting revenge on Tereus, in pursuance of which
Prokne, inviting him to a banquet, set before him the flesh of
their own son Itys. The sisters then made haste to fly from the
land, but Tereus overtook them in Phokis, and as they pite-
ously prayed the gods for escape from their ruthless pursuer,
they were all changed into birds, Prokne becoming a nightin-
gale, Philomele, a swallow, and Tereus a hoopoe. The ancient
Athenians, accordingly, used to say that the sweet plaintive
song of the nightingale was the wail of Prokne for her un-
happy Itys. The resemblance between this story and that of
the Boiotian Aedon and Itylos needs no pointing out. In refer-
ence to a similar story Pausanias*^ remarks, with the naivete
of a child: "That a man should be turned into a bird is to
me incredible."



 



 



MYTHS OF CRETE AND ATTIKE 71

The Daughters ofErechtheus; Kreousa. — ^Kreousa found favour
in the eyes of Apollo and bore him a son named Ion, but, keep-
ing her secret to herself, she abandoned the child and married
Xouthos, an Athenian soldier of fortune. As it happened, Ion
was found and was placed in the temple of Apollo at Delphoi
as an attendant. Together Kreousa and her husband went to
Delphoi to seek the advice of the oracle in reference to off-
spring, and received a response which Xouthos interpreted
to mean that Ion, whom they met in the temple, was their
child. In a fit of jealousy at the readiness of her husband to
adopt one whom she secretly felt could not be his offspring,
she made an attempt to poison Ion, who was saved by a mere
accident. Roused to revenge he formed a plan to murder
her, but his intention was happily frustrated by the Pythian
priestess, who, in the nick of time, produced the trinkets and
clothing that had been found with him, and Kreousa, recog-
nizing by these that he was the son whom she had borne to
Apollo, took him into her home. Afterward she and Xouthos
were blessed with a son, Achaios. If we are to accept a dif-
ferent account from the foregoing. Ion, and not Kekrops, suc-
ceeded Erechtheus as king of Attike and became the founder
of the Ionian stock, Achaios and his descendants being later
overshadowed by the family of Ion because Achaios was not
of divine blood.

Prokris. — At the time when Prokris and Kephalos became
husband and wife they pledged themselves to conjugal fidelity
with more than ordinary solemnity. Now Kephalos was a
hunter by occupation, and of comely countenance and form.
Early one morning, when he was scouring the Attic hills for
game, Eos ("Dawn") spied him, and, drawn by his charms,
asked of him that he would give her his love. Bound by the
ties of affection and of his oath, Kephalos refused her, but the
passion of the divinity was not to be denied. Slyly insinuat-
ing that under like circumstances Prokris would be less scrupu-
lous than he, she gave him the appearance of a stranger, and



 



 



72 GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

then, bestowing on him lovely gifts such as please the heart of
woman, suggested that he make trial of his wife's fidelity. To
his surprise Prokris weakened at the sight of the gifts, but
when he resumed his real form she became ashamed and fled
away to Crete. There she wished to follow Artemis in the
hunt, but the goddess would have none of her in her chaste
company. Breaking into tears, Prokris told Artemis of the
wicked deceit practised on her, and in pity the divinity gave
her a never-erring hunting-spear, and a dog, Lailaps, which
never missed its quarry. Disguising herself as a youth, Prokris
returned to Attike, and, winning the attention of Kephalos
through her prowess with the gifts of Artemis, promised him
that she would give them to him in return for his affection,
saying that neither gold nor silver could buy them from her,
but only love. At that he granted her desire, and forthwith
she became her own old self and their former relations were
resumed. Prokris was still fearful of the wiles of Eos, how-
ever, and one day she hid in a thicket near her husband as
he was hunting in order to spy on her beautiful rival. Kephalos,
seeing a movement of twigs and thinking that it was caused by
some beast, hurled his javelin, which, according to its nature,
flew straight to its mark, but, to his dismay, he discovered that
the quarry he had slain was his own dear wife.

A second form of the story differs from this in several de-
tails. Bribed by the glitter of a golden crown, Prokris sur-
rendered herself to one Pteleon, and, when detected by her
husband in her sin, took refuge at the court of Minos. Minos,
too, made love to her, for Pasiphae had so bewitched him with
a certain drug that he could not escape a passion for every
woman whom he met, a passion which was bound to work
evil for both lovers alike. By the use of a magic antidote
Prokris freed him from this spell, and in gratitude Minos gave
her the spear and the dog. Nevertheless, apprehensive of some
evil design on the part of Pasiphae, she made her way to Attike
and patched up her former alliance with Kephalos. One day,



 



 



 



 



PLATE XX

Eos AND KepHALOS

Eos, suddenly approaching Kephalos from behind,
has laid her left arm across his shoulders, and with
her right hand has grasped him firmly by the wrist,
thus endeavouring to check his flight as he starts away
in fear; at the same time she spreads her wings, and
with an upward glance indicates whither she wishes to
convey him. From a red-figured kylix signed by
Hieron (early fifth century B.C.), in the Museum of
Fine Arts, Boston {photograph). See pp. 71-73.



 



 




 



 



 



 



MYTHS OF CRETE AND ATTIKE 73

as they were hunting together, he slew her by mistake with
her own javelin, whereupon, appearing before the court of
Areopagos, he was adjudged guilty and banished for life from
the bounds of Attike. His exile coincided in time with his
receipt of a request from Amphitryon that he go to Thebes
with his unerring hound, and rid the country of the she^fox
that was ravaging the crops and people. This animal's life
seemed to have been protected by a charm so that none could
take her, and each month the Thebans used to send a youth
to her for her to devour. Kephalos, bribed by the offer of a
portion of Taphian booty, went to Thebes and put his dog on
the trail of the ravenous beast; but the dog never overtook
her, for in the midst of the pursuit Zeus changed them both to
stone. Kephalos was given his reward, however, and withdrew to
a western island thenceforth to be known as Kephallenia, where,
brooding over his unhappy love, he committed suicide by
throwing himself from the white cliffs of the island. The chief
figure in the original story seems to have been only Kephalos,
Prokris being a later addition. The legend arose from the very
ancient expiatory ritual in which a human being bore the burden
of sin to be expiated, and, leaping into the sea, was drowned.
Oreitkyia. — Oreithyia, the remaining daughter of Ere-
chtheus, was once playing with her companions on the bank of
the Ilisos, or, as one source of the myth states, was on her
way to the Acropolis to sacrifice to Athene, when Boreas, the
north wind, suddenly seized her and carried her off to his home
in Thrace. There he forced her to wed him, and she bore to
him two winged sons, Zttts and Kalais, who afterward sailed
on the Argo and were killed in the pursuit of the Harpies.
The substance of this legend was not originally a product of
the Attic fancy; rather, it is an embellishment of a wide-
spread belief that in the turmoil of the storm the passionate
wind-god seeks his bride. Perhaps to the Athenians Oreithyia
represented the morning mist of the valley-lands driven away
by the strong clear winds of day.



 



 



74 GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

Boreas and Oreithyia also had two daughters, Kleopatra and
Chione ("Snow-White"). The former married Phineus, to
whom she bore two sons, but her husband grew tired of her
and formed an alliance with Idaia of Troy, by whose heartless
wiles he was persuaded to put out his children's eyes. This
crime was never forgotten throughout Hellas, and with the
help of Boreas the Argonauts visited on Phineus a dreadful
punishment. Chione became closely associated with Attike
through her descendants. After a clandestine amour with
Poseidon she gave birth to a son Eumolpos ("Sweet Singer"),
whom she cast into the sea in fear of her father; but Poseidon
rescued him and had him cared for in Aithiopia until he had
attained manhood. For a foul crime against hospitality
Eumolpos was forced to leave this country and with his son,
Ismaros, was received into the home of a Thracian king, where,
too, he showed himself ungrateful for kindness, and plotted
against his host. Leaving Thrace, he came at last to Eleusis,
and in the war against Athens he led the Eleusinian army
and fell by the sword of Erechtheus. This latter myth contains
several features which incline one to believe that Eumolpos
was a figure deliberately created by the Eumolpidai, the
priestly order of Eleusis, for the purpose of winning the re-
spect which would readily come to religious orders of admit-
tedly ancient descent. The Thracian connexion of Eumolpos
linked him geographically with Dionysos and increased his
prestige at Eleusis.



 



 



CHAPTER V
HERAKLES

HERAKLES is a bewildering compound of god and hero.
While he may property be called the most heroic of the
Grecian gods, he cannot with equal propriety be termed the
most divine of the heroes. Indeed, so far is he from possessing
that dignity which becomes a god that some writers have argued
his claim to divinity to be merely an inference from his ex-
ploits. But whether god or hero, or both god and hero, Hera-
kles represents the Greek idealization of mere bigness. Every-
thing about him is big — his person, his weapon, his journeys,
his enemies, his philanthropy, his sins, and his sense of humour.
To explain him as a degenerate Zeus, as some do, may account
for his origin, but it will not give the reason for more than
his initial popularity. His hold on the people through many
centuries was due to his colossal humanity; in him men could
see their ideal for every moment of the day and the consum-
mation of every aspiration, whether good or bad. Now and
again Zeus or Apollo would stoop to the level of a weak
humanity, but an apology, open or tacit, generally followed.
For Herakles, on the contrary, no apology was forthcoming.
Men took him as he was, and ignored his flouting of moral
laws as a necessary accompaniment to the achievement of
big things. He was "big business" personified, and the petty
restrictions that hampered lesser beings were impertinent as
regarding him. Thus he represented a phase of Greek idealism
which rebelled against the cold and soaring idealism of the
thinkers, and embodied the frank confession of all classes of
the Hellenic populace that the more spiritual elements of their



 



 



76 GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

advanced civilization were not as yet perfect instruments
for securing and maintaining the welfare of human society.
The story of Herakles' rejection of Aphrodite and his choice
of Athene at the parting of the ways makes a very pretty
apologue, but it does not reveal to us the Herakles whom the
Greeks knew; rather he is here put on exhibition as a sort of
reformed "character" by those who know and fear the effects
of his moral example.

At the earliest point to which he can be traced Herakles
seems to have been a hero of Tiryns in Argolis, but his exploits
were narrated in Rhodian sagas and carried by the ubiquitous
Rhodian sailors to many ports of the Mediterranean. In
various places the sagas were modified and enlarged by foisting
stories of purely local origin on Herakles, until, as his fame
spread, some poet was inspired to assemble the many sagas
under one title and to give to the world the first version of the
Labours. Herakles was apparently not at first the possession
of all the Dorians, but became their hero par excellence through
the influence of the Delphic oracle, perhaps not later than 700

B.C.*

The Birth of Herakles. — When Perseus died, he left behind
him in Mykenai four sons, Alkaios, Sthenelos, Mestor, and
Elektryon, the descendants of all of whom enter in some way
or other into the story of Herakles. Alkaios had a son Amphit-
ryon; Elektryon, a daughter Alkmene, and, besides lawful
sons, a natural son Likymnios; Sthenelos, a son Eurystheus;
and Mestor, a daughter who bore to Poseidon a son, Taphios,
the colonizer of the island of Taphos. During the reign of
Elektryon in Mykenai, Pterelaos, a son of Taphios, came thither
with his people and demanded a share of Mestor*s kingdom,
but, failing ignominiously in their errand, they attacked the
sons of Elektryon and slaughtered all except Likymnios.
When the battle was over their fellow Taphians sailed away
to Elis with Elektryon's cattle, although not long afterward
Amphitryon redeemed them and brought them back to My-



 



 



 



 

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 400

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trali-Americana. Archaeology. Appendix). London, 1897.

------, “Maya Dates,” in AA, new series, vii (1905).

Gordon, G. B., [a], Prehistoric Ruins of Copan, Honduras {MPM i, 1).
Cambridge, 1896.—Researches in the Ulloa Valley, Honduras
{MPM i, 4). 1898. — Caverns of Copan, Honduras {MPM i, 5).
1898. — The Hieroglyphic Stairway Ruins at Copan {MPM i,
6). 1902.

------, “On the Interpretation of a Certain Group of Sculptures

at Copan,” and “On the Use of Zero and Twenty in the Maya
Time System,” in AA, new series, iv (1902).

------[c], The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel. University of

Pennsylvania, Anthropological Publications of the University
Museum, part v. Philadelphia, 1913. See Chilam Balam, supra.

Gunckel, L. W., “An Analysis of the Deities of the Maya Inscrip-
tions,” in A A x (1897).

Haebler, K. See Bibliography to Chapters II—III.

Hagar, Stansbury, [c], “Izamal and its Celestial Plan,” in AA, new
series, xv (1913); “The Maya Zodiac of Acanceh,” in A A, new
 BIBLIOGRAPHY   405

series, xvi (1914); “The Maya Zodiac at Santa Rita,” in CA xix
(Washington, 1917).

Hartmann, C. V., [a], “Mythology of the Aztecs of Salvador,” in
JAFL xx (1907).

Huntington, Ellsworth, “Maya Civilization and Climatic
Changes,” in CA xix (Washington, 1917).

Joyce, T. A. , Mexican Archaeology. London, 1914.

Kingsborough, Lord. See Bibliography, IV. Vol. iii contains the
Codex Dresdensis, in reproduction.

Kunst, J., “Some Animal Fables of the Chuh Indians,” in JAFL
xxviii (1915).

Las Casas. See Bibliography to Chapter I.

Landa, Diego de, Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan. Published by
Brasseur de Bourbourg, , with French tr., in Tome iii,
Collection; also in Tomo ii, Relaciones de Yucatan (see infra).

Lehmann, W., [a] See Bibliography to Chapters II—III.

------[c], “Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise in Mittelamerika und

Mexico,” in ZE xlii (1910).

------[d], “Einige Probleme des centralamerikenischen Kalendars,”

in CA xviii (London, 1913).

Le Plongeon, Augustus, Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.
New York, 1896.

Lizana, Bernardo de, Historia de Yucatan. Valladolid, 1633. Re-
print by Museo Nacional de Mexico, 1893. Extracts, with
French tr., in Brasseur de Bourbourg , under title, Del
principio y fundacion destos cuyos omules deste sitio y pueblo
de Ytzmal, sacada de la parte primer a de la obra del Padre Lizana,
titulada Historia de Nuestra Senora de Ytxamal.

MacCurdy, Geo. G., , “Notes on the Ancient Art of Central
America,” in A A, new series, xiv (1912).

Maler, Teoberto, Researches in the Central Portion of the Usuma-
tsintla Valley {MPM ii, 1). Cambridge, 1901. — Part Second, of
same {MPM ii, 2). 1903. — Explorations of the Upper Usuma-
tsintla and Adjacent Region {MPM iv, 1). 1908. — Explorations
of the Department of Peten, Guatemala, and Adjacent Region
{MPM iv, 2), 1908. — Same, continued {MPM iv, 3). 1910. —
Explorations in the Department of Peten, Guatemala. Tikal.
{MPMv,i). 1911.

Martinez Hernandez, Juan, “Los grandes ciclos de la historia
Maya,” in CA xvii. 2 (Merida, 1910; “La creacion del mundo
segun los Mayos. Paginas ineditos del manuscrito de Chumayel,”
in CA xviii (London, 1912).
 406   LATIN-AMERICAN MYTHOLOGY

Maudsley, A. P., [a], “Explorations in Guatemala,” in Proceedings
of the Royal Geographical Society, new series, v (1883).

------, “ Explorations of the Ruins and Site of Copan,” in Pro-
ceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, new series, viii (1886).

------[c], Biologia Centrali-Americana. Archaeology. 4 vols., text

and plates. London, 1889-1902.

Maudsley, A. C. and A. P., A glimpse at Guatemala. London, 1899.

Molina Solis, Juan F., Historia del descubrimiento y conquista de
Yucatan con una reseha de la historia antigua de este penirCsula.
Merida, 1897.

Morley, Sylvanus G., [a], “Correlation of Maya and Christian
Chronology,” in American Journal of Archaeology, second series,
xiv (1910).

------, “The Historical Value of the Books of Chilan Balam,” in

American Journal of Archaeology, second series, xv (1911).

------[c], An Introduction to the Study of the Maya Hieroglyphs

(57 BBE). Washington, 1915.

------[d], “The Rise and Fall of the Maya Civilizations in the

Light of the Monuments and the Native Chronicles,” and “The
Hotun as the Principal Chronological Unit of the Old Maya
Empire,” in CA xix (Washington, 1917).

Norman, B. M., Rambles in Yucatan. New York, 1843.

Nakuk Pech. Chronicle, translated into English and published by
Brinton [f], under the title “The Chronicle of Chac Xulub Chen,
by Nakuk Pech,” and, with French tr., by Brasseur de Bour-
bourg [f], Tome ii, pp. 110-20.

Nunez de la Vega, Constituciones diocesaneas del Obispado de
Chiapas. Rome, 1702.

Nuttall, Zelia, [c], “The Island of Sacrificios,” in A A, new series,
xii (1910).

Ordonez y Aguiar, Ramon de, Historia de la creacion del cielo y
tierra. Manuscript, composed about 1780, utilized by Brasseur
_ de Bourbourg and by Cabrera.

Oviedo y Valdes. See Bibliography to Chapter I.

Palacio, Diego Garcia de, Carta dirijida al Rey de Espaha. See
Squier, [d], infra. Tr., with notes, A. von Frantzius, San
Salvador und Honduras im Jahre 1576; Berlin, 1873.

Payne, E. J. See Bibliography, IV.

Perez, Juan Pio, Cronologia antigua de Yucatan y examen del metodo
con que los Indios contaban el tiempo, sacada de varios documentos
antiguas. In Brasseur de Bourbourg .
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

407

4.   Grubb , chh. xi, xii, xiv (pp. 139-41 quoted), xvi (p. 163
quoted); cf. Karsten, sections i, iii.
 NOTES

377

5.   T. Guevara [a], i, ch. viii, “Los mitos y las ideas relijiosas de
los Indios,” pp. 223-25. Latcham, JAl xxxix, gives an account of
Araucanian ideas, in general corresponding to Guevara, to whom
he is apparently indebted.

6.   Molina, ch. v (pp. 84, 86, 91 quoted).

7.   Vicuna Cifuentes, especially sections vi—xi, xiv—xvi, xxi-xxiii.
This work is particularly valuable in that it collects the statements
of many authorities in regard to the creatures of Chilean folk-lore.

8.   Dobrizhoffer, ii. 89-90.

9.   The cosmogony is in Molina, ch. v; the tale of the two brothers
in Lenz, p. 225.

10.   Pigafetta, in The First Voyage Around the World by Magellan
(HS, series i, 1874), pp. 50-55; the “Genoese Pilot,” ib, p. 5.

11.   Dobrizhoffer, ii. 89-90.

12.   Prichard, pp. 85-86, 97-98. To Prichard’s evidence may be
added that of Captain R. N. Musters, another recent traveller,
quoted by Church, Aborigines of South America, pp. 294-95: “The
religion of the Tehuelches is distinguished from that of the Arau-
canians and Pampas by the absence of any trace of sun worship. . . .
There is no doubt that they do believe in a good Spirit, though they
think he lives ‘careless of mankind’”; Captain Musters regards the
gualichu as a class of daemonic powers — an altogether probable
interpretation.

13.   D’Orbigny, UHomme americain, pp. 220, 225; Voyage of the
Beagle, ii. 161-62; cf. also i, ch. vi.

14.   Deniker gives the myth of El-lal, after Lista.

15.   Darwin, pp. 240-42; Bridges, in RevMP iii, p. 24.

16.   Fitzroy, ch. ix, pp. 180-81.

17.   Hyades and Deniker, ch. v, pp. 254-57.

18.   Cooper, dj BBE, pp. 145 ff., summarizes the scanty gleanings
from the notes of travellers and missionaries touching Fuegian re-
ligious conceptions. The reference to the Salesian fathers (p. 147)
is quoted from Cojazzi (p. 124); that to Captain Low is from Fitzroy
(P- 190).

19.   Cooper, op. cit., pp. 162-64, citing various authorities.

20.   Despard, quoted by Cooper, op. cit., p. 148.
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

I.   ABBREVIATIONS

AA............American Anthropologist.

AnMB   .   .   .   Anales del Museo Nacional   de Buenos Aires.

AnMM   .   .   .   Anales del Museo Nacional   de Mexico.

AnMG.   .   .   .   Annales du Musee Guimet.

ARBE ....   Annual Report of the Bureau of American   Ethnol-

ogy, Washington.

BBE .... Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology,
Washington.

CA............Comptes rendus du Congres des Americanistes.

ERE .... Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

HS............Works issued by the Hakluyt Society.

JAFL .... Journal of American Folklore.

JAI...........Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great

Britain and Ireland.

JSAP .... Journal de la Societe des Americanistes de Paris.
MitAGW. . . Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft
in Wien.

MPM .... Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, Cambridge.
PaPM.... Papers of the Peabody Museum.

RevMP.... Revista .del Museo de La Plata.

SocAA. . . . Memorias y Revista de la Sociedad cientifica
“Antonio Alzate.”

TC............Voyages, Relations et Memoires originaux pour

servir a l’histoire de la decouverte de l’Amerique.
H. Ternaux-Compans, editor.

ZE............Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie.

II.   BIBLIOGRAPHICAL GUIDES

Analytical and Critical Bibliography of the Tribes of Tierra del Fuego
and Adjacent Territory (6j BBE). By John M. Cooper. Wash-
ington, 1917.

A Study of Maya Art, “Bibliography.” By H. J. Spinden. In MPM
vi (1913).
 382 LATIN-AMERICAN MYTHOLOGY

Bibliografia Mexicana del siglo XVI. By Joaquin Garcia Icaz-
balceta. Mexico, 1866.

Bibliography of the Anthropology of Peru. By Geo. A. Dorsey.
Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Anthropological
Series, ii, 1898.

Bibliography of Peru. A.D. 1526-1007. By Sir Clements Markham.
HS, series ii, Vol. xxii. Cambridge, 1907.

Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima. By H. Harisse. New York,
1866. Additions, Paris, 1872.

Biblioiheque americaine ou catalogue des ouvrages relatifs a PAmerique
qui ont paru depuis sa decouverte jusqu’a Pan 1700. By H.
Ternaux-Compans. Paris, 1837.

Catalogue de livres rares et precieux, manuscrits et imprimes, principale-
ment sur PAmerique et sur les langues du monde enlier, composant
la biblioiheque de M. Alph.-L. Pinart. Paris, 1883.

Dictionary of Works Relating to America from the Discovery to the
Present Time. By Joseph Sabin. Vols. i-xx. New York,
1868-92.

Die Mythen und Legenden der siidamerikanischen Urvolker. “ Litera-
turverzeichnis.” By Paul Ehrenreich. Berlin, 1905.

Ensayo bibliografico Mexicano del siglo XVII. By Vincente de P.
Andrade. Mexico, 1900.

“Ergebnisse und Aufgaben der mexikanistischen Forschung.” By
Walter Lehmann. In Archiv fur Anthropologie, neue Folge,
Band vi (1907). Tr. Seymour de Ricci, Methods and Results
in Mexican Research, Paris, 1909.

Essai sur les sources de Phistoire des Antilles franqaise (1402-1664).

By Jacques de Dampierre. Paris, 1904.

Historiadores de Yucatan. By Gustavo Martinez Alomia. Cam-
peche, 1906.

History of Spanish Literature. By George Ticknor. 3 vols. Boston,
1854. 4th ed., Boston, no date.

Idea de una nueva historia general de la America septentrional, with
Catalogo del Museo Historico Indiano. By Lorenzo Boturini
Benaducci. Madrid, 1746; also, Mexico, 1887.

Las Publicaciones del Museo Nacional de Arqueologia. By Juan B.
Iguinez. Mexico, 1913.

List of Publications of the Bureau of American Ethnology (58 BBE).
Washington, 1914.

Manuel dP archeologie americaine. “Bibliographic.” By H. Beuchat.
Paris, 1912.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY   383

“Museo Mitre” Catalogo de la biblioteca. Published by the Minis-
terio de Justicia e Instruccion Publica. Buenos Aires.

Narrative and Critical History of America. By Justin Winsor. Vol. i,
Aboriginal America, “Bibliographical Appendix.” Boston, 1889.

Native Races of the Pacific States of North America. By H. H. Ban-
croft. Vol. i, “Authorities Quoted.” New York, 1785.

“Notes on the Bibliography of Yucatan and Central America.” By
A. F. Bandelier. In American Antiquarian, new series, i (1882).

“Recent Literature on the South American Amazons.” By A. F.
Chamberlain. In JAFL, xxiv (1911).

Note. — Where important bibliographies are attached to works here below listed

the fact is indicated: ** Bibliography.

III.   ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ETHNOLOGICAL GUIDES

Aborigines of South America. By Col. G. E. Church. London, 1912.
“A list of the Tribes of the Valley of the Amazons.” By Sir Clements
Markham. In JAI xl (1910).

Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America (American
Museum of Natural History, Handbook Series, No. j). By H. J.
Spinden. New York, 1917.

“Areas of American Culture.” By W. H. Holmes. In A A, new series,
xvi (1914). Also in Anthropology in North America, by F. Boas
and others; New York, 1915. With map.

A Study of Maya Art. By H. J. Spinden. In MPM vi (1913).
Beitrage zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas. By C. P.
von Martius. Leipzig, 1867.

Biologia Centrali-Americana. Archaeology. By A. P. Maudsley.
4 vols. London, 1889-1902.

Catalogo de la coleccion de Antropologia del Museo Nacional. By
Alonso Herrera and Ricardo E. Cicero. Mexico. 1895.
Central and South America. By A. H. Keane. 2 vols. London, 1901.
Early Man in South America (52 BBE). By Ales Hrdlicka.
Washington, 1912.

Familias linguisticas de Mexico. By Nicolas Leon. Mexico, 1877;

2d ed., 1902. Also in AnMM vii (1903). With map.

Geografia de las lenguas y carta etnografica de Mexico. By Manuel
Orozco y Berra. Mexico, 1864. With map.

Indian Languages of Mexico and Central America (44 BBE). By
Cyrus Thomas and John R. Swanton. Washington, 1911.
** Bibliography and map.
 384 LATIN-AMERICAN MYTHOLOGY

In Indian Mexico. By Frederick Starr. Chicago, 1908. Also,
Notes Upon the Ethnography of Southern Mexico (Proceedings of
the Davenport Academy of Science, ix). Davenport, 1902.

Introduction to the Study of North American Archeology. By Cyrus
Thomas. Cincinnati, 1903.

“ Kulturkreise und Kulturschichten in Sudamerika.” By W. Schmidt.
In ZE xlv (1913). **Bibliography and map.

L’Homme Americain. By Alcide Dessalines d’Orbigny. Tome iv
of Voyage dans VAmerique meridionale . . . execute pendant les
annees 1826-1833; 9 vols., Paris, 1835-47.

“Linguistic Stocks of South American Indians.” By A. F. Chamber-
lain. In A A, new series, xv (1913). Also, “South American
Linguistic Stocks,” in CA xv. 2 (1908).

Manuel d’archeologie americaine. By H. Beuchat. Paris, 1912.

Moseteno Vocabulary and Treatises. By Benigno Bibolotti; with
introduction by R. Schuller. Evanston and Chicago, 1917.
**Bibliography and map (Bolivian Indians).

“Origenes Etnograficos de Colombia.” By Carlos Cuervo Mar-
quez. In Proceedings of the Second Pan American Scientific
Congress, Vol. i. Washington, 1917.

Pre-Historic America. By the Marquis de Nadaillac; ed. W. H.
Dall, London and New York, 1884.

South American Archaeology, London, 1912; Mexican Archaeology,
London, 1914; Central American and West Indian Archaeology,
London, 1916. By T. A. Joyce.

The American Indian. An Introduction to the Anthropology of the
New World. By Clark Wissler. New York, 1917.

“The Indian Linguistic Stocks of Oaxaca, Mexico.” By Wm. H.
Mechling. In A A, new series, xiv (1912). ** Bibliography.

“The Origin and Distribution of Agriculture in America.” By H. J.
Spinden. In CA xix (Washington, 1917).

IV.   GENERAL WORKS
(a) Critical and Comparative

Bancroft, H. H., The Native Races of the Pacific States. 5 vols. New
York, 1875.

Bastian, A., Die Culturldnder des Alten America. 3 vols. Berlin,
1878-89.

Boas, Franz, The Mind of Primitive Man. New York, 1911.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY   385

Brinton, Daniel G., [a], Myths of the New World. 3d ed. Philadel-
phia, 1896.

------, American Hero Myths. Philadelphia, 1882.

------[c], Essays of an Americanist. Philadelphia, 1890.

Ehrenreich, Paul, [a], Die allgemeine Mythologie und ihre ethnolo-
gischen Grundlagen. Leipzig, 1910.

Falies, Louis, Etudes historiques et philosophiques sur les civilisa-
tions. 2 vols. Paris, no date.

Graebner, Fritz, Methode der Ethnologie. Heidelberg, 1911.

Lafitau, J. F., Moeurs des sauvages ameriquains. Tomes i-ii. Paris,
1724. (An edition in 4 vols. was issued simultaneously.)

Muller, J. G., Geschichte der amerikanischen Urreligionen. Basel,
1867.

Nuttall, Zelia, [a], The Fundamental Principles of Old and New
World Civilizations (PaPM ii). Cambridge, 1901.

Payne, Edward J., History of the New World called America. 2 vols.
Oxford and New York, 1892, 1899.

Sapir, E., Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture, A Study
in Method (C. S. C., Anthropological Series, No. if). Ottawa,
1916.

Thevet, Andre, Cosmographie universelle. Paris, 1575.

(b) Important Collections

Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires. Vols. i-iii, 1864-91;
second series, Vols. i-iv, 1895-1902; third series, Vols. i ff.,
1902 ff. Buenos Aires.

Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico. Vols. i-vii, 1877-1903; sec-
ond series, Vols. i-v, 1903-09; third series, Vols. i ff., 1909 ff.
Mexico.   1

Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology (Smithsonian
Institution). Washington, 1881 ff.

Anthropological Publications, University of Pennsylvania, The Mu-
seum. Vols. i ff., 1909 ff. Philadelphia.

Antiquities of Mexico, comprising facsimiles of Ancient Mexican
Paintings and Hieroglyphics . . . together with the Monuments of
New Spain, by M. Dupaix . . . the whole illustrated by many
valuable inedited manuscripts, by Lord Kingsborough. Vols. i-ix.
London, 1831-48.

Biblioteca maritima espahola. Ed. Martin Fernandez de Navar-
rete. 2 vols. Madrid, 1851.
 386 LATIN-AMERICAN MYTHOLOGY

Bibliotheque de linguistique et d’ethnographic americaines. Ed. A.
Pinart. Vols. i-iv. San Francisco, 1876-82.

Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology {Smithsonian Institu-
tion). Washington, 1887 ff.

Coleccion de documentos ineditos para la historia de Espaha y de sus
Indias. Vols. i-xlii, 1864-84; second series, Vols. i-xiii, 1885-
1900. Madrid. Also, Nueva coleccion, etc., Vols. i-vi, 1892-96.
Madrid.

Coleccion de documentos ineditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista,
y organizacion de las antiguas posesiones espanolas de America y
Oceania. Vols. i.-xlii. Madrid, 1864-84. Second series [Coleccion
de documentos ineditos . . . de Ultramar], Vols. i ff., 1885 ff.

Coleccion de documentos ineditos para la historia de Espana. Vols.
i-cxii. Ed. M. F. de Navarrete and others. Madrid, 1842-95.

Coleccion de libros raros 6 curiosos que tratan de America. Vols. i ff.
Madrid, 1891 ff.

Coleccion de los viages y descubrimientos que hicieron por mar los
Espanoles desde fines del siglo XV. Ed. Martin Fernandez
de Navarrete. 5 vols. Madrid, 1835-37.

Coleccion de documentos para la historia de Mexico. Ed. J. Garcia
Icazbalceta. 2 vols. Mexico, 1858,1866. Also,Nueva Coleccion,
etc., 4 vols., Mexico, 1886-1892; and ed. A. Penafiel, Coleccion
de documentos para la historia mexicana, Vols. i-vi. Mexico,
1897-1903.

Comptes rendus du Congres international des Americanistes. Paris and
elsewhere (biennially), 1878 ff.

Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Ed. Jas. Hastings. Vols. i ff.,
1908 ff. Edinburgh and New York.

Hakluyt’s Voyages. Vols. i-xii. Glasgow, 1904.

Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his Pilgrimes. Vols. i-xx. Glasgow,
1905-1907.

Historiadores de las Indias. (Nueva biblioteca de autores Espanoles,
Nos. 13, 14.) Ed. Manuel Serrano y Sanz. 2 vols. Madrid,
1909. Tomo i, Apologetica historia de las Indias, de Fr. Bar-
tolome de las Casas. Tomo ii, Guerra de Quito, de Cieza de Leon;
Jornada del Rio Mar anon, de Toribio de Ortiguera; Jornada de
Omagua y Dorado; Descripcion del Peru, Tucuman, Rio de la
Plata y Chile, de Fr. Reginaldo de Lizarraga.

Historiadores primitivos de las Indias Occidentales. Ed. A. G. Barcia.
3 vols. Madrid, 1749.

Historiadores primitivos de Indias {Biblioteca de autores Espanoles).
Ed. Enrique de Vedia. 2 vols. Madrid, 1852, 1862. Tomo i,
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

387

Cartas de relation, de Cortes; Hispania Victrix, de Lopez de
Gomara; Natural historia de las Indias, de Oviedo y Valdes; etc.
Tomo ii, Verdadera historia, de Bernal Diaz del Castillo; Con-
quista del Peru, de Francisco de Jerez; Cronica del Peru, de Cieza
de Leon; Historia . . . del Peru, de Augustin de Zarate.

Journal de la Societe des Americanistes de Paris. Vols. i-v, 1895-1904;

new series, Vols. i ff., 1908 ff. Paris.

Library of Aboriginal American Literature. Ed. Daniel G. Brinton.

8 vols. Philadelphia, 1882-90.

Memoirs of the Peabody Museum. Cambridge, 1896 ff.

Papers of the Peabody Museum. Cambridge, 1888 ff.

Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. New series. Worces-
ter, 1882 ff.

Proceedings of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress. Vol. i.
Section I, Anthropology. Washington, 1917.

Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Anthropological Series.
Vols. i ff. Chicago, 1895 ff.

Relaciones historicas de America. Primera mitad del siglo XVI. With
introduction by Manuel Serrano y Sanz. Madrid, 1916.
Relaciones historicas y geograficas de America Central. With intro-
duction by Manuel Serrano y Sanz. Madrid, 1908.

Revista del Museo de la Plata. La Plata, 1890 ff.

Voyages, relations et memoires originaux pour servir a Vhistoire de la
decouverte de PAmerique. Ed. H. Ternaux-Compans. Vols. i-xx.
Paris, 1837-41. Also, with other editors, Nouvelles annales des
Voyages, etc., in six series, Paris, 1819-65.

Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society. Vols. i-c. London, 1847-98.
Second series, Vols. i ff., 1899 ff*

V.   SELECT AUTHORITIES
Chapter I

Abbad y Lasierra, Fray Inigo, Historia geografica, civil y natural
de la is la de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico. With notes
by Jose Julian de Acosta y Calbo. Porto Rico, 1866.

Adam, Lucien, [a], Le parler des hommes et des femmes dans la langue
Caraibe. Paris, 1890.

Ballet, J., “Les Caraibes,” in CA i. I (Nancy, 1875).

Bachiller y Morales, Antonio, Cuba primitiva. 2d ed. Havana,
1883.
 388 LATIN-AMERICAN MYTHOLOGY

Benzoni, Girolamo, Historia del Mondo Nuovo. Venice, 1565. Tr.
W. H. Smyth, History of the New World (HS). London, 1857.

Booey,Theodoorde, [a], “Lucayan Remains on the Caicos Islands,”
in AA, new series, xiv (1912).

------, “Pottery from Certain Caves in Eastern Santo Do-
mingo,” in AA, new series, xvii (1915).

Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de, Histoire de l’Isle Es-
pagnole ou de Saint-Domingue. 2 vols. Paris, 1730-31; also,
Amsterdam, 1733.

Coll y Toste, Cayetano, Colon en Puerto Rico. Porto Rico, 1893.

Columbus, Christopher, Letters, Journal, etc. — Editions, com-
plete or in part: M. F. de Navarrete, Coleccion de los viages y
descubrimientos de los Espaholes, Vol. i, Madrid, 1825; H. Ha-
risse, Christophe Colomb, Vol. ii, Appendix, Paris, 1885; R. H.
Major, Select Letters of Christopher Columbus (HS), 2d ed., Lon-
don, 1870 (contains critical bibliography); Clements Markham,
Journal of Christopher Columbus (HS), London, 1893; John
Boyd Thacher, Christopher Columbus, 2 vols., New York,
1903-04; Edward Gaylord Bourne, “The Voyages of Colum-
bus and John Cabot,” in The Northmen and Columbus (Original
Narratives of Early American History), New York, 1906 (with
bibliographical notes). For bibliography, see Beuchat, Manuel,
pp. xiii-iv.

Columbus, Fernando, Historie del S. D. Fernando Colomb: Nelle
quali s’ha particolare, e vera relatione della vita, e de’ fatti dell’
Ammiraglio D. Christoforo Colombo suo padre: Et dello scopri-
mento, ch’ egli fece delV Indie Occidentali, dette Mondo-Nuovo,
hora possedute dal Sereniss. Re Catolico: Nuovamente di lingua
Spagnuola tradotte nelV Italiana dal S. Alfonso Ulloa. Venice,
1871. English tr. in Churchill’s Voyages, London, 1704, (3d
ed., 6 vols., 1744-46), and in Pinkerton’s Voyages and Travels,
Vol. xii, London, 1812; Spanish tr., 2 vols., Madrid, 1892.

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