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« on: March 05, 2018, 07:43:04 PM »
Pago.
Fig. 69. Biconical spindle-wliorl, one Swastika of the figure-8 style; 19.8 feet
depth. Schliemann, Ilios, tig. 18C1............................. 818
70. Biconical spindle-whorl, one Swastika slightly ogee; 19.8 feet depth.
Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1864.................................... 818
71. Conical spindle-whorl, three ogee Swastikas; 13|feetdepth. Selilio-
mann, Ilios, fig. 1852. Gift of Mme. Schliemann. Cat. No. 149704,
U.S.N.M............................................... 818
72. 73, 74. Forms of whorls from fifth buried city of Hissarlik, for com-
parison. Schliemann, Ilios, figs. 1801,1802, and 1803........... 819
75. Terra-cotta sphere, thirteen Swastikas. Third city; 26 feet depth.
Schliemann, Ilios, figs. 245, 246............................... 819
76. Terra-cotta disk, one Swastika. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1849..... 820
77. Spindle-whorl, ogeo Swastika. Third city; 23 feet depth. Schlie-
mann, Ilios, fig. 1822........................................... 820
78. Biconical spindle-whorl, irregular Swastikas and crosses. Fonrth
’ city; 13.6 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1871 ............ 820
79. Biconical spindle-whorl, uncertain and malformed Swastikas. Third
city; 33 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1870...•-.......... 820
80. Biconical spindle-whorl, irregular and partly formed Swastika with
large dot in center. Fourth city; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios,
fig. 1875 ....................................................... 821
81. Biconical spindle-whorl, flattened, two Swastikas with indefinite
decoration. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1947...................... 821
82. Biconical spindle-whorl, one Swastika and four segments of circles.
Third city; 33 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1989......... 821
83. Biconical spindle-whorl, flattened, ogee Swastika with center circle.
Third city; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1987......... 822
84. Biconical spindle-whorl, six ogee Swastikas, with center circlo and
dot. Third city; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1862.... 822
85. Spherical spindle-whorl, flattened top, ogee lines which do not form
Swastikas. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1890....................... 822
86. Biconical spindle-whorl, ogeo carves not crossed to form Swastikas.
Fourth city; 10.6 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1889...... 822
87. Spherical spindle-whorl flattened, with two Swastikas combined with
segments and dots. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1988................. 823
88. Two sections of terra-cotta sphere, central circle and many extended
arms, ogee and zigzag to the left. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1993. 823
89. Spherical spindle-whorl, large central dot with 12 arms, in same form
as ogeo Swastika. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1946.................. 823
90. Spindle-whorl, central dot with ogee arms radiating therefrom, turn-
ing in different directions, but in form of Swastika. Third city; 29
feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1830 ............. 824
91. Spindle-whorl, central hole with radiating arms. Third city; 23 feet
depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1842................. 824
92. Spindle-whorl, large central circle with many arms. Fourth city;
19.8 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1837 .................. 824
93. Spindle-whorl, central hole and large circle with many curved arms.
Third city; 29 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1833........ 824
94. Large biconical spindle-whorl with four large crosses with bifur-
cated arms. Third city; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig.
1856............................................................. 825
95. Spindle-whorl, hole and large circle in center with broad arms of
Greek cross. Third city; 26.4 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig.
1820............................................................ 825
96. Spindle-whorl, hole and large circle in center, extended parallel arms
of Greek cross, with dots. Third city; 23 feet depth. Schliemann,
Ilios, fig. 1817................................................. 825
1002 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
Page.
Fig. 97. Spindle-whorl, arms of Greek cross tapering, with dots. Third city;
23 feet depth. Schliemanu, Ilios, tig. 1818.................... 825
98. Spindle-whorl, central hole, three arms ornamented with dots. Third
city; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1819.............. 826
99. Bieonieal spindle-whorl, with four animals associated with the Swas-
tika. Third city; 33 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1877.. 826
100. Bieonieal spindle-whorl, with four animals associated with the Swas-
tika. Fourth city; 19.6 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1867.. 826
101. Spindle-whorl, figure-8 Swastika (?) with six “burning altars.”
Fourth city; 19.6 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1838..... 826
102 to 113. Trojan spindle-whorls. Schliemann, Ilios................. 827
114 to 124. Trojan Spindle-whorls. Schliemann, Ilios................. 828
125. Leaden idol, Artemis Nana of Chaldea, with Swastika. Hissarlik,
23 feet depth, 1£ natural size. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 226.... 829
126. Terra-cotta vase with mamclon. Fourth city; 16| feet depth. One-
third natural size. Cat. No. 149676, U.S.N.M................... 830
127. Terra-cotta vase with circle or ring. Fourth city; 20 feet depth. One-
third natural size. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 988................ 830
128. Terra-cotta vase, with circle or ring with Croix swasticale. Fourth
city; 20 feet depth. One-sixth natural size. Schliemann, Ilios,
iig. 986.............................................. 831
129. Terra-cotta vase, with circle or ring inclosing Swastika. Fifth city;
10 feet depth. Two-fifths natural size. Schliemann, Troja, fig.
101.............................................................. 831
130. Greek vase showing deer, geese, and three Swastikas. Naukratis,
ancient Egypt, sixth and fifth centuries B. C. Flinders Petrie,
Third Mem. Egypt Expl. Fund, pt. 1, pi. iv, fig. 3; and Goodyear,
Grammar, etc., pi. lx, fig. 2.................................. 834
130a. Detail of vase shown in the preceding figure................... 834
131. Pottery fragments with two meander Swastikas. Naukratis, an-
cient Egypt. Petrie, Third Mem. Egypt Expl. Fund, pt. 1, pi. v,
figs. 24 and 15.................................................. 835
132. Fragments of Greek vase with lion and three meander Swastikas.
Naukratis, ancient Egypt. Petrie, Sixth Mem. Egypt Expl. Fund,
pt. 2, pi. v, fig. 7; and Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pi. xxx, fig. 2 .. 835
133. Fragment of Greek vase with figures of sacred animals and Swastikas
associated with Greek fret. Naukratis, ancient Egypt. Petrie,
Sixth Mem. Egypt Expl. Fund, pt. 2, pi. vi, fig. 1............. 836
134. Fragment of Greek vase with figures of animals, two meander
Swastikas, and Greek fret. Nankratis, ancient Egypt. Petrie, Sixth
Mem. Egypt Expl. Fund, pt. 2, pi. viii, fig. 1; and Goodyear, Gram-
mar, etc., pi. xxx, fig. 10...................................... 836
135. Greek vase with deer and meander and figure-8 Swastikas. Nan-
kratis, ancient Egypt. Sixth Mem. Egypt Expl. Fund, pi. v, fig. 1. 837
136. Greek tapestry. Coptos, Egypt. First and second centuries A. D.
Forrer, Achmim-Panopolis, pi. ix, fig. 3......................... 837
137. Torus of column with Swastikas. Roman ruins, Algeria. Dela-
mare. "Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pi. xliii, fig. 2............ 838
138. Bronze ingots captured at Coomassee during Ashantee war. Swastika
on each........................................................ 838
139. Variations of the Greek fret. The two continuous lines crossing
each other give the appearance of Swastikas.................... 839
140. Greek geometric vase with goose and Swastika (panel). Smyrna.
Leyden Museum. Conze. Anfiinge, etc., Vienna, 1870; and Good-
year, Grammar, etc., pi. lvi, fig. 4.................. 839
THE SWASTIKA.
1003
Page.
Fig. 141. Greek vase, geometric ornament, Athens. Horses, Swastika (panels).
Dennis, Etruria, vol. 1, p. cxiii............................... 839
142. Greek vase with Swastikas (panels). Conze, Anfange, etc., vol. 4;
and Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pi. lx, fig. 13.................... 839
143. Detail of Archaic Greek vase with solar goose and Swastika (panel).
British Museum. Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pi. xli, fig. 15..... 840
144. Cyprian pottery plaque with Swastika (panel). Met. Mus. of Art,
N. Y. Cesnola, Cyprus, Its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples, pi.
. xlvii, fig. 40.................................................... 840
145. Detail lrom Cyprian vase, Swastikas in triangles. Goodyear, Gram-
mar, etc., pi. i, fig. 11....................................... 840
146. Detail of Attic vase with antelope (?) and Swastika. British
Museum. Bohlau, Jahrbuch, 1885, p. 50; and Goodyear, Grammar,
etc., pi. xxxvii, fig. 9.............................. 840
147. Cyprian vase with Swastikas. Cesnola, Cyprus, etc., appendix by
' Murray, p. 404, fig. 15........................................... 841
148. Terra-cotta figurine with Swastikas (panels). Cesnola, Cyprus, p.
300. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop, Paris, 1888, p. 681,
fig. 11......................................................... 841
149. Terra-cotta vase, Swastika, and figure of horse.................. 841
150. Bronze fibula with Swastika, goose, and fish, Boeotia, Greece, onc-half
natural size. Ludwig Muller. De Mortillet, Musee FrShistorique, '
fig. 1265........................................................ 841
151. Details of Greek vase with birds and Swastikas. Waring, Ceramic
Art, etc., pi. xxxiii, fig. 24; and Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pi. xlvi,
fig. 5............................................................ 842
152. Detail of Cyprian vase, sun hawk, lotus, solar disk, Swastikas. Bolau,
Jahrbuch, 1886, pi. vm; Reinach, Revue Archeologique, 1885, n, p.
360; Chipiez & Perrot, Hist, of Art in Antiq., iv, p.564; Goodyear,
Grammar, etc., pi. xlv, fig. 3.................................... 842
153. Detail of Greek geometric vase with horses and Swastika. Thera.
Leyden Museum. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pi. lxi, fig. 4......... 842
154. Bronze fibula with large Swastika on shield. Greece. Musce St.
Germain. De Mortillet, Musde Pr61iistorique, fig. 1264. One-half
natural size....................................-..... 843
155. Greek vase, oinochoe, with two painted Swastikas. De Mortillet,
Musfy Frehistorique, fig. 1244. One-quarter natural size........ 843
156. Cyprian vase with animal and Swastikas. Cesnola, Cyprus, etc., pi.
xlv, fig. 36...................................................... 843
157. Archaic Greek pottery fragment. Santorin, ancient Thera. War-
ing, Ceramic Art., etc., pi. xlii, fig. 2....................... 843
158. Cyprian vase with bird, lotus, and Swastikas. Met. Mus. of Art,
N. Y. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pi. lx, fig. 15.................. 844
159. Cyprian vase with two Swastikas. Cesnola Coll., Met. Mus. of Art,
N. Y. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., fig. 151......................... 844
160. Fragment of terra-cotta vase with Swastikas, from ruins of temple
at Paleo-Paphos; 40 feet depth. Cesnola, Cyprus, etc., p. 210... 845
161. Wooden button, clasp, or fibula, covered with plates of gold, ogee
Swastika (tetraskelion) in center. Schliemann, Mycenw, fig. 385,
p. 259 ............................................... 845
162. Detail of Greek vase with goose, honeysuckle (Anthemion), spiral
Swastika. Thera. Monumenti Inedite, lxv, 2. Goodyear, Gram-
mar, etc., pi. xlvi, fig. 7........................... 845
163. Detail of Greek vase, Sphynx with spiral scrolls, two meander Swas-
tikas (right). Melos. Bohlau, Jahrbuch, 1887, xii'; Goodyear.
Grammar, etc., pi. xxxiv, fig. 8................................ 846
1004
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
Pago.
Fig. 164. Detail of Greek vase, ibex and scroll, meander Swastika (right).
Melos. Bohlau, Jahrbuch, 1887, p. 121; and Goodyear, Grammar,
etc., pi. xxxix, fig. 2.......................................... 846
165. Detail of Greek vase with ram, meander Swastika (left), circles,
dots, and crosses. Rhodian style. British Museum. Salzmann,
Necropole de Camire, Li; and Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pi. xxvm,
fig. 7........................................................... 846
166. Cyprian vase and details with birds and Swastikas. Perrot &. Clii-
piez, Chypre, etc., p. 702; Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pi. xlviii, figs.
6 and 12; Cesnola, Cyprus, etc., appendix by Murray, pi. xliv,
fig. 34, p.412.................................................... 847
167. Cyprian vase with lotus, bosses, buds, and sepals, and different Swas-
tikas. Cesnola Coll., Met. Mus. of Art., N. Y. Goodyear, Gram-
mar, e tc., pi. xlviii, fig. 3......................... 847
168. Cyprian vase with bosses, lotus buds, and different Swastikas. Ces-
nola Coll., Met. Mus. of Art., N. Y. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pi.
xlviii, fig. 15................................................... 848
169. Detail of early Bmotian vase with horse, solar diagram, Artemis with
geese, and Swastikas (normal and meander, right and left). Good-
year, Grammar, etc., pi. lxi, fig. 12.................. 848
170. Detail of Rhodian vase with geese, circles, and dots, Swastikas (right
and left). British Museum. Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pi. xxvii,
fig. 9............................................................ 819
171. Detail of Rhodian vase with geese, lotus, circles, and two Swastikas
(right and left). Goodyear, Grammar, etc., fig. 145, p. 271........ 849
172. Greek vase of typical Rhodian style with ibex, geese, lotus, six Swas-
tikas (normal, meander, and ogee, all left). Goodyear, Grammar,
etc., pi. xxxviii, p. 251........................................ 850
173. Detail of Greek vase with deer, solar diagrams, three Swastikas (sin-
gle, double, and meander, right). Melos. Conze. Meliosche Thovge-
fdsse; Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pi. lx, fig 8...................... 851
171. Archaic Greek vase from Athens with five Swastikas, of four styles.
British Museum. Birch, History of Ancient Pottery, quoted in
Waring’s Ceramic Art, etc., pi. xli, fig. 15; Dennis, Etruria, Yol i,
p. xci.................................................................. 851
175. Detail of Archaic Boeotian vase with two serpents, crosses, eight
Swastikas (normal, right, left, and meander). Goodyear, Gram-
mar, etc., pi. lx, fig. 9......................................... 852
176. Attic vase for perfume with Swastikas of two kinds and Croix swas-
ticale. Olincfalsch-Richter, Pull. Soe. d? Anthrop., Paris, 1888,
p. 674, fig. 6.................................................... 852
177. Detail of Cyprian vase, Swastika with palm tree, sacred to Apollo.
Citium, Cyprus. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Bull. Soc. (VAnthrop., Paris,
1888, p. 673, fig. 3............................................ 852
178. Cyprian vase, birds, Swastika, (panel). Musde St. Germain. Ohne-
falsch-Richter, Bull. Soc. (TAnthrop., Paris, 1888, p. 674, fig. 6. 853
179. Chariot of Apollo-Resef with sun symbol (?) on a shield ; four Swas-
tikas, two right and two left, on quadrants of chariot wheels.
Cesnola, Salamania, p. 240, fig. 226; and Ohnefalsch-Richter, Bull.
Soc. d’Anthrop., Paris 1888, p. 675, fig. 7........................ 853
180. Terra-cotta statue of goddess, Aphrodite-Astarte, with four Swas-
tikas. Curium, Cyprus. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop.,
Paris, 1888, p. 676, fig. 8........................................ 853
181. Cyprian centaur with one Swastika. Cesnola, Salamania, p.243, fig.
230; Ohnefalsch-Richter, Bull. Soc. .d’Anthrop., Paris, 1888, p. 676,
fig. 9
853
THE SWASTIKA.
1005
Page.
902
« on: March 05, 2018, 07:42:31 PM »
the Development of | Mythology, Phi-
losophy, Religion, | Language, Art and
Custom | by | Edward E. Tylor, LL. D.,
F. R. S., | Author of “Researches into
the Early History of Mankind,” etc. |
(Quotation in French) | First Ameri-
can, from the Second English Edition |
In Two Volumes | (Design) | Boston |
Estes & Lauriat | 143 Washington
Street | 1874.
8°, (1), pp- i-xii, 1-502; (2), pp. i-viii, 1-470.
WAKE, C. S. The Swastika and Allied
Symbols.
Am. Antiquarian, 1894, Yol. xvi, p. 413.
The writer cites Prof. Alois Raimond Hein,
Meander, etc., Worbelornamente in Amerika.
Yienna, 1891.
WARING, J. B. Ceramic Art | in | Re-
mote Ages; | With Essays on the Sym-
bols of | the Circle, the Cross and
Circle, | the Circle and Ray Ornament,
the Fylfot, | and the Serpent, | Show-
ing their Relation to the Primitive
996
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
WARING, J. B.—continued.
Forms | of | Solar and Nature Wor-
ship, | by | J. B. Waring, | Author of |
“Stone Monuments, Tumuli, and Orna- i
meut of Remote Ages,” “Illustrations
of Architecture and Ornament,” | “The '
Art Treasures of the United Kingdom,” i
»Vc., *fcc. | London: | Printed and Pub-
lished by .John B. Day, | Savoy Street,
Straud | 1874.
Folio, pp. 1-127, pis. 1-55.
Swastika; Triskelion; Ancicntcoins. l’latcs
2, 3,7,27, 33,41-44.
WIENER,Ciiahles. lYrou j etBolivie |
R^eit de Voyage | suivi | d’Etmles
Archdologiques et Ethnographiques |
et de Notes | Sur l’Ecriture et les Lan-
gues des Populations Iiuliennes | ]>ar |
Charles Wiener | Ouvrage Contenant |
100 Gravures, 27 cartes et 18 plans | (De-
sign) | Paris | Librairie llaeliette et
Cie. | 79, Boulevard Saint-Germain,79 |
1880 | Droits de Propriety et de traduc-
tion reserves.
8°, pp. i-xi, 1-790.
Christian cross in America.—Means us<<l to
implant it. Chap, vii, pp. 71G-730.
| WOOD, J. G. The | Natural | History of
Man; | Being | an Account of the Man-
ners and Customs of the | Uncivilized
Races of Men. | By the Rev. | J. G.
Wood, M. A., F. L. S. | etc., etc. | AVith
New Designs by An gas, Dan by, Wolf,
Zweeker, etc., etc. | Engraved by the
Brothers Dalziel. | Loudon: j George
Rontledge and Sous, The Broadway,
Ludgate. | New York; 416 Broome
Street. | 1868.
2 volst., 8°, pp. 774, 804.
Tlie Gurani Indians wear the qiteyu or bead
apron; Vol. II, p. 020, blit the Waraus wear
only a triangular bit of bark, p. 023.
WRIGHT, T. F. Notes on the Swastika.
Palestine Exploration Fund, Quarterly State-
ment, London. October, 1894, p. 300.
ZMIGRODZKI, Michael V. Zur | Gc-
schichte der Suastika | von | Michael
V. Zmigrodzki | Mit Vier Figuren ini
Text und Vier Tafeln. | Braun-
schweig, | Druek und Verlag von Frie-
dericli Vieweg und Solin. | 1890.
----Histoire du Suastika.
Congris International d'Anthrop. et Archeol.
Prehist. Compte Rendu de la dixiinne session
a Paris, 1889 pp. 473-490.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATKS.
Facing page.
FI. 1. Origin of Buddha, with Swastika sign, according to Tao Shih..... 800
2. Swastika decreed by Empress Wn (684-704 A. D.) as a sign for sun in
China.......................................................... 800
3. Swastika design on silk fabrics................................... 800
4. Swastika in sjiider web over fruit................................ 800
5. Buffalo with Swastika on forehead. Presented to Emperor of Sung
Dynasty.......................................................... 800
6. Incense burner with Swastika decoration. South Tang Dynasty..... 800
7. House of Wa Tsung-Chih of Sin Shin, with Swastika in railing...... 800
8. Mountain or wild date—fruit resembling Swastika. China............ 800
9. Punch marks on reverse of ancient coins........................... 876
Eig. 1. Coin from Lydia. Electrum. Reverse. Oblong sinking
between two squares. Babylonic stater. The earliest
known coinage. Circa B. C. 700.
2. Phenician half stater. Electrum. Reverse. Incuse square
with cruciform ornament.
3. Silver coin of Teos. Reverse. Incuse square. Circa 544
B.C.
4. Silver coin of Acanthus. Reverse. Incuse square.
5. Silver coin of Mende. Reverse. Incuse triangles.
6. Silver coin of Terone. Reverse. Incuse.
7. Coin of Bisaltse.1 Reverse. Elat incuse square. Octa-
drachiu.
8. Silver coin of Orrescii.1 Reverse. Incuse square. Octa-
drachm.
9. Corinthian silver coin. Reverse. Incuse square divided
into eight triangular compartments.
10. Silver coin of Abdcra. Reverse. Incuse square.
11. Silver coin of Byzantium. Reverse. Incuse square, gran-
ulated.
12. Silver coin of Thrasos (Thrace). Reverse. Incuse square.
10. Engraved Eulgnr(?) shell resembling statue of Buddha. Toco mound,
Tennessee. Cat. No. 115560, U.S.N.M.............................. 880
11. Plan of North Fork (Hopewell) Works, Ross County, Ohio. Smith-
sonian Contrib. to Knowledge, I, pi. x............................ 888
12. Plan of Hopewell mound, Ross County, Ohio, in which aboriginal cop-
per Swastikas were found. Primitive Man in Ohio, pi. xxxiv........ 888
13. Human skull, with copper-covered horns, probably of elk. Hopewell
mound, Ross County, Ohio. Primitive Man in Ohio, frontispiece..... 890
14. Altar, Hopewell mound, Ross County, Ohio. Found near the copper
Swastika shown in fig. 244. Primitive Man in Ohio, fig. xxxvii. Cat.
No. 148662, U. S. N. M............................................ 890
1 The Basal ta'- and Orrescii were Thracian tribes who dwelt in the valleys of the
Strymon and the Augites, to the north of the Pangman Range.
997
998
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
Facing page.
PI. 15. Bead necklace and garters witli Swastika ornamentation. Sac Indians. 894
16. Ceremonial bead garters witli Swastikas. Sac Indians, Cook County
(Kansas) Reservation.............................................. 896
17. “Navajo Mountain Chant.” Dr. 'Washington Matthews. Fifth Ann.
Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1883-84, pi. xvn............................... 898
18. Folium Vitus (“fig leaves”)—terra-cotta covers, “ tnnga,” used by ab-
origines of Brazil. Cat. Nos. 59089 and 36542, U.S.N.M............. 904
19. Various forms of crosses in use among North American Indinns, from
Greek cross to Swastika. Second Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1880-81,
pi. liii........................................................... 928
Fig. 1. Greek cross.
2. Greek cross.
3. Cross on copper.
4. Cross on shell.
5. Greek cross.
6. Greek cross.
7. Latin cross, copper.
8. Greek cross.
9. Latin cross, copper.
10. Swastika on shell.
11. Swastika on shell.
12. Swastika on pottery.
13. Swrastika on pottery.
20. Palenque cross, foliated. Smithsonian Contrib. to Knowledge, xxir, fig. 7,
p. 33 ......................................................... 932
21. Modern porcelain spindle-whorls. Southern France. Cat. No. 169598,
U.S.N.M.......................................................... 968
22. Navajo woman using spindle and whorl. Dr. Washington Matthews,
Third Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol, 1881-82, pi. xxxiv................ 970
23. Series of aboriginal spindles and whorls from Peru. Cat. No. 17510,
U.S.N.M.......................................................... 972
24. Selected specimens of spindle-whorls from the Third, Fourth, and Fifth
cities of Troy. U. S. National Museum.......................... 974
25. Selected specimens of spindle-whorls from the Third, Fourth, and Fifth
cities of Troy. U. S. National Museum............................ 974
TEXT FIGURES.
Page.
Fig. 1. Latin cross (Crux immissa)........................................ 765
2. Greek cross.................................................... 765
3. St. Andrew's cross (Crux decussata)............................ 765
4. Egyptian cross (Crux ansata), the Key of Life................ 766
5. Tau cross, Thor’s hammer, St. Anthony's cross................ 766
6. Monogram of Christ. Labarum of Constantine................... • 766
7. Maltese cross.................................................. 766
8. Celtic crosses................................................. 767
9. Normal Swastika. Arms crossing at right angles, with ends bent to
the right..................................................... 767
10. Suavastika. Arms bent to the left........................... 767
11. Swastika...................................................... 767
12. Croix swasticale (Zmigrodzki)................................. 767
13a. Ogee and spiral Swastikas. Tetraskelion (four-armed).......... 768
13&. Spiral and volute. Triskelion (three-armed)................... 768
13c. Spiral and volute (five or many armed)...................... 768
13d. Ogee Swastika with circle..................................... 768
THE SWASTIKA.
999
Page.
Fig. 14. Nandavartava, a third sign of the footprint of Buddha. Burnouf,
Lotus de la Bonne Loi, Paris, 1852, p. 626................... 774
15. Typical lotuses on Cyprian vases. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., p. 77.. 782
16. Typical lotus on Rhodian vases. Goodyear, Grammar, etc.......... 782
17. Typical lotus on Melian vases. Goodyear, Grammar of the Lotus___ 782
18. Detail of Cyprian vase showing lotuses with curling sepals. Met.
Mus. of Art, N. Y. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pi. xlvii, fig. 1.. 782
19. Details of a Cyprian amphora; lotus with curling sepals, and dif-
ferent Swastikas. Met. Mus. of Art, N. Y. Goodyear, Grammar,
etc., pi. xlvii, figs. 2 and 3........................ 783
20. Theory of the evolution of the spiral scroll from lotus. One volute.
Goodyear, Grammar, etc., fig. 51............................... 783
21. Theory of lotus rudiments in spiral. Tomb 33, Abd-el-Kourneh,
Thebes. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., p. 96......................... 783
22. Concentric rings connected by tangents. Petrie, History of Scarabs. 784
23. Conceiltric rings with disconnected tangents. Barringer Coll., Met.
Mus. of Art, N. Y. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., PI. vm, fig. 23.... 784
24. Concentric rings without connection. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pi.
vm, fig. 25. Farman Coll., Met. Mus. of Art, N. Y.............. 784
25. Special Egyptian meander. An illustration of the theory of deriva-
tion from the spiral. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pi. x, fig. 9... 784
26. Detail of Greek vase. Meander and Swastika. No. 2843 in Polytech-
nic, Athens. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., fig. 174................. 785
27. Detail of Greek geometric vase in the British Museum. Swastika,
right, with solar geese. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., fig. 173, p. 353.. 785
28. Greek geometric vase. Swastika with solar geese. Goodyear, Gram-
mar, etc., fig. 172, p. 353.................................... 785
29. Bronze statue of Buddha. Japan. Eight Swastikas on pedestal, cane
tintinnabulum with six movable rings or bells. Cernuschi Coll.
One-fifteenth natural size...................................... 799
30. Japanese potter’s mark on porcelain. Swastika, left. Sir A. W.
Franks, Catalogue, etc., pi. xi, fig. 139; De Mortillet, Muste Pre-
historique, fig. 1248........................................... 799
31. Potter’s mark on porcelain. China. Tablet of Honor, with Swas-
tika. Prime, Pottery and Porcelain, p.254...................... 801
32. Footprint of Buddha with Swastika, from Amaravati Tope. From
a figure by Fergusson and Schliemann............................ 802
33. Explanation of Jain Swastika, according to Gandhi.............. 804
(1) Archaic or protoplasmic life; (2) plant and animal life; (3)
human life; (4) celestial life.
34a. The formation of the Jain Swastika—First stage................. 804
34/>. The formation of the Jain Swastika—Second stage................ 804
34c. The formation of the Jain Swastika—Third stage................. 805
35. Bronze pin-head from Cheithan-thagh. De Morgan, An Caucase, fig.
177............................................................. 807
36. Bronze pin-head from Akthala. De Morgan An, Can case, fig. 178_ 808
37. Swastika mark on black pottery. Cheithan-thagh. 1*6 Morgan, An
Caucase, fig. 179............................................... 808
38. Fragment of bronze ceinturo. Necropolis of Koban, Caucasus.
Swastika repouss^. Natural size. Chantre, Le Caucase, pi. xi,
fig. 3.......................................................... 808
39. Bronze agrafe or belt plate. Triskelion in spiral. Koban, Caucasus,
Chantre, Le Caucase, pi. xi, fig. 4.......................... 809
40. Swastika signs from Asia Minor. Waring, Ceramic Art in Pemote
Ages, pi. xli, figs. 5 and 6.................................... 809
1000
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
Page.
Fig. 41. Brand for horses in Circassia. Ogee Swastika, tetraskelion. Waring,
Ceramic Art, ete., pi. xlii, lig. 20c................................. 809
42. Fragment of lustrous black pottery. Swastika, right. Sclilieinann,
Ilio8, fig. 247....................................................... 810
43. Spindle-whorl with two Swastikas and two crosses; 23 feet depth.
Sclilieinann, Ilios, fig. 1858........................................ 811
44. Spindle-whorl, two Swastikas; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios,
fig. 1874 ............................................................ 811
45. Spindle-whorl, two Swastikas; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios,
fig. 1919............................................................. 811
46. Spindle-whorl, two Swastikas; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, [lion,
fig. 1826 ............................................................ 811
47. Spindle-whorl, three Swastikas; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Iliox,
fig. 1851............................................................. 811
48. Spindle-whorl, Swastikas; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig.
1982.................................................................. 812
19. Sphere, eight segments, one containing Swastika. Schliemann, Ilios,
lig. 1999 ............................................................ 812
50. Biconical spindle-wliorl, Swastika. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1949....... 812
51. Biconical spindle-wliorl, six Swastikas; 33 feet depth. Schliemann,
Ilios, fig. 1859...................................................... 813
52. Biconical spindle-wliorl, two ogee Swastikas; 33 feet depth. Schlie-
niann, Ilios, fig. 1876............................................... 813
53. Spindle-whorl, four Swastikas; 33 feet depth. De Mortillet, Mu see
Prehistorique, fig. 1210.......................................*— 813
54. Spindle-wliorl, one Swastika; 33 feet depth. De Mortillet, Musee
Prehistorique, fig. 1241.............................................. 813
55. Conical spindle-wliorl, three ogee Swastikas; 13| feet depth. Sclilie-
mann, Ilios, fig. 1850................................................ 814
56. Conical spindle-wliorl, four Swastikas, various kinds; 13£ feet depth.
Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1879.......................................... 814
57. Conical spindle-wliorl, Swastikas; 13£ feet depth. Schliemann,
Ilios, fig. 1891.................................................... 814
58. Biconical spindle-whorl, one Swastika ; 134 fe depth. Schliemann,
Ilios, fig. 1983 ....'............................................. 815
59. Biconical spindle-whorl, three ogee Swastikas; 134 feet depth.
Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1990.......................................... 815
60. Biconical spindle-whorl, two Swastikas; 161 feet depth. Sehlie-
niann, Ilios, fig. 1863............................................... 815
61. Biconical spindle-whorl, five ogee Swastikas; 18 feet depth. Sehlie-
maun, Ilios, fig. 1905................................................ 816
62. Spindle-whorl, three Swastikas; 19.8 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios,
fig. 1855 ............................................................ 816
63. Spindle-whorl, four ogee Swastikas, with spiral volutes; 18 feet depth.
Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1868.......................................... 816
64. Biconical spindle-whorl, one Swastika; 19.8 feet depth. Schliemann,
Ilios, fig>1865....................................................... 816
65. Biconical spindle-whorl, one Swastika; 19.8 feet depth. Schliemann,
Ilios, fig. 1866...................................................... 817
66. Biconical spindle-whorl, three Swastikas and three “burning
altars;” 19.8 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1872............. 817
67. Biconical spindle-whorl, four Swastikas of the Jain style; 19.8 feet
depth. Schliemann, Ilios, tig. 1873................................... 817
68. Biconical spindle-whorl, three Swastikas of different styles; 19.8 feet
depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1912....T,........................... 817
THE SWASTIKA.
1001
903
« on: March 05, 2018, 07:41:41 PM »
MOOREHEAD, Warren K. Primitive
Man | In Ohio | by | Warren K. Moore-
head | Fellow of the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science |
Author of “Fort Ancient, the Great
Prehistoric | Earthwork of Ohio,’’ etc. |
G. P. Putnam’s Sons | The Knicker-
bocker Press, | 1892.
pp. i-xii, 1-246.
Discoveries in Hopewell Mound, Chillioothe,
Hose County, Ohio, pp. 184-196.
Swastika, p. 19.rS.
MORGAN, J. I)k. Mission Scientifiqne 1 !
an Caucase | Etudes | Arelneologiqncs
et Ilistoriques | par | .1. Do Morgan |
Tomo Premier | Lcs Premiers Ages Des I
Mtftaux | Dans FAnnenio linsse | j
Paris | Ernest Eeroux, Oliteur | 28, Rue !
Bonaparte, 28 | 1889.
8°, (1), pp. i-iii, 1-231; (2), pp. i-iv, 1-305.
Swastikas on bronze pin-heads from prehis-
toric Armenian graves. Vol. i. p. 160, figs. 177,
178, 179.
MORTI1/LET, Gabriel et Adrien de.
Mnsee | Prrihistnrique | par | Gabriel et
Adrien do Mortillet | Photogravures
Michelet I Paris | C. K’einwald, Li-
brairo-Editeur | 15, Rue des Saints-
Peres, 15 | 1881 | Tons Droits Reserves.
4°. Planches C, tigs. 1269.
Tintinnabulnin and Buddha with Swastika,
pi. xcvm, fig. 1230. Swiss Lake pottery, fig.
1231. Swastika, many representations, pi. xeix,
figs. 1233, 1234, 1235, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1244, 1246,
1247, 1248, 1249; pi. c, figs. 1255, 1256, 1257, 1261,
1263, 1264, 1265, 1266. 1267. Crosses—(livers, pi.
xeix, etc.
MORTILLET, Gabriel i>e. Le Prtdiis-
torique | Autiquite do P Homme | par
Gabriel do Mortillet | Professeur d’an-
thropologie pr<5Iiistoriquc | a 1’lOcole
d’anthropologie do Paris. | 61 figures
intercaldes dans le texte. | Paris | C.
Reinwald, Librairo-Editeur | 15, Rue
des Saints-P?ircs, 15 | 1883 | Tous
droits rdservds.
12°, pp. 1-642.
Communications between Europe and Amer-
ica, pp. 186,187.
----Le Signe | de la Croix | Avant | le
Christiauisme | par | Gabriel do Mortil-
let ) Directeur des Matdriaux pour
l’Histoire positive et philosophiqite |
de l’homme | avec 117 gravures sur
bois. | Paris | C. Reinwald, Libraire-
MORTILLET, Gabriel de—continued.
Editcur | 15, rue des Saints-Pere, 15 |
1866 | Tous droits rdservds.
See p. 182.
MULLER, F. Max. Chips | from | A Ger-
man Workship. | By Max Miiller, M.
A., | Fellow of All Souls College, Ox-
ford. | Essays on * * | New York: |
Scribner, Armstrong A Co. | Successors
to Charles Scribner A Co.
Essays on Mythology, Traditions, and Cus-
toms. Svasti, Sanscrit, meaning joy or happi-
ness. Yol. ii, p. 24.
Swastika. Letter to 1 >r. Kehlirmaim, “Ilios,”
pp. 346-349.
Swastika, Review of, Athemrum (Lend.), No.
3332, Ang. 20,1892, p. 266.
MULLER, Lpdwig. [Swastika.]
Proc. Royal Danish Academy of {science, Fifth
series, Section of History and Philosophy, Vol.
Ill, p. 93.
MUNRO, Robert. Ancient | Scottish
Rake Dwellings | or Crannogs | with a
Supplementary Chapter on | Remains
of Lake Dwellings in England | by |
Robert Mimro, M. A. | M. ])., F. S. A.
Scot. | (Design) | Edinburgh: David
Douglas | 1881 | All rights reserved.
8°, pp. i-xx, 1-326.
Swastika on pin and triskelion on plank, cran-
nog of Lochleo, figs. 144 and 149, pp. 130-134.
Note by Montelius, figs. 11 and 12, p. 131.
----The | Lake Dwellings | of | Eu-
rope: | Being the | Rliind Lectures in
Arehmology | for 1888. | By | Robert
Munro, MtA., M. ])., | Secretary of the
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland;
Author of | “Ancient Scottish Lake
Dwellings or Crannogs.,, | Cassell Sc
Company, Limited: | London, Paris &
Melbourne. | 1890 | (All rights re-
served).
4°, pp. i-xl, 1-600.
Swastika in Lake Bonrgot (Savoy), fig. 195,
Nos. 11 and 12, pp. 532 and 538; in Lisnacroghora
(Ireland), fig. 124, No. 20; triskole, fig. 124, No.
22, pp. 383, 585.
NADAILLAC, Marquis de. Prehistoric
America | by the | Marquis de Nadail-
lac | Translated by N. D’Anvers | Ed-
ited by W. H. Dali | (Design of Vase) |
with 219 illustrations | New York and
London | G. P. Putnam’s Sons | The
Knickerbocker Press | 1884.
8°, pp. i-vii, 1-566.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SWASTIKA.
993
^ADAILLAC, Marquis de—continued.
Swastika (?) alleged to bo on tlio Pemberton
hammer from New Jersey, pp. 22, note 1, citing
Professor Haldeman, Sept. 27, 1877, Rep. Pea-
body Museum, 1878, p. 255. Dr. Abbott de-
nounces this inscription as a fraud. Primitive
Industry, p. 32.
NEWTON, John. History of Migration
of tlie Triskelion from Sicily to tlio
Isle of Man, through Henry III of
England and Alexander III of Scotland.
Athencmm, No. 3385, Sept. 10, 1892, pp. 353,
354.
NICHOLSON, Cornelius. Report of
Swastika found in recently explored
Mosaic pavement in Isle of Wight,
Munro’s “Ancient Scottish Lake Dwell-
ings,” note, p. 132.
PETRIE, W. M. Flinders. Naukratis
(Greek inscription). J Part I, 1884-85 j
by | W. M. Flinders Petrie. | With
Chapters by | Cecil Smith; Ernest
Gardner, B. A.; | and Barclay V. Head.
| (Design, two sides of coin.) | Third
Memoir of | The Egypt Exploration
Fund. | Published by Order of the
Committee. | London: | Triibner&Co.,
57 & 59, Ludgate Hill. | 1886.
Folio, pp. 1-100, pis. 1-28.
Swastika in Egypt, fourth and fifth centu-
ries B. C., pi. iv, fig. 3. Meander Swastikas,
pi. v, figs. 15,24.
PKAHISTORISC1IE BLATTER. | Yon
| Dr. Julius Nan, in Miinchen. | VI.
Jahrg., 1894. Miinchen. Nr. 5. Mit
Taf. xi-nv.
Smlerberg, Sven. Dio Thierornamentik der
Vdlkerwanderungszeit. | Mit Tertabildungen
und Tafol xi-xv. | Lund, Sweden. Figs. 12, 13,
p. 73.
PRIME, William C. Pottery and Porce-
lain j Of All Times And Nations | With
Tables of Factory and Artists’ Marks |
For the Use of Collectors | by William
C. Prime, LL.D. | (Design) | NewYork
| Harper & Brothers, Publishers |
Franklin Square | 1878.
8°, pp. 1-531.
Symbolic marks on Chinese porcelain. Tab-
let of honor inclosing Swastika. Fig. 155, p.
254; fig. 33, p. 61.
QUEEN LACE BOOK, The. A | Histor-
ical and Descriptive Account of the
Hand-Made | Antique Laces of All
Countries. | * * | with | Thirty Illus-
trations of Lace Specimens, and seven
H. Mis. 00, ]>t. 2------G3
QUEEN LACE BOOK, The—continued.
Diagrams of | Lace Stitches. | London:
| “The Queen” Office, 346, Strand, W.
C. j 1874. | All rights reserved.
pp. i-viii, 1-38.
Swastika design in linen embroidery and cut-
work (Sixteenth Century. Geometric Style),
pi. 1, fig. 2.
RAWLINSON, George The Religions |
of | the Ancient World. | By | George
Kawlinson, M. A. | Author of “The
Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient
| Eastern World,” etc. | New York: |
Hurst & Co., Publishers, | 122 Nassau
Street.
12°, pp. 1—180.
Religion of the Ancient Sanscrit Indians.
Agni, the god of Fire, described pp. 87, 89.
Sun, "Wind, Dyans (Heaven), and Pritliivi
(Earth). Nothing said about Swastika or Solar
circle.
RICHTER, Max Oiinefalsch. Excava-
tions in Cyprus.
Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop., Paris, Vol. xi (ser. in),
pp. 609-682.
ROBINSON, David. A Tour | through
| The Isle of Man: | To which is sub-
joined | A Review of the Manx His-
tory. | By David Robertson, Esq. |
London : | Printed for the Author, | by
E. llodson, Bell-Yard, Temple-Bar. |
Sold by Mr. Payue, Mews-Gate; Messrs.
Egertons, Whitehall; | Whites, Fleet
Street; and Deighton, Holborn. | 1794.
4° narrow, pp. 235.
Triskelion—Coat of arms of Isle of Man.
ROCKHILL, William Woodville.
Diary of a Journey | through | Mongo-
lia and Tibet | in | 1891 and 1892 j by |
William Woodville Rockhill | G o 1 d
Medalist of the Royal Geographical
Society | (Design.) | City of Wash-
ington | Published by the Smithsonian
Institution | 1894.
4°, pp. i-xx, 1-413.
Swastika (yung-drung) tattooed on hand of
native at Kumbum, p. 67.
SACHEVERELL, William. An | Ac-
count J of the j Isle of Man, j its | In-
habitants, Language, Soil, re- | marka-
ble Curiosities, the Succession | of its
Kings and Bishops, down to | the pres-
ent Time. | By way of Essat. | With a
Voyage to I-Columb-kill. ] By William
Saeheverell, Esq.: I Late Governonr of
994
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
SACHEVERELL, William—continued.
Man. | To which is added, | A Disserta-
tion about the Mona of Cresar and |
Tacitus; and an Account of the An-
tient | Druids, &c. | By Mr. Thomas
Brown, | Address’d in a Letter to his
Learned | Friend Mr. A. Sellars. | Lon-
don : | Printed for J. Hartley, next the
King’s Head Tavern. | R. Gibson in
Middle Row, and Tho. Hodgson over
a- | gainst Gray’s-Inn Gate in Holborn,
1702.
12mo, pp. 175.
Triskolion—Coat of arms of Isle of Man.
SCHICK, Herr Baurath von. The Jeru-
salem Cross.
Palestine Exploration Fund, Quarterly State-
ment, July, 1894, pp. 183-188.
SCHLIEMANN, Heinrich. Atlas Tro-
janischer Alterthiimer. | Photograph-
ische Abbildungen | zu dem | Berichte
| liber die Ausgrabungen in Troja |
von | Dr. Heinrich Schliemann. |
(Design) | Leipzig: | In Commission
bei F. A. Brockhaus. | 1874.
Folio, pp. 1-57, plates, 1-217.
Spindle ?whorls—passim. Swastikas on many
specimens from fig. No. 142 to 3468. No. 237 is
in U. S. National Museum as part of Mme.
Scliliemann’s collection.
SCHLIEMANN, Henry, llios | The City
and Country | of | the Trojans | The
Results of Researches and Discover-
ies on the Site of Troy and | Through-
out the Troad in the Years 1871-72-73-
78-79 | Including an | Autobiography
of the Author | By Dr. Henry Sehlie-
mann | F. S. A., F. R. I. British Archi-
tects | Author of “ Troy and Its Re-
mains,” “Mycenae,” etc. | With a Pref-
ace, Appendices, and Notes | By Pro-
fessors Rudolf Virchow, Max Muller,
A. II. Sayee, J. P. Mahaffy, II. Brugscli-
Bey, P. Aseherson, M. A. Postolaceas,
M. E. Burnouf, Mr. F. Calvert, and Mr.
J. A. Duffield. | (Greek Verse) | With
Maps, Plans, and About 1,800 Illustra-
tions. | New York | Harper & Brothers,
Franklin Square | 1881. |
8°, pp. i-xvi, 1-800.
Swastika: Introduction, p. xi, and pp. 229,231,
303,349,353,416,518,571, 573.
“Owl-faced” (?) vases, figs. 227, 1293, 1294.
Fig. 986 (not owl, but human, Virchow), pp.
xiii, xiv.
Figures of Swastika on spindle-whorls—pas-
sim—fig. 1850 is in the U. S. National Museum.
SCHLIEMANN, Henry—continued.
----Mycenae; | A Narrative of Researches
and Discoveries | at Myceme and Ti-
ryns. | By Dr. Henry Schliemann, | Cit-
izen of the United States of America, |
Author of “Troy and Its Remains,”
“Ithaque, Le Peloponucse et Troie,” |
and “ La Chine etleJapon.” | The Pref-
ace | By tho Right Hon. W. E. Glad-
stone, M. P. | Maps, Plans, and Other
Illustrations. | Representing more than
7,000 Types of the Objects Found in
the | Royal Sepulchres of Mycenae and
Elsewhere | In tho Excavations. | New
York: | Scribner, Armstrong Sc Com-
pany. | 1878. | (All Rights Reserved.)
8°, pp. i-lxviii, 1-384, Swastika, pp. 77, 165,
259, figs. 383, 385, and many others.
------Troja | Results of the Latest | Re-
searches and Discoveries on the | Site of
Homer’s Troy | And in the Heroic
Tumuli and Other Sites | Made in the
Year 1882 | and a Narrative of a Jour-
ney in the Troad in 1881 | by | Dr. Henry
Schliemann | Hon. D. C. L., Oxon., and
Hon. Fellow of Queen’s College, Ox-
ford | F. S. A., F. R. I. B. A. | Author of
“ llios,” “ Troy and its Remains,” and
“Mycenae and Tiryns ” | Preface by
j Prof. A. H. Sayce | with 150 Woodcuts
| and 4 Maps and Plans | (Quotation in
German from Moltke: Wunderbueh, p.
19, Berlin, 1879) | New York | Harper &
Brothers, Frankliu Square | 1884.
80, pp. 1-434.
Swastika, preface xviii, xxi, pp. 122,124,125
126,127,128.
Spiral form, pp. 123.
Lycian coins—triskelion, pp. 123,124.
SCIIVINDT, Theodor. Vihko 1-4 | Suo-
malaisia koristeita. | 1. Ompelukor-
isteita. | Finnische Ornamente. | 1.
Stickornamente. | Heft 1-4 | Suola-
laisen Kirjallisuuden Seura Ilelsin-
gissa. | 1894.
Description of Finnish national ornamental
embroidery in which the Swastika appears as
a pattern made by oblique stitches, pp. 14, 15,
figs. 112-121.
SIMPSON, William. Swastika.
Palestine Exploration Fund, Quarterly State-
ment, January, 1895, pp. 84,85.
SNOWDEN, James Ross. A Descrip-
tion | of | Aocient and Modern Coins, |
in the | Cabinet Collection | at the Mint
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SWASTIKA.
995
SNOWDEN, James Ross—continued,
of the United States. | Prepared and
arranged under the Direction of |
James Ross Snowden, | Director of the
Mint. | Philadelphia: | J. B. Lippincott
& Co. | 1860.
8°, pp. i-xx, 1-412.
Punch-marks on ancient coins, and how they
were made. Introduction, pp. ix-xiv, and
figures.
SQUIER, E. George. Peru | Incidents
of Travel and Exploration | in the |
Land of the Incas | ByE. George Squier,
M. A., F. S. A. | Late U. S. Commis-
sioner to Peru, Author of “Nicaragua,”
“Ancient Monuments | of Mississippi
Valley,” etc., etc. | (Design) | With Il-
lustrations | New York | Harper Broth-
ers, Publishers | Franklin Square |
1877.
8°, pp. i-xx, 1-599.
Mythologic representations of earth, air,
and water. The cross not mentioned as one,
p. 184.
STEVENS, George L. The Old North-
ern | Runic Monuments | of Scandina-
via and England | Now first | collected
and deciphered | by | George Stevens,
Esq., F. S. A. | Knight of the Northern
Star and other titles, | with many hun-
dreds of fac-similes and illustrations
partly in gold, silver, bronze and col-
ors. | Runic alphabets; introductions;
appendices; word-lists, etc. | London,
John Russell Smith. | Kobenhaven,
Michaelsen and Tillge. | Printed by
H. H. Thiele, 1866-67.
8°, pp. i-xi, 1-625.
STEVENSON, James. Collections made
in New Mexico and Arizona, 1879, by
James Stevenson.
Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81,
pp. 307-465, figs. 347-697.
Spiral in basketry, fig. 542. Swastika (dance-
rattle), fig. 562, p. 394. Maltese cross, fig. 642.
Greek cross, fig. 708, p. 453.
SYKES, Lieut. Col. Notes on the reli-
gious, moral, and political state of India
before the Mohammedan invasion,
chiefly founded on the travels of the
Chinese Buddhist priest, Fa-Hian, in
India, A. D. 399, and on the commen-
taries of Messrs. Klaproth, Burnouf,
and Landresse.
Journal Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain
and Ireland, Yol. vi, pp. 248, 299, 310, 334.
THOMAS, Cyrus. Burial Mounds of
Northern Sections of the United States.
Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1883-84,
pp. 3-119, pis. i-vi, figs. 1-49.
Excavations in Little Etowah Mounds.
Human figures on copper plates, repouss6
work, figs. 42,43, pp. 100, 101.
Eagle (copper) Mound near Bluff Lake, Un-
ion County, Illinois, fig. 48, p. 105.
----Report on the Mound Explorations
of the Bureau of Ethnology.
Twelfth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
1890-91, pp. 1-730, pis. i-XLll, figs. 1-344.
Human figures (copper), repouss6 work, figs.
186, p. 304; 189, p. 306.
Eagle Mound in Illinois, fig. 192, p. 309.
Swastika on shell, Big Toco Mound, Tennes-
see, fig. 262, p. 383.
THOMAS, G. W. Excavations in Anglo-
Saxon Cemetery, Sleaford, Lincoln-
shire. Swastika.
Arehceologia, Yol. L, 1887, pt. 2, p. 386, pi.
xxiv, fig. 2.
TYLOR, Edward B. Anthropology: |
An Introduction to the Study of | Man
and Civilization. | By | Edward B. Tay-
lor, D. C. L., F. R. S. | With Illustra-
tions. | New York: | D. Appleton and
Company, | 1, 3, and 5 Bond Street. |
1881.
12°, pp. 1-448.
Spinning and spindle whorls, pp. 247,248.
----Primitive Culture | Researches into
904
« on: March 05, 2018, 07:39:39 PM »
DULAUEE, J. A.—continued.
Origin of symbols, works of art and not nat-
ural things, Vol. I, pp. 25, 2G. Another result
of a combination of ideas, p. 45.
Tho cross represents the phallus, Vol. ii, pp.
58, 59, 167, 1G8.
DUMOTJTIER, Gustave Le. Swastika
et la rone Solairo on Chine.
Revue d'Etlinofjraphie, Paris, iv, 1885, pp.
327-329.
Iteview by G. He Mortillet, Matcrianx pour
l’llistoire Primitiveet.Nntnrellode L’Homme,
II, p. 730.
EMERSON, Ellen Russell. Indian
Myths | or | Legends, Traditions, .and
Symbols of the | Aborigines of Amer-
ica | Compared with those of other
Countries, inclndingllindostan,Egypt,
Persia | Assyria and China | by Ellen
Russell Emerson | Member of the Soei-
tfte Am^ricaine de France | illustrated
| Second Edition | London | Triibner
A Company | Lndgate Hill | Printed
in the II. S. A.
8°, pp. i-x, 1-425.
ENCYCLOPAEDIC DICTIONARY.
Titles, Ansated Cross (Crnx ansata), ]). 230,
Vol. I; Cross, p. 13G2, Vol. II; Crux, p. 1378,
Vol. II; Fylfot, p. 2240, Vol. II; Gainmadion,
p. 225G, Vol. II.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA.
Title, Cross. 4°, pp. 539-542.
ENGLEIIARDT, C. Influence Classiqne
sur | le Nord Pendant l’Antiquitd | par
| C. Englehardl. | Traduit par | E.
Beauvois. | Copenhague, | Iinprimerie
de Thiele. | 1876.
8°, pp. 199-318.
Solar disks, fig. 44, p. 240. Crosses, figs. 64,
65. p. 252.
ETHNOLOGY, Reports of the Bureau of.
Second Annual lb',port, 1880-81.
Art in Shell of the Ancient Americans, by
W. II. Holmes, pp. 179-305, pis. xxi-lxxvii.
Collections mado in New Mexico and Arizona
in 1879, by James Stevenson, pp. 307-422, figs.
347-697.
Third Annual Report, 1881-82.
Catalogue of Collections made in 1881, by
W. II. Holmes, pp. 427-510, figs. 116-200.
Fourth Annual Report, 1882-83.
Ancient Tottery of tho Mississippi Valloy, by
W. II. Holmes, pp. 361-436, figs. 361-463.
Fifth Annual Report, 1883-84.
Burial Mounds of Northern Sections of the
United States, by Cyrus Thomas, pp. 3-119, pis.
i-VI, figs. 1-49.
Tho Mountain Chant, by Washington Mat-
thews. pp, 379-467, pis. x-xviii, figs. 50-59.
ETHNOLOGY, Reports of tho Bureau
of—continued.
Sixth Annual Report, 1884-85.
Ancient Art in the Province of Chiriqui, by
W. n. nolmes pp. 3-187, pi. I, figs. 1-285.
Tenth Annual Report, 1888-89.
Picture writing of tho American Indians, by
Garrick Mallory, pp. 3-807, pis. l-uv, figs.
1-1290.
Twelfth Annual Report, 1890-91.
-Monml Explorations, by Cyrus Thomas, pp.
3-730, pis. I-XUI, figs. 1-344.
EVANS, John. The Ancient | Bronze
Implements, | Weapons, and Orna-
ments, | of | Great Britain | and |
Ireland. | By | John Evans, D. C. L.,
LL. D., F. R. S., | F. S. A., F. G. S.,
Pres. Nnin. Soc., Ac., | London: |
Longmans, Green A Co. | 1881. | (All
rights reserved.)
8°, pp. i-xix. 1-509.
----The Ancient | Stone Implements, |
Weapons, and Ornaments, | of | Great
Britain, | by | .John Evans, F. R. S.,
F. S. A. | Honorary Secretary of the
Geological and Numismatic Societies
of | London, etc., etc., etc. | London: |
Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. |
1872. | (All rights reserved.)
8°, pp. 1-xvi, 1-640.
FAIR1IOLT, F. W. A Dictionary | of |
Terms in Art. | Edited and Illustrated
l>y | F. W. Fairliolt, F. S. A. | with |
Five Hundred Engravings | On Wood
| (Design) | Daldy, Isbister A Co. |
56, Lndgate Hill, London.
12° pp. i-vi, 1-474.
Titles, Cross, Fret, Fylfot, Symbolism.
FERGUSSON, James. Rude Stone Mon-
uments | in | All Countries; | Their
Ages and Uses. | By James Forgusson,
D. C. L., F. R. S, | V. P. R. A. S., F. R. I.
B. A., Ac. | (Picture.) | With Two
Hundred and Thirty-four Illustrations.
| London: | John Murray, Albemarle
Street. | 1872. | The Right of transla-
tion is reserved.
8°, pp. i-xix, 1-559.
Crosses, Celtic and Scottish, pp. 270-273.
FORRER, R. Dio | Graeber-nndTextil-
funde | von | Aclimim-Panopolis |
von | R. Forrer | mit 16 Tafeln: 250
Abhiidnngen | in Photographic, Auto-
graphic, Farbendrnck nnd theilweisem
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SWASTIKA.
989
FORRER, R.—continued.
Handcolorit, nebst Clinehd-Abbildun-
gen | iin Text; Text und Tafeln auf
Cartoupapier. | Nur in wenigen num-
merirtenExemplarenliergestellt. | (De-
sign.) | Strassburg, 1891 | Drnck von
EmilBirklniuser, Basel. | Pliotographie
von Mathias Gerscliel, Strassburg. | Au-
tograx>bie und Farbendruek von R.
Fretz, Ziirich. | Niclit im Buchhandel.
Folio, ]*j). 1-27.
Swastika, ornament at Acliinin-Pauopolis,
Egypt, P- 2°. Pb xi, fig. 3.
FRANKLIN, Colonel. [Swastika an em-
blem used in the worship of specified
sects in India.']
The Jeyrees and Boodhisls, p. 49, cited in
“Ogam Monuments,” by Brash, p. 189.
FRANKS, Augustus W. Ilora* ferales.
PI. 30, fig. 19.
GARDNER, Ernest A. Naukratis.
Part II. | By | Ernest A. Gardner,
M. A., | Fellow of Gonville and Cains
College, Craven student and formerly
Worts student of the University of
Cambridge; | Director of the British
School of Archaeology at Athens. | With
an Appendix | by | F. L.L. Griffith, B.
A., | of the British Museum, formerly
student of the Egyptian Exploration
Fund. | Sixth Memoir of | the Egypt
Exploration Fund. | Published by or-
der of the committee. | London: etc.
Folio, pis. 1-24, pp. 1-92. Swastika in Egypt,
Pottery, Ajibrodite. PI. v, figs. 1, 7; pi. vi,
fig. 1; pi. VIII, fig. 1.
GREG, P. R. Fret or Key Ornamenta-
tion in Mexico and Peru.
Archieoloyia, Vol. xlvii, 1882, pt. l,pp. 157-
1C0, pi. vi.
----Meaning and Origin of Fylfot and
Swastika.
ArcJueoloyia, Yol. XLVlli, 1885, pt. 2, pp. 293,
32C, pis. xix, xx, xxi.
GOODYEAR, William II. The Gram-
mar of | the Lotus | A new 11 istory of
Classic Ornament | as a | development
of Sun Worship | with Observations on
the Bronze Culture of Prehistoric
Europe as derived | from Egypt; based
on the study of Patterns | by | Win.
II. Goodyear, M. A. (Yale, 1867) |
Curator Department of Fine Arts in
the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and
GOODYEAR, William II.—continued.
Sciences | * * * | London: | Samp-
son, Low, Marston & Company | Lim-
ited | St. Dunstan’s House, Fitter Lane,
Fleet Street, E. C., | 1891.
Chapters on Lotus and Swastika.
GOULD, S. C. The Master’s Mallet or
the Hammer of Thor.
Notes and Queries, (Manchester, N. II.),
Yol. Ill (188C), pp. 93-108.
HADDON, Alfred C. Evolution in
Art: | As Illustrated by the | Life-His-
tories of Designs. | By | Alfred C.Had-
don, | Professor of Zoology, Royal Col-
lege of Science, Corresponding | Mem-
ber of the Italian Society of Anthro-
pology, etc. | With 8 Plates, and 130
Figures in the Text. | London: | Wal-
ter Scott, Ltd., Paternoster Square. |
Charles Scribner’s Sons, | 153-157 Fifth
Avenue, New York. | 1895.
The meaning and distribution of the Fylfot,
pp. 282-399.
HAMPEL, Joseph. Antiquity prdliis-
toriques de la Ilongrio; Erstegom, 1877.
No. 3, pi. xx.
----Catalogue de l’Exposition prdliis-
torique des Musdes de Province; Buda-
pest, 1876, p. 17.
HAMY, Dr. E. T. Decades Ain6ricana> |
Mdmoires | d’Arclidologie et d’Etlmo-
graphie | Americaines | par | le Dr. E.-
T. Hamy | Conservateur du Musde
d’Ethnographie du Trocad<5ro. | Pre-
miere Livraison | (Picture) | Paris |
Ernest Leroux, Editeur | Librairedela
Socidte Asiatique | de l’flcole des Lau-
gues Orientales Vivantes, etc. | 28, Rue
Bonaparte, 28 | 1884.
8°, pp. 1-67.
Le Svastika ct la roue solaire cn Amerique,
pp. 59-67.
HEAD, Barclay Y. Synopsis of the
Contents | of the | British Museum. |
Department of | Coins and Medals. |
A Guide | to the principal gold and sil-
ver | Coins of the Ancients, | from circa
B. C. 700 to A. D. 1. | With 70 Plates. |
By | Barclay Y. Head, Assistant Keeper
of Coins. | Second Edition. | London: |
Printed by order of the Trustees. |
Longmans A Co., Paternoster Row; B.
Quaritch, 15, Piccadilly; | A. Asher &
Co., 13, Bedford Street, Convent Gar-
990
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
HEAD, Barclay V.—continued,
den, and at Berlin; | Triibner & Co.,
57 and 59, Ludgate Hill. | C. Rollin &
Feuardent, 61, Great Russell Street, and
4, Rue de Louvois, Paris. | 1881.
8°, pp.i-viii, 1-128, pi. 70.
Triakelion, (Lycian coins), throe cocks’ heads,
pi. 3, fig. 35.
Punch-marks on ancient coins representing
squares, etc., and not Swastika. PI. 1, figs. 1,3;
pi. 4, fig. 24; pi. 4, figs. 7,8, 10; pi. 5, fig. 16; pi. 6,
figs. 30, 31; pi. 12, tigs. 1,3, 6.
HIGGJNS, Godfrey. Anacalypsis | or |
attempts to draw aside tlie veil | of |
tlie Saitie Isis | or, | an inquiry into the
origin | of | Languages, Nations, and
Religions | by | Godfrey Higgins,
Esq. | E. 8. A., F. R. Asiat. Soc., F. R. ,
Ast. S. | of Skellow Grange, near I
Doncaster. | London | Longman, Ac.,
Ac., Paternoster Row | 1836. I
Vols. I, II.
Origin of the Cross, Lainbli or Lama; official
name for Governor is Ancient Tibetan for
Cross. Yol. I, p. 230.
IIIRSCHFELD, G. Yasi arcaici Ateniosi.
Roma, 1872. Tav. xxxix and XL.
HOLMES, W. II. Art in Shell of the
Ancient Americans.
Second Ann. liep. Bureau of Ethnology 1860-81.
The cross, pis. xxxvi, lii, liii. Spirals, pis.
Liv, lv, lvi. Swastika, (shell gorget, the bird,)
pis. lviii, lix. Spider, pi. LXi. Serpent, pis.
lxiii, lxiv. Human face, pi. lxix. Human
figure, pis. lxxi, lxxii, lxxiii. Lighting fig-
ures, pi. LXXIV.
---- Catalogue of Bureau Collections
made in 1881.
Third Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1881-82.
Fighting figures, fig. 128, p. 452.
Swastika in shell, from Fains Island, fig. 140,
p. 4(56.
Spider, same, fig. 141.
Spirals on pottery vase, fig. 165, p. 484.
----Ancient Pottery of the Mississippi
Valley.
Fourth Ann.Hep.Bureau of Ethnology, 1882-83.
Spirals on pottery, figs. 402, p. 396; 413, p. 403;
415, 416, p. 404 ; 435, p. 416; 442, p. 421; in
basketry, fig. 485, p. 462.
Maltese cross, fig. 458, p. 430.
---- Ancient Art in the Province of
Chiriqui.
Sixth Ann. liep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1884-85.
Conventional alligator, series of derivations
showing stages of simplification of animal
characters, figs. 257 to 528, pp. 173-181.
Spindle-whorls, Chiriqui, figs. 218-220, p. 149.
HOLMES, W. H.—continued.
----The Cross used as a Symbol by the
Ancient Americans.
Trans. Anthrop. Soc., Washington, D. C., It,
1883.
HUMPHREYS, II. Noel. The | Coin
Collector’s Manual, |'or guide to the
numismatic student in the formation
of | A Cabinet of Coins: | Comprising |
An Historical and Critical Account of
the Origin and Progress | of Coinage
from the Earliest Period to the | Fall
of the Roman Empire; | with | Some
Account of the Coinages of Modern
Europe, | More especially of Great
Britain. | By II. Noel Humphreys, |
Author of “The Coins of England,”
| “Ancient Coins and Medals,” | etc.,
etc. | With above one hundred and fifty
I illustrations | on Wood and Steel. |
In two volumes. | Loudon: | H. G.
Bohn, York Street, Convent Garden. |
1853.
12o, (1)) ])p. i_xxiv, 1-352; (2), pp. 353-726.
Punch-marks on ancient coins, Vol. I. pis. 2,
3, 4. Triquetrum, triskele or triskelion on
coins of Sicily, Yol. I, p. 57, and note.
KELLER, Ferdinand. The | Lake
Dwellings | of | Switzerland and Other
Parts of Europe. | By | Dr. Ferdinand
Keller | President of the Antiquarian
Association of Zurich | Second Edition,
Greatly Enlarged | Translated and
Arranged | by | John Edward Lee, F.
S. A., F. G. S. | Author of Isca Silurum
etc. | In Two Volumes | Vol. I. (Vol.
II) | London | Longmans, Green and
Co. | 1878 | All rights reserved.
8°, Yol. I, text, pp. i-xv, 1-696 ; Yol. II,
pis. CCVl.
Swastika, Lake Bourget, pattern-stamp and
pottery imprint, p. 339, note 1, pi. clxi, figs.
3, 4.
LANGDON, Arthur G. Ornaments of
Early Crosses of Cornwall.
Royal Institute of Cornwall, Vol. x, pt. 1,
May, 1890, pp. 33-96.
LE PLONGEON, Augustus. Sacred Mys-
teries | Among | the Mayas and the
Quiches, | 11,500 Years Ago. | Their
Relation to the Sacred Mysteries | of
Egypt? Greece, Chaldea and India. |
Free Masonry | In Times Anterior to
TheTempleof Solomon. | Illustrated. |
By Augustus Le Plongeon, | Author
of “Essay on | the Causes of Earth-
quakes;” “Religion of Jesus Compared
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SWASTIKA. 991
LE PLONGEON, Augustus—continued,
with the | Teachings of the Church;’7
“ The Monuments of Mayas and | their
Historical Teachings.” | New York :|
Robert Macoy, 4 Barclay Street. | 1886.
8°, pp. 163.
Cross mid Crux ansata, p. 128.
----Mayapan and Maya Inscriptions.
Proc. Am. Antiq. Soc., Worcester, Mass.,
April 21, 1881.
Also printed as a separate. See pp. 15,17, and
figs. 7, 13, and frontispiece.
LITTRE’S french dictionary.
Title, Svastika.
McADAMS, William. Records | of |
Ancient Races | in the | Mississippi
Valley; | Being an account of some of
the Pictographs, sculptured | hiero-
glyphics, symbolic devices, emblems,
and tra- | ditions of the prehistoric
races of America, with | some sugges-
tions as to their origin. | With cuts and
views illustrating over three hundred
objects | and symbolic devices. | By
Wm. McAdams, | Author of * | * | * |
* | * | St. Louis: | C. R. Barns Pub-
lishing Co. | 1887.
4°, pp. i-xii, 1-120.
Mound vessels with painted symbols, sun
symbols, cross symbols, cross with bent arms
(Swastika), etc., Chap, xv, pp. 62-68.
Cites Lord Kinsborougli, “Antiquities of
Mexico,” for certain forms of the cross, of which
the first is the Swastika and the third the
Nandavartaya Chap, xvii, pp. 62-68.
MACRICIIIE, David. Ancient | and |
Modern Britons: | A Retrospect. |
London: | Kegan Paul, Trench &
Co., | 1 Paternoster Square. | 1884.
Two vols.,8°. (1), pp. i-viii, 1-401; (2),
i—vriii, 1-449.
Sculptured stones of Scotland (p. 115), the
Newton stone, a compound of Oriental and
western languages (pp. 117-118). Ethnologic re-
semblances between old and new world peoples
considered. Vol. ii (app.).
MALLERY, Garrick. Picture writing
of the American Indians. i
Tenth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
1888-89, pp. 1-807, pis. I-LIV, figs. 1-1290.
Sun and star symbols, figs. 1118-1129, pp. 694-
697. Human form (cross) symbols, figs. 1164—
1173, pp. 705-709. Cross symbols, figs. 1225-
1234, pp. 724-730. Piaroa color stamps, fret
pattern, fig. 982, p. 621.
| MARCH, H. Colley. The Fylfot and
the Futhorc Tir.
Cited in Transactions of the Lancashire and
Cheshire Antiquarian Society, 1886.
MASSON,---------. [The Swastika found on
large rock near Karachi.]
Balochislan, Vol. iv, p. 8, cited in Ogam Mon-
uments, by Brash, p. 189.
matEriaux pour l’llistoire Primitive
et Naturelle de l’Homme. Revue men-
suelle illustrde. (Fondde par M. G. De
Mortillet, 1865 a 1868.) Dirigde par M.
Emile Cartailliac. * * ? *
Swastika, Vol. xvi, 1881.
Prehistoric Cemeteries in Caucasus, by E.
Chantre, pp. 154-166.
Excavations at Cyprus, by General di Ces-
nola, p. 416.
Signification of the Swastika, by M. Girard
de Beale, p. 548.
Swastika, Vol. xvm, 1884.
Etude sur quelques N6cropoles Halstatti-
ennes de I’Autricho et de ITtalie. By Ernest
Chantre, Swastika on Archaic Vase, fig. 5, p. 8.
Croix Gamm6e, figs. 12 and 13, p. 14. Cross, p.
122. Swastika, pp. 137-139. Swastika sculpt6
sur pierre, llritcros, Portugal, fig. 133, p. 294.
Necropolis of Ilalstatt, pp. 13,14; p. 139, fig.
84; p. 280, Report of spearhead with Swastika
and runic inscription, found at Torcello, near
Venice, by Undset.
Swastika, Vol. xx, 1886.
Frontispiece of January number. Swastika
from Museum, Mayence.
MATTHEWS, Washington. The Moun-
tain Chant.
Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,! 883-84,
pp. 379-407, pis. X-XVIII, figs. 50-59.
Swastika in Navajo Mountain Chant. Sec-
ond (?) Dry Painting, pi. xvii, pp. 450,451.
MONTELIUS, Oscar. The | Civilization
of Sweden | in Heathen Times | by |
Oscar Montelius, Pli. D. | Professor at
the National Historical Museum, Stock-
holm. | Translated from the Second
Swedish Edition | Revised and en-
larged for the author | by | Rev. F. H.
Woods, B.D. | Vicar of Clialfont St.
Peter. | With Map and Two Hundred
and Five Illustrations. | London | Mac-
millan and Co. | and New York. | 1888.
pp. i-xvi. 1-214.
The wheel with cross on many monuments of
the Bronze Age became almost unknown dur-
ing the Age of Iron (in Scandinavia). It was
the contrary with the Swastika. Compte-
Rendu, Cong. Inter. d’Antbrop. et d’Arch. Pr6-
historique. 7me session, 1874,1, pp. 439, 466
992
KF.rOKT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
905
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It is not to be understood in the few foregoing illustrations that the
number is thereby exhausted, or that all have been noted which are
within the knowledge of the author. These have been cited as illustra-
tive of the proposition and indicating possibilities of the argument. If a
completed argument in favor of prehistoric communication should be pre-
pared, it would present many other illustrations. These could be found,
not only among the objects of industry, utensils, etc., but in the modes
of manufacture and of use which, owing to their number and the extent
of territory which they cover, and the difficulty of accomplishment,
would add force to the argument.
984
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SWASTIKA.
ABBOTT, Charles C. Primitive Indus-
try: | or | Illustrations of the Handi-
work, | in stone, bone and clay, | of
the | Native Races | of | the Northern
Atlantic Seaboard of America. | By
Charles C. Abbott, M. D. | Cor. Mem-
ber Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., | Fellow
Royal Soc. | of Antiq. of the North.
Copenhagen.etc.,etc., | Salem,Mass.: |
George A. Bates. | 1881.
8°, pp. v-vi, 1-560, fig. 429.
Grooved ax, Pemberton, X. J. Inscription
of Swastika denounced as a fraud, p. 32.
ALLEN, E. A. The | Prehistoric World |
or | Vanished Races | by | E. A. Al-
len, | author of “The Golden Gems of
Life.” | Each of the Following well-
known Scholars reviewed one or more |
Chapters, and made valuable sugges-
tions: | C. C. Abbott, M. 1)., | Prof.
F. W. Putnam, | A. F. Baiulelier, |
Prof. Clias. Kau, | Alexander Wincliell,
LL. D., | Cyrus Thomas, Pli. D. | G. F.
Wright. | Cincinnati: | Central Pub-
lishing House. | 1885.
8°, pp. i-vi, 1-820.
Swastika regarded as an ornament in the
bronze Age, p. 233.
AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN and Ori-
ental Journal.
Vol. VI, Jan., 1884, p. 02.
Swastika found in a tessellated Mosaic pave-
ment of Roman ruins at Wiveleseombe, Eng-
land ; reported by Cornelius Nicholson, F. G. S.,
cited in Munro’s “Ancient Scottish Lake
Dwellings,” note, p. 132.
AMERICAN ENCYCLOPEDIA.
Title, Cross. j
AMERICAN JOURNAL of Archeology
and of the History of Fine Arts.
Vol. xi, No. 1, Jan.-March, 1896, p. 11, fig. 10.
Andokides, a Greek vase painter (525 b. C.),
depicted Athena on an amphora with her dress
decorated with many ogee and meander Swas-
tikas. The specimen is in the berlin Museum.
ANDERSON, Joseph. Scotland in Early
Christian Times.
The Swastika, though of Pagan origin, became
a Christian symbol from the fourth to the four-
teenth century, A. I). Vol. ji, p. 218.
Cited in “Mnnro’s Ancient Scottish Lake
Dwellings,” note, p. 132.
BALFOUR, Edward. Cyclopmdia of
India | and of | Eastern and Southern
Asia, | Commercial, Industrial, and
Scientific: \ Products of the | Mineral,
Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, |
Useful Arts and Manufactures; | edited
by | Edward Balfour, L. R. C. S. E., |
Inspector General of Hospitals, Madras
Medical Department, | Fellow of the
Uuivorsity of Madras, | Corresponding
Member of the Imperial Geologic Insti-
tute, Vienna. | Second Edition. | Vol.
V. | Madras: | Printed at the Law-
rence and Adelpbi Presses, | 1873. |
Copyright.
8°, pp. 1-956.
Title, Swastika, p. 656.
BARING-GOUL1), S. Curious Myths |
of | the Middle Ages. | By | S. Baring-
Gonld, M. A., | New York: | Hurst Ar
Co., Publishers, | No. 122 Nassau street.
12°, pp. 1-272.
Title, “Legends of the Cross,” pp. 159-185.
BERLIN SOCIETY for Anthropology,
Ethnology, and Prehistoric Researches,
Sessional report of—.
m, 1871; viii, July 15, 1876, p. 9.
BLAKE, Willson W. The Cross, | An-
cient and Modern. | Hy | Willson W.
Blake. | (Design) | New York: | Anson
I). F. Randolph and Company. | 1888.
8°, pp. 1-52.
BRASH, Richard Rolt. The | Ogam
Inscribed Monuments | of the | Gaed-
liil | in the | British Islands | with a
dissertation on the Ogam character,
&c. | Illustrated with fifty Photo-
lithographic plates | by the late |
Richard Rolt Brash, M. R. I. A., F. S. A.
Scot. | Fellow of the Royal Society of |
Ireland; and author of “The Ecclesi-
astical | Architecture of Ireland.” |
Edited by George M. Atkinson | Lon-
don : | George Bell As Sons, York street,
Covent Garden | 1879.
4°, pp. i-xvi, 1-425.
Swastikas on Ogam stone at Aglish (Ireland),
pi. xxiv, pp. 187-189; on Newton stone Aber-
deenshire, (Scot.), pi. XLIX, p.359; Logio stone,
(Scot.), pi. xlviii, p. 358; bressay, (Scot.), pi.
XLV1I.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SWASTIKA.
985
BRINTON, Daniel G. Tlie Ta Ki, tlie
Swastika, and the Cross in America.
Proceedings American Philosophical Society,
xxvi, 1889, pp. 177-187.
----The | Myths of the New World: | A
treatise | on the | Symbolism and My-
thology | of the | Red Race of America.
| By | Daniel G. Brinton, A. M.,M. D.,
| Member of the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania, of the Numismatic | and
Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia;
Corresponding Member | of the Ameri-
can Ethnological Society; Author of
“Notes | on the Floridian Peninsula,”
etc. | (Design) | New York: | Leypoldt
& Holt. | 1868. ‘
8°, pp. i-viii, 1-307.
The cross of Mexico, pp. 95-97,183-188.
----American | Hero-Myths. | A study of
tlio Native Religions | of the Western
Continent. | By | Daniel G. Brinton, j
M.D., | Member of the. American Philo-
sophical Society; the American | Anti- j
quarian Society; the Numismatic and |
Antiquarian | Society of Phila., etc.; I
Author of “The Myths of | the New
World;” “The Religious Senti- | ment,”
etc. | Philadelphia: | H. C. Watts A ,
Co., j 506 Minor Street, | 1882.
8°, pp. i-xvi, 1-251.
Symbol of the cross in Mexico. The rain god, |
the tree of life, and tho god of strength, p. 122;
in ralenque, tho four rain gods, p. 155; the
Museayas, light, sun, p. 222.
BROWNE, G. F. Basket-work ligures
of men on sculptured stones. Trique-
tra.
Archaioluyia, Vol. L, 1887, pt. 2, p. 291, pi.
xxiii, tig. 7.
BURGESS, James. Arelneologieal Sur-
vey of Western India. Vol. iv. | Re-
port | on the | Buddhist Cave Tem-
ples | and | Their Inscriptions I Being
Part of | Tlie Results of the Fourth,
Fifth, and Sixth Seasons’ Operations |
of the Arelneologieal Survey of West-
ern India, | 1876-77, 1877-78, 1878-71). |
Supplementary to the Volume on “Cave
Temples of India.” | By | Jas. Burgess,
LL. D., F. R. G. S., | Member of the
Royal Asiatic Society, of the Soei<5t6
Asiatique, Ac. | Arelneologieal Sur-
veyor and Reporter to Government!
for Western and Southern India. | Lon-
BURGESS, James—continued,
don: | Triibner & Co., Ludgate llill. |
1883. | (All rights reserved.)
Folio, pp. 140.
Inscriptions with Swastika, vol. IV, pis. xliv,
XLVI, XLVII, XLIX, L, LII, LV; vol. V, pi. LI.
----The | Indian Antiquary, | A Journal
of Oriental Research | in j Archaeology,
History, Literature, Languages, Folk-
Lore, Ac., Ac., | Edited by | Jas. Bur-
gess, M. R. A. S., F. R. G. S. | 3vols.,
1872-71, | Bombay: | Printed at the
“Times of India” Offiee. | London:
Triibner A Co. Paris: E. Lcroux.
Berlin: Asher A Co. Leipzig: F. A.
Brockhaus. | New York: Westermann
A Co. Bombay: Thacker, Vining A Co.
4°, Yols. i—hi.
Twenty-four Jain Saints, Suparsva, son of
Pratishtha by Prithoi, one of which signs was
the Swastika. Yol. n, p. 135.
BURNOUF, Emile. Le | Lotus de la
Bonne Loi, | Traduit du Sanscrit, |
Accompagnd d’un Comincnttiire | et
de Vingt et un Mdmoires Relatifs au
Buddhisme, | par M. E. Burnouf, j
Secretaire Perpetuel de l’Acaddmie des
Inscriptions et Belles Lettres. | (Pic-
ture) | Paris. | Imprime par Automa-
tion du Gouvernement | a lTmx>riinerie
Nationale. | MDCCCLII.
Folio, pp. 1-897.
Svastikaya, Append, vni, p. 625.
Nandavartaya, p. 626.
----The | Science of Religions | by Emile
Burnouf | Translated by J ulie Liebe |
with a preface by | E. J. Rapson,
M. A., M.R. A. S. | Fellow of St. John’s
College, Cambridge | Loudon | Swan,
Sonnenseheiu, Lowrey A Co., | Pater-
noster Square. | 1888.
Swastika, its relation to tho myth of Agni, tho
god of tire, and its alleged identity with the tiro-
cross, pp. 165, 253-256, 257.
BURTON, Richard F. Tlie [ Book of the
Sword | by | Richard F. Burton | Ma1-
tre d’Armes (Brevette) | (Design) |
With Numerous Illustrations | Lon-
don | Chatto and Windus, Piccadilly |
1881 | (All rights reserved).
4°, pp. 299.
Swastika sect, p. 202, note 2.
CARNAC, H. Rivett, Memorandum on
Clay Disks called “Spindle-whorls”
and votive Seals found at Sankisa^
986
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
CARNAC, H. Rivett—continued.
Behar, and other Buddhist ruins in
the Northwestern provinces of India.
(With three plates).
Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Yol. xlix,
pt. 1, 1880, pp. 127-137.
CARTAILHAC, Emile. Ilesultats d’Une
Mission Scientifique | du | Ministero
de l’lnstruction Puhlique | Les j ages
Prehistoriques | de | l’Espagne et dn
Portugal | par | M. Emile Cartailhac, |
Directeur des Materiaux pour 1’IListoire
primitive de riiomme | Preface par M.
A. De Quatrefages, de 1’Institut \ Avee
Quatre Cent Cinqiiante Gravures et
Quatre Planches | Paris | Cli. Reiu-
wald, Lihraire | 15, Rue des Saints
Peres, 15 1886 | Tons droits reserves.
4°, pp. i-xxxv, 1-347.
Swastika, p. 285.
Triskelion, p. 286.
Tetraskelion, p. 286.
Swastika in Myeeiue and Sabrnso.—Are they
of the same antiquity?, p. 293.
CENTURY DICTIONARY.
Titles, Swastika, Fylfot.
CESNOLA, Louis Palma Di. Cyprus: |
Its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Tem-
ples. | A Narrative of Researches and
Excavations During | Ten Years’ Resi-
dence in that Island. | By | General
Louis Palma Di Cesnola, | ?* * * | * * |
With Maps and Illustrations. * * |
New York: | Harper Brothers, Pub-
lishers, | Franklin Square. | 1877.
8°, pp. 1-456.
Swastika on Cyprian pottery, pp. 210, 300,
404, pis. XLIV, XLV, XLVII.
CHAILLU, Paul B. Du. The Viking
Age | The Early History ] Manners aiid
Customs of the Ancestors | of the En-
glish-Speaking Nations | Illustrated
from | The Antiquities Discovered
in Mounds, Cairns, and Bogs, | As Well
as from the Ancient Sagas and Eddas. |
By | Paul B. Du Chaillu | Author of
“Explorations in Equatorial Africa,”
“Land of the Midnight Sun,” etc. |
With 1366 Illustrations and Map. | In
Two Volumes * * | New York: |
Charles Scribner’s Sons. | 1889.
8°, i, pp. i-xx, 1-591; II, pp. i-viii, 1-562.
Swastika in Scandinavia. Swastika and tris-
kelion, Yol. i, p. 100, and note 1; Yol. ii, p. 343.
Swastika, Cinerary urn, Bornholm, Yol. i, tig.
210, p. 138. Spearheads with runes, Swastika
CHAILLU, Paul B. Du—continued.
and Triskelion, Torcello, Yenice, fig. 335, p. 191.
Tetraskelion on silver fibula, Yol. i, fig. 567, p.
257, and Yol. II, fig. 1311, p. 342. Braeteates with
Croix swasticale, Yol. n, p. 337, fig. 1292.
CHANTRE, Eknest. Etudes Paleoeth-
nologiques | dans le Bassin du Rhone |
Age du Bronze | Recherches | sur l’Ori-
gine de la Mdtallurgie en France |
Par | Ernest Chantre | Premiere Par-
tie | Industrie de l’Age du Bronze |
Paris, | Librairie Polytechnique de J.
Baudry | 15, Rue Des Saints-Peres, 15 |
MDCCCLXXY.
Folio, pp. 1-258.
---- Deuxieme Partie. Gisements de
l’Age du Bronze, pp. 321.
i --Troisieme Partie. Statistique. pp.
245.
Swastika migration, p. 206. Oriental origin
of the prehistoric Sistres or tintinnabula found
in Swiss lake dwellings, Vol. I, p. 206.
Spirals, Yol. II, fig. 186, p. 301.
----Notes Anfchropologiquos: De l’Ori-
gine Orientale de la Mdtallurgie. In-8,
avec planches. Lyon, 1879.
----Notes Authropologiqucs. Relations
entre les Sistres Bouddhiques et cer-
tains Objets Lacustres do l’Age du
Bronze. In-8. Lyon, 1879.
----L’Age de la Pierre et l’Age du Bronze
en Troade et en Groce. In-8. Lyon,
1874.
----L’Age de la Pierre et l’Age du Bronze
dans l’Asie Occidentale. (Bull. Soc.
Anth., Lyon, t. I, fasc. 2, 1882.)
----Prehistoric Cemeteries in Caucasus.
(Ndcropoles prdhistoriques du Caucase,
renferinent des crimes macrocdphales.)
Materiaux, seizi^me annee (16), 2® s6rie,
xn, 1881.
Swastika, p. 166.
CHAVERO, D. ALFREDO. Mexico | A
Travds de los Siglos | Historia General
y Completa del Desenvolvimiento So-
cial, Politico, Religioso, Militar, Artis-
tico, Cientifico, y Literario de -Mdxico
desde la Antigiiedad | Mds Remota
hasta la Epoca Actual | * * | Publicada
bajo la Direccidn del General j D.Vi-
cente Riva Palacio | w | * | * | * | * |
Torno Primero | Historia Antigua y de
laCouquista | Escritapor elLicenciado
| D. Alfredo Chavero. | Mdxico | Bal-
bibliography of the swastika.
987
CHAVERO, D. ALFREDO—continued,
lesca y Comp.% Editores | 4, Amor de
Dios, 4.
Polio, pp. i-lx, 1-926.
Ciclo de 52 anos. (Atlas del P. Diego Duran,
p. 386.) Swastika worked on shell (Fains
Island), “labrado con los cuatro puntos del
Nahui Ollin.” p. 676.
CLAVIGERO, C. F. Storia Antica del
Messico. Cesena, 1780.
Swastika, ii, p. 192, fig. A. Cited in Hamy’s
Decades Americana:, Premiere Livraison, 1884,
p. 67.
CONDER, Maj. C. R. Notes on Herr
Schick’s paper on the Jerusalem Cross.
Palestine Exploration Fund, Quarterly State-
ment, London, July, 1894, pp. 205, 206.
CROOKE, W. An Introduction | to
the | Popular Religion and Folk-lore |
of | Northern India | By W. Crooke,
B. A. | Bengal Civil Service. | Honor-
ary Director of the Ethnographical
Survey, Northwestern | Provinces and
Outlh | Allahabad | Government !
Press | 1894. '
8°, pp. i-ii, 1-420.
Swastika, pp. 7, 58,104, 250.
CROSS, The. The Masculine Cross, or
History of Ancient and Modern Crosses,
and their Connection with the Mys-
teries of Sex Worship; also an account
of the Kindred Phases of Phallic Faiths
and Practices.
In Cat. 105 of Ed. Howell, Church street,
Liverpool.
D’ALVIELLA, le Comte Goblet. La |
Migration des Symboles | par | Le
Comte Goblet d’Alviella, | Professeur
d’Histoire des Religions a l’Universitd
de Bruxelles, | Membre de l’Acaddmie
Royale de Belgique, | President do la
Socidtd d’Archeologie de Bruxelles |
(Design, Footprint of Buddha) | Paris |
Ernest Leroux, Editeur | Rue Bona-
parte, 28 | 1891.
8°, pp. 1-343.
Cross, pp. 16,110,113,164, 250, 264, 330, 332.
Crux ansata, pp. 22, 106,107,114, 186, 221, 229,
250, 265, 332.
Cross of St. Andrew, p. 125.
Swastika cross, Cap. II, passim, pp. 41-108,
110,111,225,271, 339.
Tetraskelion. Same references.
Triskele, triskelion, or triquetrum, pp. 27,28,
61, 71, 72, 83, 90,100, 221-225, 271, 339.
Reviewed in Athenaeum, No. 3381, Aug. 13,
1892, p. 217.
D’ALVIELL A,le Comte Goblet—cont’d.
Favorably criticised in Reliquary Illustrated
Archaeologist (Lond.l, Yol. I, No. 2, Apr. 1895,
p.107.
DAVENPORT.----------Aphrodisiacs.
The author approves Higgins’ views of the
Cross and its Relation to the Lama of Tibet.
DENNIS, G. The | Cities and Cemeter-
ies | of | Etruria. | Parva Tyrrhenum
per aequor vela darem. Ilorat. | (Pic-
ture) | By George Dennis. | Third
Edition. | In two volumes | * * * |
With maps, plans, and illustrations. |
London: | John Murray, Albemarle
Street. | 1883.
8°, two vols.: (1), pp. i-cxxviii, 1-501; (2)
pp. i-xv, 1-579.
Archaic Greek vase, British Museum. Four
different styles of Swastikas together on one
specimen. Yol. i, p. xci.
Swastika, common form of decoration, p.
lxxxix.
Primitive Greek Lebes, with Swastika in
panel, left, p. cxiii, fig. 31.
Swastika on bronze objects in Bologna foun-
dry. Yol. ii, p. 537.
D’EICIITAL, G. Etudes sur les origines
bouddhiques do la civilization amdri-
caine, lrepartie. Paris, Didier, 1862.
Swastika, p. 36 et suiv. Cited in Hamy’s
Decades Americana?, Premiere Livraison, 1884,
p. 59.
DICTIONNA1RE DES SCIENCES An-
thropologiques. Anatomie, Craniolo-
gie, Archeologie Prdhistorique, Ethno-
graphic (Moeurs, Arts, Industrie), Dd-
mographie, Langues, Religions. Paris,
Octave Doin, Editeur, 8, Place de
l’Oddon, Marpon et Flammarion, Li-
braires 1 a 7, Galeries de l’Oddon.
4°, pp. 1-1128.
Title, Swastika, Philippe Salmon, p. 1032.
DORSEY, J. Owen. Swastika, Ogee
(tetraskelion), symbol for wind-song on
Sacred Chart of Kansa Indians.
Am. Naturalist, xix (1885), p. 676, pi. XX,
fig. 4.
DULAURE, J. A. Histoire Abrdgee | de
| Diffdrens Cultes. | Des Cultes | qui
ont prdcdde et amend l’ldolatrie | ou |
PAdoration des figures humaines | par
J. A. Dulaure; seconde ddition | revue,
corrigde et auginentde | Paris | Guil-
laume, Libraire-Editeur | rue Haute-
feuille 14. | 1825.
Two vols.: (1), pp.i-x, 11-558; (2), pp.i-xvi,
17-464.
988
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
906
« on: March 05, 2018, 07:33:19 PM »
the two hemispheres are alike in thread, stitch, or pattern. But these
at liest are only details. The great fact remains that the prehistoric
man of the two hemispheres had the knowledge to spin fiber into
[thread, to wind it on bobbins, and
to weave it into fabrics; and what-
ever differences there may have
been in pattern, thread, or cloth,
they were finally and substantially
the same art, and so are likely to
have been the product of the same
invention.
While it is not the intention to
continue this examination among
the prehistoric objects of the two
hemispheres in order to show their
similarity and thus prove migra-
tion, contact, or communication, yet
it may be well to mention some of
them, leaving the argument or proof
to a future occasion.
The polished stone hatchets of
the two hemispheres are substan-
tially the same. There are differ-
ences of material, of course, for in
each country the workman was
obliged to use such material as was
obtainable. There are differences
in form between the polished stone
hatchets of the two hemispheres,
but so there are differences between
different localities in the same hem-
isphere. Some hatchets are long,
others short, some round, others
flat, some have a pointed end, others
a square or nearly square or unfin-
ished end; some arc large, others
small. But all these differences
are to be found equally well pro-
nounced within each hemisphere.
Scrapers have also been found in
both hemispheres and in all ages.
There are the same diflferenc.es in
material, form, and appearance as
in the polished stone hatchet. There is one difference to be mentioned
of this utensil—i. e., in America the scraper has been sometimes made
with a stem and with notches near the base, after the manner of arrow-
Fig. 373.
woman’s woolen dress found in an oak coffin
AT BORUM-ESHOI, DENMARK.
Bronze Age.
Report of the Smithsonian Institution (U. S. National Museum),
1K92, pi. ci, fif?. 2.
THE SWASTIKA.
979
and spear-heads, evidently intended to aid, as in the arrow- and spear-
head, in fastening the tool in its handle. This peculiarity is not found
in Europe, or, if found, is extremely rare. It is considered that this
may have been caused by the use of a broken arrow- or spear-head,
which seems not to have been done in Europe. But this is still only a
difference in detail, a difference slight and insignificant, one which
occurs seldom and apparently growing out of peculiar and fortuitous
conditions.
The art of drilling in stone was known over an extended area in
prehistoric times, and we find innumerable examples which must have
been performed in both hemispheres substan-
tially in the same manner and with the same
machine.
The art of sawing stone was alike practiced
during prehistoric times in the two hemispheres.
Many specimens have been found in the prehis-
toric deposits of both.
The aboriginal art of making pottery was also
carried on in the same or a similar manner in
both hemispheres. The examples of this art
are as numerous as the leaves on the trees.
There were differences in the manipulation and
treatment, but the principal fact remains that
the art was the same in both countries. Not
only were the products greatly similar,-but the
same style of geometric decoration by incised
lines is common to both. Greater progress in
making pottery was made in the Western than
in the Eastern Hemisphere during prehistoric
times.
The wheel was unknown in both hemispheres,
and in both the manipulation of clay was by
hand. True, in the Western Hemisphere there
was greater dexterity and a greater number of methods employed.
For example, the vase might be built up with clay inside a basket,
which served to give both form and decoration; it was coiled, the
damp clay being made in a string and so built up by a circular move-
ment, drawing the side in or out as the string of clay was laid thereon,
until it reached the top; it may have been decorated by the pressure
of a textile fabric, real or simulated, into the damp clay. A few years
ago it would have been true to have said that pottery decorated in this
manner was peculiar to the Western Hemisphere, and that it had never
been found in the Eastern Hemisphere, but Prince Poutjatine has
lately found on his property, Bologoje, in the province of Novgorod,
midway between Moscow and St. Petersburg, many pieces of prehis-
toric pottery which bear evidence of having been made in this manner,
Fig. 374.
DETAIL OF DRESS SHOWN IN
PRECEDING FIGURE.
980
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
aiul while it may he rare in tlie Eastern Hemisphere, it is similar in
these respeets to thousands of pieces of prehistorie pottery in North
America.
One of the great puzzles for arclnvologists has been the prehistoric
jade implements found in both countries. The raw material of which
these were made has never been found in sufficient quantities to justify
anyone in saying that it is indigenous to one hemisphere and not to the
other. It may have been found in either hemisphere and exported to
the other. But of this we have no evidence except the discovery in
. both of implements made of the same material. This material is dense
and hard. It is extremely difficult to work, yet the operations of saw-
ing, drilling, carving, and polishing appear to have been conducted in
both hemispheres with such similarity as that the result is practically
the same.
,/Prehistoric flint-chipping was also carried on in both hemispheres with
such similarity of results, even when performing the most difficult and
delicate operations, as to convince one that there must have been some
communication between the two peoples who performed them.
, / The bow and arrow is fairly good evidence of prehistoric migration,
V because of the singularities of the form and the intricacies of the
machinery, and because it is probably the earliest specimen of a
machine of two separate parts, by the use of which a missile could be
sent at a greater distance and with greater force than if thrown by
hand. It is possible that the sling was invented as early as the bow
and arrow, although both were prehistorie and their origin unknown.
The bow and arrow was the greatest of all human inventions—greatest
in that it marked man’s first step in mechanics, greatest in adaptation
of means to the end, and as an invented machine it manifested in the
most practical and marked manner the intellectual and reasoning
power of man and his superiority over the brute creation. It, more
than any other weapon, demonstrated the triumph of man over the
brute, recognizing the limitations of human pliysica-l capacity in con-
tests with the brute. With this machine, man first successfully made
up for his deficiency in his contests with his enemies and the capture
of his game. It is useless to ask anything of history about the begin-
nings of the bow and arrow; wherever history appears it records the
prior existence, the almost universal presence, and the perfected use
of the bow and arrow as a weapon. Yet this machine, so strange and
curious, of such intricacy of manufacture and difficulty of successful
performance, had with all its similarities and likenesses extended in
prehistoric times almost throughout the then inhabited globe. It is
useless to specify the time, for the bow and arrow existed earlier than
any time of which we know; it is useless for us to specify places, for
it was in use throughout the world wherever the world was occupied
by neolithic man.
Imitative creature as was man, and slow and painful as were his
steps in progress and in invention during his infancy on earth, when
THE SWASTIKA.
981
he knew nothing and had everything yet to learn, it is sufficiently won-
derful that he should have invented the how and arrow as a projectile
machine for his weapons; but it becomes doubly and trebly improba-
ble that he should have made duplicate and independent inventions
thereof in the different hemispheres. If we are to suppose this, why
should we be restricted to a separate invention for each hemisphere,
and why may we not suppose that he made a separate invention for
each country or each distant tribe within the hemisphere? Yet we are
met with the astonishing but, nevertheless, true proposition that
throughout the entire world the bow and arrow existed in the early
times mentioned, and Avas substantially the same machine, made in the
same way, and serving the same purpose.
CONCLUSION.
The argument in this paper on the migration of arts or symbols, and
with them of peoples in prehistoric times, is not intended to be exhaust-
ive. At best it is only suggestive.
There is no direct evidence available by which the migration of sym-
bols, arts, or peoples in prehistoric times can be proved, because the
events are beyond the pal&-o£4dstory. Therefore we are, everybody is,
driven to the secondary evidence of the similarity of conditions and
products, and we can only subject them to our reason and at last deter-
mine the truth from the probabilities. In proportion as the probabili-
ties of migration increase, it more nearly becomes a demonstrated fact.
It appears to the author that the probabilities of the migration of the"*
Swastika to America from the Old World is infinitely greater than that
it was an independent invention.
The Swastika is found in America in such widely separated places,
among such different civilizations, as much separated by time as by
space, that if we have to depend on the theory of separate inventions
to explain its introduction into America we must also depend upon the
same theor^for its introduction into the widely separated parts of
America. £The Swastika of the ancient mound builders of Ohio and
Tennessee is similar in every respect, except material, to that of the
modern Xavajo and Pueblo Indian^ Yet the Swastikas of Mississippi
and Tennessee belong to the oldest civilization we know in Americai
while the Xavajo and Pueblo Swastikas were made by men still living.)
A consideration of the conditions bring out these two curious facts: (1)\
That the Swastika had an existence in America jirior to any historic/
knowledge we have of communication between the two hemispheres;?
but (2) we find it continued in America and used at the present day, )
while the knowledge of it has long since died out in Europe.
The author is not unaware of the new theories concerning the paral-
lelism of human development by which it is contended that absolute
uniformity of man’s thoughts and actions, aims and methods, is pro-
duced when he is in the same degree of development, no matter in
what country or in what epoch he lives. This theory has been pushed
982
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.
until it lias been said, nothing but geographical environment seems to
modify the monotonous sameness of man’s creations. The author does
not accept this theory, yet he does not here controvert it. It may be
true to a certain extent, but it surel^-has its limitations, and it is only
applicable under special conditions.^ As a general proposition, it might
^yfrpply to races and neooles but not to individuals. If it builds on the
Hereditary human instincts, it does not take into account the will,
energy, and reasoning powers of man. Most of all, it leaves out the
I egoism of man and his selfish desire for power, improvement, and liappi-
\ness, and all their effects, through the individual, on human progress.
In the author’s opinion the progress of peoples through consecutive
stages of civilization is entirely compatible with his belief that knowl-
edge of specific objects, the uses of material things, the performance
of certain rites, the playing of certain games, the possession of cer-
tain myths and traditions, and the carrying on of certain industries,
passed from one country to another by migration of their peoples, or by
contact or communication between them; and that the knowledge, by
separate peoples, of the same things, within reasonable bounds of simi-
ilarity of action and purpose, and with corresponding difficulty of per-
formance, may well be treated as evidence of such migration, contact, or
(jominunieation. Sir John Lubbock expresses the author’s belief when
be says,1 “ There can be no doubt but that man originally crept over
the earth’s surface, little by little, year by year, just, for instance, as the
weeds of Europe are now gradually but surely creeping over the surface
of Australia.” The word migration has been used by the author in
any sense that permitted the people, or any number thereof, to pass
ifrom one country to another country, or from one section of a country
to another section of the same country, by any means or in any num-
/ bers as they pleased or could.
The theory (in opposition to the foregoing) is growing in the United
States that any similarity of culture between the two hemispheres is
held to be proof of migration of peoples. It appears to the author that
these schools both run to excess in propagating their respective theories,
and that the true condition of affairs lies midway between them. That
is to say, there was certain communication between the two hemi-
spheres, as indicated by the similarities in culture and industry, the
objects of which could scarcely have been the result of independent
invention; while there are too many dissimilar arts, habits, customs,
and modes of life belonging to one hemisphere only, not common to
both, to permit us to say there was continuous communication between
them. These dissimilarities were inventions of each hemisphere inde-
pendent of the other.
An illjistiatiomof^hemigration to^Aanericais-the^culture of Greece.
We know that Greek art and architecture enter into and form an
important part of the culture of Americans of the present day; yet
1 “ Prehistoric Man,” p. G01.
THE SWASTIKA.
983
the people of America.are-4101 Greek, nor do they possess any consid-
erable share of Greek culture or civilization. They have none of the
blood of the Greeks, nor their physical traits, nor their maimers, habits,
customs, dress, religion, nor, indeed, anything except their sculpture and
architecture. Now, there was undoubtedly communication between the
two countries in so far as pertains to art and architecture; but it is
equally true that there has been no migration of the other elements of
civilization mentioned.
The same thing may be true with regard to the migrations of pre-
historic civilization. There may have been communication between the
countries by which such objects as the polished stone hatchet, the bovfl
and arrow, the leaf-shaped implement, chipped arrow- and spear-heads,
scrapers, spindle-whorls, the arts of pottery making, of weaving, ofJ
drilling and sawing stone, etc., passed from one to the other, and the
same of the Swastika; yet these may all have been brought over in spo-
radic and isolated cases, importing simply the germ of their knowledge,
leaving the industry to be independently worked out on this side. Cer-
tain manifestations of culture, dissimilar to those of the Old World,
are found in America; we have the rude notched ax, the grooved ax,
stemmed scraper, perforator, mortar and pestle, pipes, tubes, the cere-
monial objects which are found here in such infinite varieties of shape
and form, the metate, the painted pottery, etc., all of which belong to
the American Indian civilization, but have no prototype in the prehis-
toric Old World. These things were never brought over by migration
or otherwise. They are indigenous to America.
Objects common to both hemispheres exist in such numbers, of such
infinite detail and difficulty of manufacture, that the probabilities of
their migration or passage from one country to another is infinitely
greater than that they were the result of independent invention. These
common objects are not restricted to isolated cases. They are great in
number and extensive in area. They have been the common tools and
utensils such as might have belonged to every man, and no reason is
known why they"might not have been^used by, and so represent, the
millions of prehistoric individuals in either hemisphere. This great
number of correspondences between the two hemispheres, and their
similarity as to means and results is good evidence of migration, con-
tact, or communication between the peoples ; while the extent to which
the common industries were carried in the two continents, their delicacy
and difficulty of operation, completes the proof and forces conviction.^
907
« on: March 05, 2018, 07:32:38 PM »
MODERN SPINDLE AND
WIIOHIj USED FOIi SI’l.N-
NINU THREAD.
Wiirtemlmrg, Germany.
Bull. Goc. (l’Aiitlu-opv. Paris, pp. 461-462,
970
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.
The superiority of the Navajo to the Pueblo work results not only from
a constant advance of the weavers’ art among the former, but from a
deterioration of it among the latter. This deterioration among the
Pueblo Indians he attributes to their contact with the whites, their
inclination being to purchase rather than to make woven fabrics, while
these influences seem not to have affected the Navajoes. lie repre-
sents a Navajo woman spinning (see
pi. 22 of the present paper). She is
seated, and apparently whorls the
spindle by rubbing it on her leg.
The spindle is of wood, as are all other
spindles, but the whorl is also of
wood. In this these people are pecul-
iar and perhaps unique. The whorl,
among most other savage or prehis-
toric peoples, as we have already seen,
was of stone or clay. These wooden
whorls are thinner and larger, but
otherwise they are the same. An
inspection of the
plate will show that
with it the spinning
apparatus forms the
same machine, ac-
complishes the same
purpose, and does
it in the same way.
The sole difference
is in the size and ma-
terial of the whorl.
The difference in
material accounts
for the difference in
size. It is not im-
probable that the
Indian discovered
that the wooden
whorl would serve as well as a stone or pottery one, and that it was
easier made. The machine in the hands of the woman, as shown in
the figure, is larger than usual, which may be accounted for by the
thread of wool fiber used by the Navajo being thicker and occupying
more space than the flaxen thread of prehistoric times; so it may have
been discovered that a large whorl of wood served their purpose better
than a small one of stone. Stone whorls of large size might be too
heavy. Thus may be explained the change from small stone or pottery
whorls to large wooden ones.
Mexico,—Fig. 357 represents the two sides and edge of a pottery terra-
cotta spindle-whorl. It is the largest of a series of six (Oat. Nos.
Fig. 357.
TKKKA-COTTA SPINDLE-WHOliL WITH DESIGN SIMILAR TO SWASTIKA.
Valley of Mexico.
Cat. No. i'7JS75, U. S. N. M.
Report of National Museum, 1894.—Wilson.
Plate 22,
Navajo Woman Using Spindle and Whorl.
Dr. Washington Matthews, Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1881-82, PI. xxxiv.
I
?
i
t
>
l
c
4
«
THE SWASTIKA.
971
27875-27880) from the valley of Mexico, sent to the U. S. National
Museum by the Mexican National Museum in 1877. Fig. 35S also rep-
resents one of a series from Mexico, obtained by W. W. Blake, July,
1880 (Cat. Nos. 99051-99050). The National Museum possesses hun-
dreds of these from Mexico, as well as the small ones from Peru.
MEXICAN TERRA-COTTA SPINDLE-WHORL WITH DESIGN SIMILAR TO SWASTIKA.
These specimens are chosen because they are the largest and most
elaborately decorated. It will be perceived at a glance how the style
of decoration lends itself to the Swastika. It consists mostly of geo-
metric figures, chief of which is the Greek fret, the labyrinth, the
circle, and the volute, but as in the color stamps (pp. 94(5-947) there is
no Swastika.
CENTRAL AMERICA.
Nicaragua.—The specimen shown in fig. 359, from Omotepe Island,
Lake Nicaragua, is one of a series of pottery spindle-whorls, bearing,
TERRA-COTTA SPINDLE-WHORLS.
Omotepe Island, Nicaragua.
Cat. Nos. 28893, 28899, U. S. N. M.
however, great resemblance to those of stone. Fig. 360 shows a speci-
men from the same locality. It is of pottery and bears much resem-
972
REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
bianco in form to the earliest whorls found by Scliliemann on the site
of Troy on the hill of Hissarlik. Both these were collected by Dr. J.
F. Bransford, and are in the U. S. National Museum. Fig. 3G1 shows
a specimen from Granada, Nicaragua. It is of the common shape of
the European prehistoric spindle-whorl. Its Hat surface is decorated
TERRA-COTTA SPINDLE-W1IOEL.
Granada, Nicaragua.
Oat. No. V. S. N. M.
Fig. 362.
TERRA-COTTA SPINDLE-WHORL.
Malanatn, Nicaragua.
Cal. No. 20000, U. S. N. M.
with a Greek cross in incised lines, two quarters of which are tilled
with hatch marks. Fig. 3G2 shows a terra cotta spindle-whorl from
Malaeate, Nicaragua. It is cone-shaped. Both these specimens were
collected by Dr. Earl Flint.
SOUTH AMERICA.
Chiri<fiii.—Figs. 30 >, 304, and 305 show terra-cotta spindle-whorls
from Ohiriqui, the most northern territory in South America and
adjoining the Isthmus of Panama. They are engraved natural size,
with ornamentation similar to that on the pottery of that country.
shows a cone-shaped terra-cotta whorl from
Manizales, Colombia, South America. It has
a star-shaped design on the face and a three-
line zigzag or chevron pattern.
Pern.—Plate 23 represents a series of spin-
dles and whorls from Peru. They were fur-
nished to the U. S. National Museum by I. V.
Norton, of Plainville, N. Y. The whorls were
originally considered to be beads, and were
without further description. The spindles were
not inserted in them as at present. The spin-
dles, as well as whorls, are exceedingly small.
Some of the whorls are decorated by incised
lines in the clay, and many of the spindles are
decorated in the middle with paint iu different colors, in lines, scrolls, and
chevrons. These are the only whorls from Peru which the U. S. National
Museum has, tlfough it possesses an extensive series of the spindles,
several of which still have the spun thread wrapped upon them.
There are certain distinguishing peculiarities to be remarked when
Colombia.—Fig. 3GG
Fig. 363.
SPINDLE-WHORL MADE OF GRAY
CLAY AND DECORATED WITH
ANNULAR NODES.
Chiriqui
Sixth Animal Report of the Burea-i of Eth-
nology, fig. 218.
Report of National Museum, 1 894.—Wilson.
Plate 23.
Series of Aboriginal Spindles and Whorls from Peru.
Cat. No. 17510, U. S. N. M.
1
THE SWASTIKA.
973
comparing the spindle-whorls from the Western Hemisphere with those
from the Eastern Hemisphere. There is greater diversity in size, form,
and decoration in the American than in the European whorls. A series
of European whorls from any given locality will afford a fair represen-
Fig. 364.
SPINDLE-WHORL OP GRAY CLAY WITH
FIGURES OF ANIMALS.
Chiriqui.
Sixth Animal Report of the Bureau of Ethnology,
tip. 219.
Fig. 365.
SPINDLE-WIIORL OF DARK CLAY WITH PER-
FORATIONS AND INCISED ORNAMENTS.
Cliiriqui.
Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology,
fig. 220.
tation of those from almost every other locality. But it is different
with the American specimens. Each section in America has a differ-
ent style, not only different from the European specimens, but different
from those of neighboring sections. Among the eighteen thousand
whorls found by Dr. Schliemann on the hill of Hissarlik, there is
TERRA-COTTA SPINDLE-WHORL.
Maiiizalcs, Colombia.
Cat. No. I683k, U. S. N. M.
scarcely one so large as those here shown from Mexico, while, on the
other hand, there were only a few as small as the largest of the series
from Peru. The difference in size and material in the Pueblo whorls
has already been noticed. The ornamentation is also peculiar in that
it adoj)ts, not a particular style common to the utensil, but that it
974
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
adopts the styles of the respective countries. The Mexican whorl lias
a Mexican style of ornamentation, etc. The Nicaragua specimens
resemble the European more than any other from America in their
forms and the almost entire absence of decoration.
The foregoing are the differences; but with all the number and extent
of these differences the fact remains that the whorls of the two hemi-
spheres are practically the same, and the differences are insignificant.
In style, shape, and manner of use they arc so similar in the two hemi-
spheres as to be the same invention. The whorls, when put ivpon their
spindles, form the same machine in both countries. They were intended
for and they accomplish the same purpose, and the method of their
performance is practically the same. While the similarity of the art of
spinning and the mechanism (?'. e., the spindle and whorl) by which it is
accomplished may not prove conclusively that it migrated from the
Eastern Hemisphere, nor yet show positive connection or communica-
tion between the two peoples, it goes a long way toward establishing
such migration or communication. The similarity in the art and its
mechanism appears to the author to show such resemblance with the
like culture in the Eastern Hemisphere, and is so harmonious with
the theory of migration or contact or communication, that if there shall
be other objects found which either by their number or condition would
prove to be a well-authenticated instance of migration from or contact
or communication between the countries, the evidence of the similarity
of the spindle-whorls would form a valuable addition to and largely
increase the evidence to establish the main fact. Until that piece of
well-authenticated evidence has been obtained, the question must, so
far as concerns spindle-whorls, remain only a probability. The differ-
ences between them are of manner, and not of matter; in size and
degree, but not in kind, and are not other or greater than might easily
arise from local adaptation of an imported invention. Compare the
Navajo spindle (pi. 22) with that from Wurtemburg, Germany (fig. 35G),
and these with the spindles and whorls from Peru (pi. 23). These facts
are entirely in harmony with the possibility that the spindle and whorl,
as a machine tor spinning, was a single invention, and that its slight
differentiations resulted from its employment by different peoples—the
result of its intertribal migrations. For purposes of comparison, and
to show the similarity of these objects in Europe, the author has intro-
duced a series of spindle-whorls from Troy, Ilissarlik (pis. 24 and 2o).
These belong to the U. S. National Museum, and form part of the valu-
able collection from Mine. Schliemann, the gift by her talented husband
to the people of the United States as a token of his remembrance and
grateful feelings toward them.
Report of National Museum, 1894,—Wilson.
Plate 24
Selected Specimens of Spindle-whorls from the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Cities
of Troy.
U. S. National Museum.
1
\
1
II
I
I
I
V
Report of National Museum, 1894.—Wilson.
Plate 25,
Selected Specimens of Spindle-whorls from the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Cities
of Troy.
U. S. National Museum.
\ I
i
I
I
THE SWASTIKA.
975
BOBBINS.
EUROPE.
We liave already seen how an increase in the number of correspond-
ences Jifitween. objects.- from, distant countries Tnereases~the weight
of their evidence in favor of contact or communication between the
peoples. If it should be found upon comparison that the bobbins
on which thread
is to be wound,
as well as the
spindle-wh o r Is
with which it is
made, had been iio
use during1 preliis-jj
toric times in thev
two hemispheres,
it would add to
the evidence of
contact or commu-
nication. The U.
S. National Museum
are believed to have been, running1 from
Fig. 367.
RORRIN OR SPOOL FOR WINDING THREAD (?).
Type Villanova.
Coriieto, Italy.
U. S. National Museum.
possesses a series of these bobbins, as they
comprising
large to small,
about one dozen specimens ..from—Ltaly, one from Corneto and the
others from Bologna, in which
places many prehistoric spindle
whorls have been found (figs.
307 and 308). These are of the
type Yillanova. The end as
well as the side view is rep-
resented. The former is one
of the largest, the latter of
middle size, with others smaller
forming a graduating series.
The latter is engraved on the
end by dotted incisions in three parallel lines arranged in the form
of a Greek cross. A similar bobbin from Bologna bears the sign
of the Swastika on its end (fig. 193)J It was found by Count Gozzadini
and forms part of his collection in Bologna.
368.
TERRA-COTTA BOBRIN OR SPOOL FOR WINDING
THREAD ( ?).
Typo Villiinova.
Bologna, Italy.
Cat. No. 101771, IT. S. N. M.
UNITED STATES.
The three following figures represent clay and stone bobbins, all
from the State of Kentucky. Fig. 3G9 shows a bobbin elaborately dec-
orated, from a mound near Maysville, Ky. It has a hole drilled longi-
1 Do Mortillet, “Mus6e Prdhistorique,” fig. 1239.
976 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
tudinally through the center. The end shows a cross of the Greek
form with this hole in the center of the cross. Tig. 370 shows a sim-
ilar object from Lexington, Ky., sent by the Kentucky University. It
is of fine-grained sand-
stone, is drilled longi-
tudinally through the
center and decorated as
shown. The end view
shows a series of con-
centric circles with rows
of dots in the intervals.
Tig. 371 shows a simi-
lar object of fine-grained
sandstone from Lewis
County, Ky. It is also drilled longitudinally, and is decorated with
rows of zigzag lines as shown. The end view represents four con-
secutive pentagons laid one on top of the other, which increase in
size as they go outward, the
hole through the bobbin
being in the center of
these pentagons, while the
outside line is decorated
with spikes or rays ex-
tending to the periphery
of the bobbin, all of which
is said to represent the
sun. The specimen shown
in lig. 373, of line-grained
sandstone, is from Maysville, Ky. The two ends are here represented
because of the peculiarity of the decoration. In the center is the hole,
next to it is a rude form of Greek cross which on one end is repeated
as it goes farther from the
center; on the other, the dec-
oration consists of three con-
centric circles, one interval of
which is divided by radiat-
ing lines at regular intervals,
each forming a rectangle. Be-
tween the outer lines and the
periphery are four radiating
rays which, if completed all
around, might form a sun
symbol. Bobbins of clay have
been lately discovered in Tlorida by Mr Clarence B. Moore and noted
by Prolessor Holmes.
Thus we And some of the same objects which in Europe were made
Fig. 371.
BORRIN (?) OF FINE-GRAINED SANDSTONE.
Lewis County, Kentucky.
Cat. No. 596S1, V. S. X. M.
Fig. 370.
RORRIN (?) FROM LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY.
Cat. No. I•!»!!> 1, C. S. N. AI.
RORRIN (?) FROM A MOUNI) NEAR MAYSVII.LE, KENTUCKY.
Cat. No. Hills, U.S. N. M.
THE SWASTIKA.
977
and used by. prehistoric man and which bore the Swastika mark have
migrated to America, also in prehistoric times, where they were put to
the same use and served the same purpose. This is certainly no incon-
siderable testimony in favor of the migration of the sign.
VIIr.—Similar Prehistoric'Arts, Industries, and Implements
in Europe and America as Evidence of tiie Migration of
Culture.
The prehistoric objects described in the foregoing chapter are not
the only ones common to both Europe and America. Eelated to the
spindle-whorls and bobbins is the art of weaving, and it is perfectly
susceptible of demonstration that this art was practiced in the two
hemispheres in prehistoric times. Woven frabrics have been found
VIEW SHOWING BOTH ENDS OF A BOBBIN( ?) OF FINE-GKAINET) SANDSTONE.
Maysville, Kentucky.
Cat. No. 10747, U. S. X. M.
in the Swiss lake dwellings, in Scandinavia, and in nearly all parts of
Europe. They belonged to_the XooIithhTand Bronze ages.
Figs. 373 and 374 illustrate textile fabrics in theTBronze Age. Both
specimens are from Denmark, and the. National Museum possesses
another specimen (Cat. No. lSGGlI) in all respects similar. While pre-
historic looms may not have been found in Europe to be compared
with the looms of modern savages in America, yet these specimens of
cloth, with the hundreds of others found in the Swiss lake dwellings,
afford the most indubitable proof of the use of the looms in both
countries during i>rehistoric times.
Complementary to this, textile fabrics have been found in America,
from the Pueblo country of Utah and Colorado, south through Mexico,
Central and South America, and of necessity the looms with which they
were made were there also. It is not meant to be said that the looms
of the two hemispheres have been found, or that they or the textile
fabrics are identical. The prehistoric looms have not been found in
Europe, and those in America may have been affected by contact with
the white man. Nor is it meant to be said that the textile fabrics of
II. Mis. 90, pt. 2-----------62
978
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
908
« on: March 05, 2018, 07:31:57 PM »
leaves or small wings. The points of the omega are generally changed
into small circles, leaves, or trefoil; and the disk itself is placed on a
pedestal. From its lower arc there fall two spires like serpents’ tails
with the ends curving, sometimes up and sometimes down. This is a
very complex symbol. None of the Buddhist texts give any positive
information in regard to its origin or meaning, and few symbols have
given rise to more varied explanations. The upper part of the figure
is frequently found separated from the lower; sometimes this is plainly
a trident superposed upon a disk-shaped nucleus. The trident may
possibly have symbolized the flash of lightning, as did Neptune’s trident
among the Greeks, but more probably it is the image of the solar radia-
tion. Among the northern Buddhists it personifies the heaven of pure
flame superposed upon the heaven of the sun. Though undoubtedly a
Hindu emblem, Its primitive shape seems to have early felt the influence
of the cadueeus, while its more complex forms exhibit a likeness to
certain types of the winged globe. Still later the trisula was converted
by Brahmanism into an anthropoid figure, and became the image of
Jagenath. The vegetable kingdom was also laid under contribution,
and the trisula came into a resemblance of the tree of knowledge.
Although we have learned the probable signification of its factors in the
creeds that preceded Buddhism, we know very little about its meaning
in the religion that used it most, but it is a symbol before which mil-
lions have bowed in reverence. The plastic development of the trisula
shows with what facility emblems of the most dissimilar origin may
merge into each other when the opportunity of propinquity is given,
and there is sufficient similarity in form and meaning.
The double-headed eagle on the escutcheon of Austria and Russia.—
Count D’Alviella tells the history of the migration of the symbol of
the double-headed eagle on the escutcheon of Austria and Russia. It
was originally the type of the Garuda bird of southern India, found on
temple sculptures, in carved wood, on embroideries, printed and woven
cloths, and on amulets. It first appears on the so-called Ilittite sculp-
tures at Eyuk, the ancient Pteria in Phrygia. In 1217 it appeared on
the coins and standards of the Turkoman conquerors of Asia Minor.
In 1227-28 the Emperor Frederick li undertook the si.xth crusade,
landing at Acre in the latter year, and being crowned King of Jerusa
lem in 1229. Within thirty years from these dates the symbol appeared
on the coins of certain Flemish princes, and in 1345 it replaced the
single-headed eagle on the armorial bearing of the liolyBoman Empire.
Thus, the historic evidence of the migration of this symbol, from the far
east to the nations of the west by direct contact, would seem complete.
The lion rampant of Belgium.—This lion was incorporated into the
Percy or Northumberland escutcheon by the marriage of Joceline of
Louvain, the second son of Godfrey, the Duke of Brabant, to Agnes, the
sister and heir of all the Percys. The Counts of Flanders, Brabant, and
Louvain bore as their coat of arms the lion rampant facing to the left,
964
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
which is the present coat of arms of the King of Belgium. The story
is thus told in Burke’s “ Peerage” (1895): Agnes de Percy married Joce-
line of Louvain, brother of Queen Adeliza, second wife of Henry I, and
son of Godfrey Barbalus, Duke of Lower Brabant and Count of Brabant,
who was descended from the Emperor Charlemagne. Her ladyship, it
is stated, would only consent, however, to this great alliance upon con-
dition that Joeeline should adopt either the surname or arms of Percy,
the former of which, says the old family tradition, he accordingly
assumed, and retained his own paternal coat in order to perpetuate
his claim to the principality of liis father, should the elder line of the
reigning duke become extinct. The matter is thus stated in the old
pedigree at Sion House: “The ancient arms of Hainault this Lord
Jocelyn retained, and gave his children the surname of Percy.”
The migration of this lion rampant is interesting. It was in the
twelfth century the coat of arms of the King of Albania. Phillippe
d’Alsace, the eldest son of Thierry d’Alsace, was Count of Flanders,
sixteenth in succession, tracing his ancestry back to G21 A. D. The
original and ancient coat of arms of the Counts of Flanders consisted
of a small shield in the center of a larger one, with a sunburst of six
rays. Phillippe d’Alsace reigned as Count of Flanders and Brabant
from 11GS to 1190 A. D. He held an important command in two cru-
sades to the Holy Land. During a battle in one of these crusades, he
killed the King of Albania in a hand-to-hand conflict, and carried off
his shield with its escutcheon of the lion rampant, which Phillippe
transferred to his own shield, took as his own coat of arms, and it has
been since that time the coat of arms of the Counts of Flanders and
Brabant, and is now that of Belgium. The lion in the escutcheon
can thus be traced by direct historic evidence through Northumberland,
Flanders and Louvain back to its original owner, the King of Albania,
in the twelfth century. Thus is the migration of the symbol traced by
communication and contact, and thus are shown the possibilities in this
regard which go far toward invalidating, if they do not destroy, the
presumption of separate invention in those cases wherein, because of
our ignorance of the facts, we have invoked the rule of separate
invention.
Greek art and architecture.—It has come to be almost a proverb in sci-
entific investigation that we argue from the known to the unknown.
We might argue from this proverb in favor of the migration of the
Swastika symbol and its passage from one people to another by the
illustration of the Greek fret, which is in appearance closely related to
the Swastika; and, indeed, we might extend the illustration to all
Greek architecture. It is a well-known fact, established by number-
less historic evidences, that the Greek architecture of ancient times
migrated—that is, passed by communication and contact of peoples,
and by transfer of knowledge from one man to another, and from one
generation to the succeeding generation, until it became known through-
THE SWASTIKA.
965
out all western countries. The architects of Borne, Vicenza, Paris,
London, Philadelphia, Washington, Chicago, and San Francisco derive
their knowledge of Grecian architecture in its details of Doric, Ionic,
and Corinthian styles by direct communication, either spoken, written
or graphic, from the Greek architects who practiced, if they did not
invent, these styles.
The Greek fret.—This has migrated in the same manner. As to its
invention or origin, wu~‘Tlavelitile to do in the present argument.
Whether the fret was the ancestor or the descendant of the Swastika
is of no moment to our present question. It has been demonstrated in
the early part of this paper that both it and the Swastika had a com-
mon existence in early if not prehistoric Greece, and that botirwere
employed in^peJiehteiVlbrm on the same specimen of Archaic Greeks"
pottery. F,ig^jL33 and 134 demonstrate that these two signs migrated
together from (jfeece to Egypt, for the particular specimen mentioned
was found at Naukratis, Egypt. From this high antiquity the Greek
fret has migrated to practically every country in the world, and lias
been employed during all historic tfineTiy the peoples of every civiliza-
tion. The fret is known 11istoricallvlabave-na^sedJhv means of teachers,
either through speaking, writing, or drawing, and never yet a sugges-
tion that its existence or appearance in distant countries depended
upon separate invention or independent discovery.
Why strain at the gnat of independent invention of the Swastika 1
when we are compelled to swallow the camel of migration when applied /
to the Greek fret and architecture? The same proposition of migra-
tion applies to Greek art, whether of sculpture, engraving, or gem
carving. These ancient Grecian arts are as well known in all quarters
of the civilized globe at the present day as they were in their own
country, and this was all done by communication between peoples either
through speaking, writing, or drawing. So far from being separate
inventions, the modern sculptor or engraver, with full historic knowl-
edge of the origin or, at least, antiquity of these arts, and with an
opportunity for inspection and study of the specimens, is still unable to
reproduce them or to invent original works of so high an order. The
imaginary and newly invented theory that culture is the result of the
psychologic nature of man manifesting itself in all epochs and coun-
tries, and among all peoples, by'the evolution of some new di^ov eryQtUJ
made to jit a-hum an need—that as all human needs in a given stage are ^v
the same, therefore all human culture* must, per se. pass through the
same phases or stages—is a theory to which I refuse adhesion. It
receives a hard blow when we take down the bars to the modern sculp-
tor, requiring of him neither original invention nor independent discov-
ery, but permitting him to use, study, adapt, and even servilely copy
the great Greek art works, and we know that with all these opportuni-
ties and advantages he can not attain to their excellence, nor reach
their stage of art culture.
966
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
VII.—Prehistoric Objects associated with the Swastika,
t FOUND IN ROTH HEMISPHERES, AND RELIEVED TO HAVE PASSED
• ry Migration.
SPINDLE-WHORLS.
Spindle-whorls arc first to be considered. These are essentially pre-
historic utensils, and are to be found in every part of the world where
the inhabitants were sufficiently cultured to make twisted threads or
.^/cords, whether for hunting or fishing, games, textile fabrics, or cover-
ings, either for themselves, their tents, or other purposes. In western
Asia, all of Europe, in the pueblos of North America, and among the
aborigines—by whatever name they are called—of Mexico, Central
America, and the north and west coast of South America, wherever
the aborigines employed cord, cloth, or fiber, the spindle-whorl is found.
"Where they used skins for the coverings of themselves or their tents,
the spindle-whorl may not be found. Thus, in the Eskimo land, and
among certain of the North American savages, spindle-whorls are rarely
if ever found.
. The spindle-who^l was equally in use in Europe and Asia during the
v Neolithic Age as in tin1, Bronze Age. It continued in use among the
peasants in remote and outlying districts into modern times. During
the Neolithic- Age its materials were stone and terra cotta; during the
Bronze Age they were almost exclusively terra cotta. They are found
of both materials. Decently a Gallo-Roman tornlTwas opened at Cler-
mont-Ferrand and found to contain the skeleton of a young woman,
and with it her spindles and whorls.1
The existence of spindle-whorls in distant and widely separated
v/countries affords a certain amount of presumptive evidence of migra-
tions of peoples from one country to another, or of contact or com-
munication between them. If the people did not themselves migrate
and settle the new country, taking the spindle-whorls and other objects
with them, then the spindle-wliorl itself, or the knowledge of how to
make and use it, must in some other way have gotten over to the new
country.
This argument of migration, contact, or communication does not
rest solely on the similarity of the whorls in the distant countries,
but equally on the fact of spinning thread from the fiber; and this
argument is reenforced by the similarity of the operation and of the
^tool or machine with which it was done. It has been said elsewhere
that the probability of communication between widely separated
peoples by migration or contact depended for its value as evidence, in
some degree, upon the correspondence or similarity of the object con-
sidered, and that this value increased with the number of items of corre-
spondence, the closeness of similarity, the extent of the occurrence,
and the difficulty of its performance. So we pass to the similarity in
size, appearance, mode of manufacture, and, finally, the use of the
whorls of the two continents.
1 Bull. Soc. d’Aiithrop., Paris, October, 1893, p. GOO.
THE SWASTIKA.
967
EUROPE.
Switzerland—Lake dwellings.—Figs. 345 and 340 show stone spindle-
wliorls from prehistoric Swiss lake dwellings. These are in the U. S.
National Museum, and with them are dozens of others of the same kind
Figs. 345 ami 34G.
STONE SPINDLE-WIIOHLS.
Neolithic.
Swiss lake dwellings.
U. S. National Museum.
and style from all other parts of Europe. Fig. 347 shows a stone spindle-
whorl from Lund, Sweden. It is in the U. S. National Museum and
was contributed by Professor J illson. Figs. 348, 34b, and 350 represent
terra-cotta spindle-whorls from the Swiss lakes. These specimens were
Neolithic. Neolithic or llronzo Age.
Lund, Sweden. Swiss lake dwellings.
Cat. No. 51**1, U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 100(542, U. S. N. M.
selected to show the different patterns, to illustrate their unlikeness
•instead of their likeness, to give an understanding of the various kinds
of Avhorls rather than that they Avere all one kind, a fad Avhieh should be
kept in mind during this argument.
968
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
Italy.—Figs. 351, 352, and 353 show terra-cotta spindle-whorls from
Orvieto, Italy, 78 miles north from Koine. Figs. 351 and 355 represent
TERRA COTTA SPINDLE-WHORL.
Neolithic or Bronze Age.
Swiss lake dwellings.
Cat. Xo.-100(54 2, V. S. N. M.
Fig. 350.
TERRA COTTA SPINDLE-WHORL.
Swiss lako dwellings.
Cat. No. 100047, l\ S. N. M.
spindle-whorls from Oorneto, Italy, 03 miles north from Rome. As
remarked above, they have been chosen to represent the different kinds.
_ _ There are thou-
sands of these
whorls found in
Italy. In the
Arelneo logical
Exposition at
Turin, 1884, the number was so
great tha t they were twined about
the columns, thereby providing
a place of storage as well as a
place of display.
Wiirtembury.—Dr. Charles Ran
procured for, and there is now in,
the U. S. National Museum a
spindle (fig. 35G) with its whorl
which had been in use for spin-
ning from 18G0 to 1870, and which
he obtained in Wurtemburg, Germany, from the woman who had used it.
Frame.—The author has seen the French peasants in Brittany spin-
Figs. 351,3512, and 353.
PREHISTORIC TERRA-COTTA SPINDLE-WHORLS.
Orvieto, Italy.
Cut. Noh, 101(57 1, 101(572, U. S. N. M.
Figs. 354 and 355.
PREHISTORIC SPINDLE-WHORLS.
Corneto, Italy.
Cat. No. 101773, U. S. N. M.
ning their thread in the same way, and once took a photograph of one
in the hamlet of Pont-Aven, Morbihan, but it failed in development.
Report of National Museum, 1894.—Wilson.
Plate 21.
Spindle-whorls of Modern Porcelain from Southern France.
Cat. No. 169598, U. S. N. M.
I
THE SWASTIKA
969
In 1893 Mr. Hiirle purchased at St. Gerons, Ardeche, a merchant’s
entire stock of modern porcelain spindle-whorls. The manufactory was
located at Martres-Tolosane, and the trade extended throughout the
Pyrenees. H e presented a series to the Soeiete d’An-
tliropologie at Paris, July, 1893.1
The U. S. National Museum has lately received,
through the kindness of the It)cole d’Anthropologie, a
series of nine of these porcelain whorls (pi. 21). The
wheel and modern machines for spinning have pene-
trated this corner of the world, and these whorls are W
the last emblem of an industry dating slightly after7
the advent of man on earth and already old in that
locality when Poland crossed the mountain pass
near there and sounded his uO!iphant,” calling for
help from Charlemagne. These are the death chant
of the industry of hand spinning in that country.
NORTH AMERICA—PRE-COLUMBIAN TIMES.
The North American Indians employed rushes and
animal skins as the principal coverings for them-
selves and their tents. They used sinews and thongs
for thread and cord, and thus avoided largely the
necessity for spinning fiber or making textiles; for
these or possibly other reasons, we find few spindle-
whorls among them compared with the number
found in Europe. Yet the North American Indians
made and used textile fabrics, and there are pieces
of woven cloth from mounds in Ohio now in
the Department of Prehistoric Anthropology, U. S.
National Museum. The Pueblo Indians spun thread
and wove elotli in pre-Columbian times, and those
within the States of Colorado and Utah and the
adjoining Territories of Arizona and New Mexico,
particularly the Navajoes, have been long noted
for their excellence in producing textile fabrics.
Specimens of their looms and thread are on dis-
play in the National Museum and have been pub-
lished in the reports. Special attention is called
to that by Dr. Washington Matthews in the Third
Annual lieport of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1881-82.
Dr. Matthews is of the opinion that the work of the
Pueblo Indians antedated that of the Navajoes, that the latter learned
the art from the former since the advent of the Spaniards; and he re-
marks that the pupils now excel their masters in the beauty and quality
of their work. He declares that the art of weaving has been carried
to greater perfection among the Navajoes than among any native
tribe in America north of the Mexican boundary; while with none in the
entire continent has it been less influenced by contact with Europeans.
Fig. 35li
909
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When signs or symbols, myths or fables, habits or customs, utensils,
implements or weapons, industries, tools or machinery, have been
found in countries widely separated from each other, both in countries
f" bearing characteristics so much alike as to make them practically the
/^same objects or industries, and which are made in the same way, they
present a question to which there are only two possible solutions:
Either they are independent discoveries or inventions which, though
analogous, have been separately conceived, or else they have been
invented or discovered in one of the countries, and passed to the other
by migration of the object or communication of the knowledge neces-
sary to form it, or by contact between the two peoples. Of these
inventions or discoveries said to have been made in duplicate, each of
which is alleged to have sprung up in its own country as a character-
istic of humanity and by virtue of a law of physics or psychology, it
is but fair to say that in the opinion of the author the presumption is
all against this. Duplicate inventions have been made and will be
t^nade again, but they are uncommon. They are not the rule, but
rather the exception. The human intellect is formed on such unknown
bases, is so uncertain in its methods, is swayed by such slight consid-
erations, and arrives at so many different conclusions, that, with the
manifold diversities of human needs and desires, the chances of dupli-
cate invention by different persons in distant countries, without con-
^ tact or communication between them, are almost as one to infinity.
The old adage or proverb says, “3Iany men of many minds,” and it
only emphasizes the differences between men liTregar'd to the various
phenomena mentioned. There are some things sure to happen, yet it
is entirely uncertain as to the way they will happen. Nothing is more
uncertain than the sex of a child yet to be born, yet every person has
one chance out of two to foretell the result correctly. But of certain
other premises, the chances of producing the same result are as one to
infinity. Not only does the human intellect not produce the same con-
clusion from the same premises in different persons, but it does not in
the same person at different times. It is unnecessary to multiply
words over this, but illustrations can be given that are satisfactory. A
battle, a street fight, any event happening in the presence of many
witnesses, will never be seen in the same way by all of them; it will
be reported differently by each one; each witness will have a different
THE SWASTIKA.
959
story. The jurors in our country are chosen because of the absence
of prejudice or bias. Their intellect or reason are intended to be
subjected to precisely the same evidence and argument, and yet how
many jurors disagree as to their verdict? We have but to consider
the dissensions and differences developed in the jury room which are
settled, sometimes by argument, by change of conviction, or by com-
promise. What would be the resources of obtaining justice if we
were to insist upon unanimity of decision of the jury upon their first
ballot or the first expression of their opinion and without opportunity
of change? Yet these jurors have been charged, tried, and sworn a
true verdict to render according to the law and evidence as submitted
to them. There is no doubt but that they are endeavoring to fulfill
their duty in this regard, and while the same evidence as to fact, and
charge as to law, are presented to all of them at the same time, what
different impressions arc made and what different conclusions are pro-
duced in thq minds of the different jurors. Illustrations of this exist
in the decisions of our Supreme Court, wherein, after full argument
and fair investigation, with ample opportunity for comparison of views,
explanations, and arguments, all based upon the same state of facts,
the same witnesses; yet, in how many cases do we find differences of
opinion among the members of the court, and questions of the gravest
import and of the most vital character settled for the whole nation by
votes of 8 to 7 and 5 to 4? The author has examined, and in other
places shown, the fallacy of the rule that like produces like. Like
causes produce like effects is a law of nature, but when the decision
rests upon the judgment of mail*and.depends upon his reason and his
intellect, our common knowledge testifies that this law has no applica-
tion. When the proposition to be determined has to be submitted to
individuals of widely separated and distinct countries between whom;
there has been neither communication nor contact, and who havcl
received no suggestion as to their respective ideas or needs, or the
means of satisfying them, it seems to the author that no rule can be
predicated upon the similarity of human condition, of human reason, or
of human intellect, certainly none which can be depended on to produce
the same conclusion.
Consideration of the facility with which symbols, signs, myths,
fables, stories, history,, etc., are transmitted from one people to another
aiid from one couptry_to another, should not be omitted in this discus-
sion. It may have slight relation to the Swastika to mention the
migrations of the present time, but it will give an idea of the possibil-
ity of past times. In this regard we have but to consider the immense
number of articles or objects in museums and collections, public and
private, representing almost every country and people. We there find
objects from all quarters of the globe, from the five continents, and all
the islands of the sea. Some of them are of great antiquity, and it is
a matter of wonderment how they should have made such long pas-
960
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
sages and liave been preserved from destruction by the vicissitudes of
time and space. We have but to consider how money passes from hand
to hand and is always preserved to be passed on to the next. Every
collection of importance throughout the world possesses a greater or
less number of Greek and Roman coins antedating the Christian era.
We have an excellent illustration of these possibilities in the word
4halloo,” commonly rendered as “hello” A few years ago this word,
was peculiar to the English language, yet an incident lately occurred in
the city of Washington, within sight of my own residence, by which
this word, u hello,” has traveled the world around, has spread itself
over land and sea, has attached itself to and become part of most every
spoken language of civilization, and without much consideration as to
its meaning; but being on the procrustean bed of imitation, there are
people, foreigners, who believe that the telephone can be only made to
respond when the demand is made “hello!”
6l^M MIGRATION OF CLASSIC SYMBOLS.
Count Goblet d’Alviclla, in uLa Migration des Symboles,” traces
many ancient symbols from what he believes to be their place of origin
to their modern habitat. The idea he elucidates in his book is indi-
cated in its title.
The sacred tree of the Assyrians.—This he. holds to be one of the old-
est historic symbols; that it had its origin in Mesopotamia, one of the
earliest civilized (tenters of the world. Reginning with its simplest
form, the sacred tree grew into an ornate and highly complex pattern,
invariably associated with religious subjects. Two living creatures
always stand on either side, facing it and each other. First they were
monsters, like winged bulls or griffins, and after became human or
semihuman personages—priests or kings, usually in the attitude of
devotion. The Count says the migration of both these types can bo
readily traced. The tree between the two monsters or animals passed
from Mesopotamia to rndia, where it was employed by the Buddhists
ymd Brahmins, and has continued in use in that country to the present
.time. It passed to the Phenicians, and from Asia Minor to Greece.
fFrom the Persians it was introduced to the Byzantines, and during
the early ages, iuto Christian symbolism in Sicily and Italy, and even
penetrated to the west of France. The other type—that is, the tree
between two semi-human personages—followed the same route into
India, China, and eastern Asia, and, being found in the ancient Mexi-
can and Maya codices, it forms part of the evidence cited by the Count
as a pre-Columbian communication between the Old World and the
New. He argues this out by similarity of the details of attitude and
expression of the human figure, the arrangement of the branches of
the sacred tree, etc.
The sacred cone of Mesopotamia.—This was worshipped by the western
Semites as their great goddess, under the image of a conical stone.
THE SWASTIKA.
961
Its figurative representation is found alike on monuments, amulets,
and coins. On some Phenician monuments there is to be seen, super-
added to the cone, a horizontal crossbar on the middle of which rests a
handle. This shape bears a striking resemblance to the Crux ansata
(fig. 4), and, like it, was a symbol of life in its widest and most abstract
meaning. The resemblance between them is supposed to have caused
them to have been mistaken and employed one for the other in the same
character of symbol and talisman. It is alleged that the Ephesian
Artemis was but the sacred cone of Mesopotamia anthropomorphized,
although, with the halo added to Artemis, the allegation of relationship
has been made in respect of the Crux ansata.
The Crux ansata, the key of life.—This is probably more widely known
in modern times than any other Egyptian symbol. Its hieroglyphic
name is Ankh, atid its signification is “to live.” As an emblem of life,
representing the male and female principle united, it is always borne in
the hands of the gods, it is i>ourcd from ajar over the head of the king
in a species of baptism, and it is laid symbolically on the lips of the
mummy to revive it. From Egypt the Crux ansata spread first among ^
the Phenicians, and then throughout the whole Semitic world, fronij
Sardinia to Susiana.
The winged globe.—This was a widely spread and highly venerated
Egyptian symbol. From Egypt it spread, under various modifica-
, tions, throughout the Old World. It is formed by a combination of
| the representations of the sun that have prevailed in different locali-
ties in Egypt, the mythology of which ended by becoming a solar
drama. Two uncus snakes or asps, with heads erect, are twisted
round a globe-shaped disk, behind which are the outstretched wings
of a hawk, and on its top the horns of a goat. It commemorates the
victory of the principle of light and good over that of darkness and
evil. It spread readily among the Phenicians, where it is found sus-
pended over the sacred tree and the sacred cone, and was carried
wheresoever their art was introduced—westward to Carthage, Sicily,
Sardinia, and Cyprus, eastward to Western Asia. Very early it pene-
trated on the north to the Ilittites, and when it reached Mesopotamia,
in the time of Sargonidjc, the winged circle assumed the shape of the
wheel or rosette, surmounted by a scroll with upcurled extremities and
with a feathered tail opening out like a fan, or a human figure in an
attitude sometimes of benediction, sometimes warlike, was inscribed
within the disk. Then it was no longer exclusively a solar emblem, but
served to express the general idea of divinity. From Mesopotamia it
passed to Persia, principally in the anthropoid type. It was, however,
never adopted by Greece, and it is nowhere met with in Europe, except,
as before stated, in the Mediterranean islands. When Greece took
over from Asia symbolic combinations in which it was originally repre-
| sen ted, she replaced it by the thunderbolt. But the aureole, or halo,
! II. Mis. 90, pt. 2-G1
962
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
which encircles the heads of her divinities, and which Christian art
lias borrowed from the classic, was directly derived from it.
The caduceus.—This is one of the interesting symbols of antiquity.
It appears in many phases and is an excellent illustration of the migra-
tion of symbols. Its classic type held in the hand of Mercury and used
to day as a symbol of the healing art—a winged rod round which two
serpents are symmetrically entwined—is due to the mytliographers of
later times, and is very remote from its primitive form. In the Homeric
hymn it is called uthe golden rod, three-petaled of happiness and
wealth,” which Phudms gave to the youthful Hermes, but on early
Greek monuments the three leaves are represented by a disk sur-
mounted by an incomplete circle. In this shape it constantly appears
on Phenician monuments: and at Carthage, where it seems to have
been essentially a solar emblem, it is nearly always associated with the
sacred cone. It is found on Hittite monuments, where it assumes the
form of a globe surmounted by horns. Numerous origins and manifold
antecedents have been attributed to it, such as an equivalent of the
thunderbolt, a form of the sacred tree, or a combination of the solar
globe with the lunar crescent. Some examples seem. to indicate a
transition from the sacred tree surmounted by the solar disk, to the
form of the caducous of the Hittites. Our author believes it was
employed originally as a religious or military standard or ilag, and that
it was gradually modified by coming in contact with other symbols.
Some Assyrian bas-reliefs display a military standard, sometimes con-
sisting of a large ring placed upon a stalf with two loose bandelets
attached, sometimes of a winged globe similarly disposed. This Assyr-
ian military standard may be the prototype of the labarum, which
Constantine, after his conversion to Christianity, chose for his own
standard, and which might equally well have been claimed by the sun
worshipers. Under its latest transformation in Greece, a winged rod
with two serpents twined round it, it has come down to our own times
representing two of the functions of Hermes, more than ever in vogue
among men, industry and commerce. It has survived in India under
the form of two serpents entwined, probably introduced in the track of
Alexander the Great. It was also met with in that country in earlier
times in its simpler form, a disk surmounted by a crescent, resembling
our astronomical sign for the planet Mercury. This earliest type of
the caduceus, a disk surmounted by a orescent, appears at a remote
date in India, and seems to have been confounded with the trisula.
The trisula.—This form of the trident peculiar to the Buddhists was
of great importance in the symbolism of the Hindus; but whether it was
an imitation of the type of thunderbolt seen on Assyrian sculptures, or
was devised by them spontaneously, is uncertain. Its simplest form,
which is, however, rarely met with, is an omicron (o) surmounted by an
omega (go). Nearly always the upper portion is flanked by two small
circles, or by two horizontal strokes which often take the axipearance of
THE SWASTIKA.
963
910
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distant peoples, or was it accidental and the result of independent dis-
coveries and duplicate inventions—an evidence of the parallelism of
human thought?
Dr. Brinton, in a communication before the American Philosophical
Socie~ty7"starts out with a polemical discussion upon the subject of the
migration of the Swastika and its possible American migration, as
follows:
My intention is to combat the opinion of those writers who, like Dr. Hamy, M.
Beauvois, and many others, assert that hecanse certain well-known Oriental sym-
bols, as the Ta Ki, the Triskeles, the Svastika, and the cross, are found among the
American aborigines, they are evidence of Mongolian, Buddhistic, Christian, or
Aryan immigrations previous to the discovery by Columbus, and I shall also try to
show that the position is erroneous of those who, like William II. Holmes, of the
Bureau of Ethnology, maintain “that it is impossible to give a satisfactory expla-
nation of the religious significance of the cross as a religious symbol in America.”
In opposition to both these views, I propose to show that the primary significance
of all these widely extended symbols is quite clear, and that they can be shown to
have arisen from certain fixed relations of man to his environment, the same every-
where, and~henee suggesting the same graphic 'representations among tribes mosj:
divergent in location and race, and, therefore, that such symbols are of little value
in tracing ethnic affinities or the currents of civilization.
I am jjorrv to be compelled to differ in these views.
I may not attempt much argument upon this branch of the subject, but
wl 1 atcver argument is presented will be in opposition to this view, as
not being borne out by the evidence. Of course, the largest portion
of the discussion of this subject must consist of theory and argu-
ment, but such facts as are known, when subjected to an analysis of
reason, seem to produce a result contrary to that announced by Dr.
Brinton.
It is conceded that the duplication of the cross by different or distant!
peoples is no evidence of migrations of or contact between these!
peoples, however close their relations might have been. The sign of
the cross itself was so simple, consisting of only two marks or pieces
intersecting each other at a right or other angle, that we may easily
suppose it to have been the result of independent invention. The same
conclusion has been argued with regard to the Swastika. But this is
a non sequitur.
First, I dispute the proposition of fact thaUdie Swastika is. like the
cross, a simple design—one which would come to the mind of any person
and would be easy to"make. For evidence of this, 1 cite the fact that it
is not in common use, that it is almost unknown among Christian
peoples, that it is not included in any of the designs for, nor mentioned
in any of the inoderjLFiirot>eaii or Amerkiaik works on, decoration, nor
is it known to or practiced by artists or decorators of either country.1 2
For the truth of this, I appeal to the experience of artists and decora-
1 Proe. Am. Pkilosoph. Soe., xxvi, p. 177.
2For general lack of knowledge of Swastika in modem times, see Preface, p. 703.
954
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
tors, and would put the question whether, of their own knowledge, by
their own inventions, they have ever discovered or made Swastikas, or
whether their brother artists have done so, and if they answer in the
affirmative, I would ask whether those cases were not rare. It maybe
granted that when the Swastika has been seen by an artist or decorator
it is easily understood and not difficult to execute, but, nevertheless, I
tInsist that its invention and use among artists and decorators during
the centuries since the Rennaissance is rare.
It is argued by Zmigrodzki that the Swastika on so many specimens,
especially the Trojan spindle-whorls, having been made regularly, some-
times turning one way, sometimes another, sometimes square, other
times curved, goes to show the rapidity with which the sign was made,
that it did not require an artist, that its use was so common that it had
become a habit and was executed in a rapid and sketchy manner, as evi-
denced by the appearance of the marks themselves upon the whorls.
He likens this to the easy and unconsidered way which men have of
signing their names, which they arc able to do without attention. He
likens it also to the sign of the cross made by Roman Catholics so
rapidly as to be unnoticed by those who are unaware of its significance.
"• With this line of argument, Zmigrodzki reasons that the Swastika was
in its time confined to common use and thus he accounts for the mim-
_Jber of ill-formed specimens. This only accounts for the comparatively
few ill formed specimens, but not for the great number, the mass of
those, well formed and well drawn. Instead of the Swastika being a
sign easily made, the experience of the writer is the contrary. A
simple cross like the Latin, Greek, St. Andrew’s^and other common
forms may be very easy to make, but a really good specimen of the
'^Swastika is difficult to make. Any one who doubts this has only to
make the experiment for himself, and make correctly such a specimen
as fig. t). While it may be easy enough to make the*. Greek cross with
two lines of equal length intersecting each other at right angles,
and while this forms a large proportion of the Swastikas, it is at its
conclusion that the trouble of making a perfect Swastika begins. It
will be found difficult, requiring care and attention, to make the pro-
jecting arms of equal length, to see that they are all at the same angle;
^hnd if it is bent again and again, two or three turns upon each other,
the difficulty increases. If a person thinks that the Swastika, either
in the^square or the ogee curves or the spiral volutes, is easy to make,
he has but to try it with paper and pencil, and, if that is his first
attempt, he will soon be convinced of his error. The artist who drew
^£he spirals for this paper pronounces them to be the most difficult of
all; the curves are parabolic, no two portions of any one are in the
same circle, the circle continually widens, and no two circles nor any
two portions of the same circle have the same center. To keep these
lines true and parallel, the curve regular, the distances the same, and at
the same time sweeping outward in the spiral form, the artist pro-
THE SWASTIKA.
955
nounces a most difficult work, requiring care, time, and attention (fig.
295). Even the square and meander Swastikas (figs. 10, 11) require a
rule and angle to make them exact. All this goes to show the intention
of the artist to have been more or less deliberate; and that the object
he madewas for a special purpose, with a particular idea, either as a
symbol, charm, or ornament, and not a meaningless figure to fill a vacant
space.
Yet it is practically this difficult form of the cross which appears to
have spread itself through the widest culture areas, extending almost
to the uttermost parts of the earth. All this is foundation for the
suggestion that the Swastika was not the result of duplicate invention
or independent discovery, that it is not an illustration of parallelism
in human thought, but that it was transmitted from person to person,
or passed’ from one country to another, either by the migration of its
people, by their contact or communication, or by the migration and
transmission of the symbol and the sign itself. Pushing the argument
of the difficulty of its making, to account for the rarity of the design,
it is alleged that in modern times the Swastika is practically unknown
among Christian peoples. It passed out of use among them nigh a
thousand years ago and has been supplanted by every other imaginable
geometric form. The fret, chevron, herringbone, crosses, and circles]
of every kind, spirals, volutes, ogees, moldings, etc., have all remained) ^
in use since neolithic times, but no Swastika. The latest use men-
tioned in the literature upon this subject appears to have been in the
arch-Episcopal chair in the cathedral at Milan, which bears the three
ancient Christian crosses, the Latin cross, the monogram of Christ, and
the Swastika, of which the first and last are carved in alternates around
the pedestal of the chair. Yet the knowledge of the Swastika has
been perpetuated in some countries and its use has not died out all
over the world; therefore, examples of its iiseTn modern times should
be notedIrTorder to prevent misapprehension and contradiction. The
double Greek fret made with two continuous lines (fig. 139) forms a
psuedo Swastika at each intersection, although we have seen that this
is not a real but only an apparent Swastika (p. 783). This is used in
modern timesbv carpetTancT linen weavers as borders for carpets and ^
tablecloths, and by tile makers in similar decoration. The Swastika
mark has continued in use among the Orientals; the Theosophists have
adopted it as a seal or insignia ; the Japanese (fig. 30), the Koreans
(p. 799), the Chinese (fig. 31), the Jains (figs. 33, 31), and, among the
North American Indians, the Navajo (pi. 17), and those of the Kansas
Reservation (pis. 15 and 16). It is not used bv European peoples in',
modern times, except in Lapland and Finland. The National Museum
lias lately received a collection of modern household and domestic
utensils from Lapland, some of which bear the marks of the cross and
one a churn, the lid of which bears a possible Swastika mark. Through
the kindness of Professor Mason and Mr. Cushing, I have received a
956
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
drawing of this (fig. 344). Theodor Sclivindt, in “Suomalaisia koris-
teita,”1 a book of standard national Finnish patterns for the embroid-
eries of the country, gives the Swastika among others; but it is classed
among “oblique designs” and no mention is made of it as a Swastika
or of any character corresponding to it. Its lines are always at angles
of 45 degrees, and are continually referred to as “oblique designs.”
The Swastika ornaments Danish baptismal fonts, and according to Mr. J. A. Iljal-
talin it ‘‘was used [in Ireland] a few years since as a magic sign, hut with an
obscured or corrupted meaning.” It arrived in that island in the ninth century
A. D.*
The Swastika mark appears both in its normal and ogee form in the
Persian carpets and rugs.3 While writing this memoir, I have found
in the Persian rug in my own bedchamber sixteen figures of the Swas-
tika. In the large rug in the chief clerk’s office of the National Museum
there are no less than twenty-seven figures of the Swastika. On a
piece of imitation Persian carpet, with a heavy pile, made probably in
London, I found also figures of the Swastika.
All the foregoing figures have been of the normal
Swastika, the arms crossing each other and the
ends turning at right angles, the lines being of
equal thickness throughout. Some of them were
bent to the right and some to the left. At the
entrance of the brand Opera House in Washing-
ton I saw a large India rug containing a number
of ogee Swastikas; while the arms crossed each
other at right angles, they curved, some to the
right and some to the left, but all the lines in-
creased in size, swelling in the middle of the
curve, but finishing in a point. The modern
Japanese wisteria workbaskets for ladies have
one or more Swastikas woven in their sides or covers.
344.
MOItKIiX CHIMIN MI) WITH I)K
SIGN KF.SK.MtiUXO SWASTIKA.
Lapland.
C. s. Xat'on.il Musfuin.
Thus, it appears that the use of the Swastika in modern times is con-
fined principally to Oriental jmd_ Scandinavian countries, countries
which hold close relations to antiquity: that, in western Europe, where
in ancient times the Swastika was mosF7re(iueiTf7^J^as71UiriTrg~the"
last one or two thousand years, become extinct. And this in the coun-
tries which have led the world in culture.
i/ff the Swastika was a sj’mbol of a religion in India and migrated as
such in times of antiquity to America, it was necessarily by human aid.
The individuals who carried and taught it should have carried with it
thej^ehgious idea it represented^ To”*lo this required a certain use of
language, at least the name of the symbol. If the sign bore among the
---------------------- [ ______________________________________________
1 Finnischo Ornamente. 1. Stichornarnente. Heft 1-4. Soumalaisen Kirjallis-
uuden Senra Helsingissii, 1894.
?KarI Blind, “Discovery of Odinic songs in Shetland,” Nineteenth Century, June,
1879, p. 1098, cited by Alfred C. Iladdon in “Evolution in Art,” London, 1895, p. 285.
3Miss Fanny D. Bergen, in Scribner’s Magazine, September, 1894.
THE SWASTIKA.
957
aborigines in America the name it bore in India, Swastika, the evidence
of contact and communication would be greatly strengthened. If the
religion it represented in India should be found in America, the chain
of evidence might be considered complete. But in order to make it so
it will be necessary to show the existence of these names and this religion
in the same locality or among the same people or their descendants as
is found the sign. To find traces of the Buddhist religion associated
with the sign of the Swastika among the Eskimo in Alaska might be
no evidence of its prehistoric migration, for this might have occurred
in modern times, as we know has happened with the Bussian religion
and the Christian cross. While to find the Buddhist religion and the
Swastika symbol together in America, at a locality beyond the possi-
bility of modern European or Asiatic contact, would be evidence of pre-
historic migration yet it would seem to fix it at a period when, and from
a country where, the two had been used together. If the Swastika and
Buddhism migrated to America together it must have been since the
establishment of the Buddhist religion^which is approximately fixed in
the sixtb^century_B^C. 1 Tut there has not been as yet in America,
certainly not in the localities where the Swastika has been found, any
trace discovered of the Buddhist religion, nor of its concomitants of
language, art, or custom. Adopting the theory of migration of tlitf ?
Swastika, we may therefore conclude that if the Swastika came from
India or Eastern Asia, it came earlier than the sixth century B. 0. ^
If a given religion with a given symbol, both belonging to the Old
World, shouldboth be found associated lii the ]STew World, it would be
strong evidence in favor of Old World migration—certainly of contact
and communication. Is it not equally strong evidence of eontact^to
find the same sign used in both countries as a charm, with the same
significance in both countries?
The argument has been made, and it has proved satisfactory, at least
to the author, that throughout Asia and Europe, with the exception off
the Buddhists and early Christians, the Swastika was used habitually]
as a sign or mark or charm, implying good luck, good fortune, long lifeji
much pleasure, great success, or something similar. The makers and
i users of the Swastika in South and Central America, and among the
mound builders of the savages of Jsorth America, having all passed
away before the advent of history, it is not now, and never has been,
possible for us to obtain from them a description of the meaning, use,
or purpose for which the Swastika was employed by them. But, by the
same line of reasoning that the proposition has been treated in the pre-
historic countries of Europe and Asia, and which brought us to the
con(dn^imTWhaOlie Swastika was there used as a charm or token of
good luck, or good fortune, or against the evil eye, we may^surinise
that the Swastika sign was used in America for much the same purpose.
It was placed upon the same style of object in America as in Europe
and Asia. It is not found on any of the ancient gods of America, nor
958
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
on any of the statues, monuments, or altars, nor upon any sacred place
or object, but rather upon such objects as indicate the common and
^^eferyday use, and on which the Swastika, as a cliarm for good luck,
would be most appropriate, while for a sacred character it would be
singularly inappropriate.
The theory of independent invention has been invoked to account
| for the appearance of the Swastika in widely separated countries, but
i the author is more inclined to rely upon migration and imitation as the
^explanation.
911
« on: March 05, 2018, 07:30:20 PM »
its color, as in tlie mechanical operation of printing, thus giving the
intended decoration. Patterns of these stamps are inserted in this
paper in connection with the Swastika because of the resemblance—not
in form, but in style. They are of geometric form, crosses, dots, circles
(concentric and otherwise), lozenges, chevrons, fret, and labyrinth or
meander. The style of this decoration lends itself easily to the Swas-
tika; and yet, with the variety of patterns contained in the series of
stamps belonging to the U. S. National Museum, shown in figs. 337 to
342, no Swastika appears; nor in the similar stamps belonging to other
collections, notably that of Mr. A. E. Douglass, in the Metropolitan
Museum of Natural History, Central Park, New York, are any Swas-
tikas shown. Of the
foregoing figures, all
are from Tlaltelolco,
Mexico (Blake collec-
tion), except fig. 339,
which is from the Val-
ley of Mexico, and was
received from the Mu-
i seoNacional of Mexico.
' Marcano says:1
The present Piaroas of
Venezuela are in the habit
I of painting their bodies by
a process different from
that of the North American
Indian. They make stamps
of wood, which, being col-
ored (as types are with ink),
they apply to their bodies.
Fig. 982 shows examples of
these stamps. [See ffg. 343 of the present paper.] The designs are substantially
the same as some petroglyphs. They either copied the models they found carved
on the rocks by peoples who preceded them, or they knew the meaning and preserved
the tradition. The former is the only tenable hypothesis. Painting is to the Piaroas
both ornamentation and necessity. It serves, not only as a garment to protect them
against insects, but becomes a fancy costume to grace their feasts and meetings.
These designs are not presented as Swastikas nor of any evolution
or derivation from one. They show a style common enough to Central
and South America, to the Antilles and the Canary Islands,2 which
might easily produce a Swastika. The aboriginal designer of these
might, if we depend upon the theory of psychological similarity of cul-
ture among all peoples, at his next attempt make a Swastika. Yet,
with the hundreds of similar patterns made during the centuries of
I aboriginal occupation and extending throughout the countries named,
! none of these seem ever to have produced a Swastika.
i •Mem. Soe. d’Antlirop., Paris, 1890, p. 200.
2De Quatrefages, “Histoire GemSralo du liaces llumaines,” Introduction, p. 239,
' figs, W-m, 193-194.
Fig. 343.
TERRA-COTTA COLOR STAMPS WITH DESIGNS SIMILAR TO THE
SWASTIKA.
Piaroa Indians, Venezuela.
Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, fit;.
948
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.
V.—Significance of the Swastika.
The origin and early history of the Swastika are lost in antiquity.
All the author has been able to find on these subjects is set forth in the
preceding chapters.
It is proposed to examine the possible uses of the Swastika in an
endeavor to discover something of its significance. The Swastika
might have served:
I. As a symbol—
1, of a religion,
2, of a nation or people,
3, of a sect with peculiar tenets;
II. As an amulet or charm—
1, of good luck, or fortune, or long life,
2, of benediction, or blessing,
3, against the evil eye;
III. As an ornament or decoration.
It may have been (1) originally discovered or invented by a given
people in a given country, and transmitted from one generation to the
next, passing by migration from one country to another, and it may
have been transmitted by communication to widely separated countries
and among differently cultured peoples; or (2) it may have appeared
in these latter countries by duplicate invention or by accident, and
without contact or communication.
Positive evidence concerning its origin and earliest migration is not
obtainable, and in its absence we are driven to secondary and circum-
stantial evidence. This will consist (1) of comparison of known facts
directly concerning the subject; (2) of facts indirectly concerning it, and
(d) reason, induced by argument, applied to these facts, presenting
each truly, and giving to each its proper weight.
The possible migrations of the Swastika, and its appearance in widely
separated countries and among differently cultured peoples, afford the
principal interest in this subject to arclneologists and anthropologists.
The present or modern scientific interest in and investigation of the
Swastika as a symbol or a charm alone are subsidiary to the greater
question of the cause and manner of its appearance in different coun-
tries, whether it was by migration and contact or by independent inven-
tion. In arguing this question, we must keep continually in mind the
rules of reason and of logic, and neither force the facts nor seek to
explain them by unknown, imaginary, or impossible methods. There
must be no dogmatic assertions nor fanciful theories. If we assume
certain migrations of the Swastika, we must consider those things
which might have (or must have) migrated with it; and we must admit
the means necessary to the assumed end.
The history of the beginning and first appearance of any of the
forms of the cross is also lost.in antiquity, and it would be hazardous
for any person to announce positively their origin, either as to locality
THE SWASTIKA.
949
or time. The Swastika was certainly prehistoric in its origin. It was
in extensive use daring the existence of the third, fourth, and fifth
cities of the site of ancient Troy, of the hill of Hissarlik; so also in
the Bronze Age, apparently during its entire existence, throughout
western Europe from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arctic Ocean. It
continued in use in Europe during the Iron Age, and also among the
Etruscans, Greeks, and Trojans. The name u Swastika,” by which it is
recognized to-day in all literature, is a Sanscrit word, and was in com-
mon use among the Sanscrit peoples so long ago that it had a peculiar
or individual pronunciation in Panini's grammar prior to the fourth
century B. C. Some authorities are of the opinion that it was an
Aryan symboi and used by the Aryan peoples before their dispersion
through Asia and Europe. This is a fair subject for inquiry and might
serve as an explanation how, either as a sacred symbol or charm, an amu-
let, or token of good wishes or good fortune, the Swastika might have
been carried to the different peoples and countries in which we now
find it by the splitting .up of the Aryan peoples and their migrations
and establishment in the various parts of Europe. Professor Sayce is
of the opinion that the Swastika was a llittite symbol and passed by
communication to the Aryans or some of their important branches
before their final dispersion took place, but he agrees that it was unknown
in Assyria, Babylonia, Phenieia, or among the Egyptians.
Whether the Swastika was in use among the Chaldeans, Hittites, or
the Aryaus before or during their dispersion, or whether it was used by
the Brahmins before the Buddhists came to India is, after all, but a
matter of detail of its migrations; for it may be fairly contended that
the Swastika was in use, more or less common among the people of the
Bronze Age anterior to either the Chaldeans, Hittites, or the Aryans.
The additional facts in this regard have been set forth in the chapter
on this subject, and need not be repeated here.
The question should, so far as possible, be divested of speculation,
and the evidence accepted in its ordinary meaning u without prejudice
or preconceived opinion.'7
A consideration of the subject in the light of the material here col-
lected develops the following questions:
(1) Was the Swastika, in any of its forms, the symbol of an ancient
religion or philosophy, or was it only the sign of a particular sect,
tenet, faith, or idea; or was it both?
(2) Was it a charm or amulet to be used by anyone which derived
its value from the signification given to it?
(3) What lesson can be gathered from it concerning the early migra-
tions of the races of man?
Examples illustrating these questions are to be found in history as
well as in everyday life. The Scarabmus of Egypt and Etruria was
a symbol of eternity. The golden hoop on the lady’s finger represent-
ing a snake swallowing its tail, is also a symbol of eternity. These
950
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
represent a sentiment, and are symbols of- that sentiment without
regard to sect or organized body.
On the other hand, the Maltese cross was the symbol of the Knights
of Malta, and has become, in later years, that of the Masonic fraternity;
while the three links is the symbol of the Order of Odd Fellows. The
Latin cross is a symbol of the Christian religion and, to a certain extent,
of a Christian denomination.
Upon the evidence submitted, we must accept the Swastika first as
a symbol of that sect of Jains within the Buddhist Church originally
in Tibet, which spread itself in the Asiatic country under the names
of Tao-sse, Tirthankara, Ter, Musteg, and Pon or Pon-po, the last
signifying purity (ante, p. 771). This sect, or these sects, adopted the
Swastika as their symbol, giving it the translation su “ well,” asti, “it is,”
the whole word meaning “it is well,” or “so be it,” implying resignation
under all circumstances, the sect holding, in accordance with the mean-
ing given to their symbol, that contentment and peace of mind were
the chief objects of human life. In so far as it concerns this sect, the
Swastika was a symbol of both kinds. It represented a religions or
at least a moral and philosophic idea, and also the sect which held to
this idea.
Among the Buddhists proper, the Swastika seems to have been
employed as a holy or sacred symbol; its occurrence as one of the signs
in the footprint of l>uddha, their founder, with some relation either to
the mystery of his appearance as a leader, a missionary, or of the holy
and sacred object of his mission, causes this to be inferred. Their use
of it on the bronze statues of Buddha, and associating it with solemn
inscriptions in the caves of India, leaves no doubt as to its use as a.
symbol more or less of this character.
Again, the use in the early Christian times of different forms of the
cross, coupled with the extensive use by the Christians of the “mono-
gram of Christ” (fig. G), shows how naturally there may have been a
conflict of opinion in the selection of a cross which should be a repre-
sentative, while we know from history that there was such discussion,
and that different forms of the cross were suggested. Among other
forms was the Swastika, but to what extent or with what idea the
author is not informed. The Swastika was used, Burnouf says, a
thousand times on Christians’ tombs in the catacombs at Rome. This
is evidence of its use to a certain extent in a sacred or solemn and
funereal character, which would signify its use as the symbol of a
religious idea.
Beyond these instances -the author is unable to find evidence of the
Swastika having served as a symbol of any religious or philosophic
idea or of any sect or organization.
Whether among the Bronze Age people of western Europe—among
the Trojans, Greeks, or Etruscans—whether among the semicivilized
peoples of South or Central America, or among the savages (mound-
THE SWASTIKA.
951
builders) of North America, there is apparently no instance of the
Swastika having been regarded as holy or used on a sacred object—
that is, holy and sacred in the light of godliness, piety, or morality.
It may have been or may yet be discovered that some of these wild
men used the Swastika upon objects serving at ceremonies or festivals
' of their religion, or which had, in their eyes, a semi-sacred character.
But it does not seem that it was used as a representative of a holy
idea or of any god or supernatural being who stood for such an idea.
I The meal used in the Zufii ceremony may have been regarded as sacred,
and it may, indeed must, have been made on a stone metate, yet
neither the metate nor the stone thereby obtained any holy or sacred
character. So, also, it may have been decorated with a fret, chevron,
herringbone, or any of the numerous styles, none of which would
receive any sacred character from such use. So it is believed to have
been with the Swastika found on these objects; it was not holy or
sacred because of this use.
The author declines to discuss the possible relation of the Swastika
to the sun or sun god, to the rain or rain god, the lightning, to Dyaus,
Zeus or Agni, to Phebus or Apollo, or other of the mythological dei-
ties. This question would be interesting if it could be determined Avith
certainty, or if the determination would be accepted by any considera-
ble number of persons. But this is left for some one more competent
and more interested than the author.
The most probable use of the Swastika among prehistoric peoples, or
i among Orientals other than the Buddhists, was as a charm or amulet
signifying good fortune, good luck, long life, or benediction and bless-
ing.1 (See p. 780.)
Looking over the entire prehistoric world, avc iind the Swastika
' used on small and comparatively insignificant objects, those in com-
mon use, such as vases, pots, jugs, implements, tools, household goods
and utensils, objects of the toilet, ornaments, etc., and infrequently on
statues, altars, and the like. In Armenia it was found on bronze pins
and buttons; in the Trojan cities on spindle-whorls; in Greece on pot-
tery, on gold and bronze ornaments, aud fibukc. In the Bronze Age in
Avestern Europe, including Etruria, it is found on the common objects
of life, such as pottery, the bronze libuhe, ceintures, spindle-whorls, etc.
In addition to the foregoing, there were peculiar uses of the SAvastika
in certain localities: In Italy on the hut urns in Avhich the ashes of the
i dead are buried; in the Swiss lakes stamped in the pottery; in Scandi-
I navia on the Aveapous, swords, etc., and in Scotland and Ireland on the
brooches and pins; in America on the nictates for grinding corn; the
A Brazilian women Avore it on the pottery fig leaf; the Pueblo Indian
painted it on* his dance rattle, Avhile the North American Indian, at the
epoch of the mound building in Arkansas and Missouri, painted it in
spiral form on his pottery; in Tennessee he engraved it on the shell, and
1 Goblet (l’Alviella, “ La Migration (lets Symboles,” pp. 56, 57.
952
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
in Ohio cut it in its plainest normal form out of sheets of copper. So
also among the modern Indians we find it employed on occasions of
ceremony, as in the mountain chant by the Navajoes, and the war chant
of the Kansas, on the necklace and ceremonial garters of the Sac
woman, and on the war shields of the Pimas.
As we do not find it represented in America on aboriginal religious
monuments, on ancient gods, idols, or other sacred or holy objects, we
are justified in claiming that it was not here used as a religious symbol;
while, as it is found only on trinkets, shells, copper plaques, spindle-
whorls, nictates, pottery bowls, jugs, bottles, or vases; as we find it
sometimes square, sometimes spiral, now outside, now inside, of bowls
and jars, etc.; at one time a small rectangular figure and at another of
extensive convolutions covering the side of the vase; as we find it on
the tools of the workmen, the objects in everyday use, whether in the
house or the shop, used indiscriminately by men and women, or on
gaming implements or dance rattles, the contention seems justifiable
that it was used as an ornament or as a charm for good luck and not
as a religious symbol. Vet we know it was used on certain ceremonial
occasions which may themselves have had more or less a sacred char-
acter.
Thus, after the fullest examination, we find the Swastika was confined
to the commoner uses, implements, household utensils, and objects for
the toilet and personal decoration. The specimens of this kind number
Y a bundl ed to one of a sacred kind. With this preponderance in favor
of the common use, it would seem that, except among the JJuddliists
and early Christians, and the more or less sacred ceremonies of the
North American Indians, all pretense of the holy or sacred character
of the Swastika should be given up, and it should (still with these
exceptions) be considered as a charm, amulet, token of good luck or
good fortune, or as an ornament and for decoration.
VI.—The Migration of Symbols.
MIGRATION OF THE SWASTIKA.
The question of the migration of the Swastika and of the objects on
which it was marked, which furnished its only means of transportation,
remains to be considered. It is proposed to examine, in a cursory
manner perhaps, not only the migration of the Swastika itself, but
some of these objects, spindle whorls especially, with a view to dis-
cover by similarity or peculiarity of form or decoration any relationship
they may have had with each other when found in distant countries
and used by different peoples. Thus, we may be able to open the way
' to a consideration of the question whether this similarity of Swastikas
or other decorations, or of the objects on which they were placed,
resulted from the migration of or contact or communication between
THE SWASTIKA.
912
« on: March 05, 2018, 07:29:18 PM »
Dr. Brinton5 tells of the rain maker of the Lenni Lenape who first
drew on the earth the figure of a cross. Captain Bourke quotes from
Father Le Clerq6 as to the veneration in which the cross was held by
the Gaspesian Indians, also from Herrara to the same effect. Profes-
sor Holmes7 makes some pertinent observations with regard to the
meanings of the cross given by the American Indians:
Some very ingenious theories have been elaborated in attempting to account for
the cross among American symbols. Brinton believes that the great importance
attached to the points of the compass—the four quarters of the heavens—by savage
1 Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 61.
2 Contrib. North American Ethnology, v, p. 144.
3 “ Historia de Mexico,” i, p. 238.
4Ninth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1887-88, p.479.
6 “Myths of the New World,” p. 96.
6 “Gaspesi,” London, 1691, pp. 170,172,199.
7 Second Ann. Rep, Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, p. 270.
THE SWASTIKA.
941
peoples, has given rise to the sign of the cross. With others, the cross is a phallic
symbol derived, by some obscure process of evolution, from the veneration accorded
to the procreative principle in nature. It is also frequently associated with sun wor-
ship, and is recognized as a symbol of the sun—the four arms being remaining rays
after a gradual process of elimination. Whatever is finally determined in reference
to the origin of the cross as a religious symbol in America will probably result
from exhaustive study of
the history, language, and
art of the ancient peoples,
combined with a thorough
knowledge of the religious
conceptions of modern
tribes, and when these
sources of information are
all exhausted it is probable
that the writer who asserts
more than a pfobability
will overreach his proofs.
* * * A study of the de-
signs associated with the cross in these gorgets [figs. 302-304] is instructive, but
does not lead to any definite result; in one case the cross is inscribed on the back of
a great spider [figs. 275-278]; in another it is surrounded by a rectangular frame-
work of lines, looped at the corners and guarded by four mysterious birds [figs. 263-
266], while in others it is without attendant characters, but the workmanship is
purely aboriginal. I have not seen a single example of engraving upon the shell
that suggested a foreigu hand, or a design, with the exception of this one [a cross],
that could claim a European derivation. * * * Such delineations of the cross as
we find embodied in ancient aboriginal art, represent only the final stages of its
evolution, and it is not to be expected that its origin can be traced through them.
Continuing in bis “Ancient Art in Cliiriqui,771 presenting bis “ Series
showing stages in tbe simplification of animal characters,” and “ deri-
vation of tbe alligator,77 Professor Holmes elaborates tbe theory how
] tbe alligator was tbe original, and out of it, by evolution, grew tbe cross.
His language and accompanying figures are quoted: * 1
Of all the animal
forms utilized by the
Chiriquians, the alli-
gator is the best
suited to the purpose
of this study, as it is
presented most fre-
quently and in the
most varied forms.
In figs. 257 and 258
[figs. 330 and 331 in
the present paper] I
reproduce drawings
from the outer surface of a tripod bowl of the lost color group. Simple and
1 formal as these figures are, the characteristic features of the creature—the sinuous
body, the strong jaws, the upturned snout, the feet, and the scales—are forcibly
expressed. It is not to be assumed that these examples represent the best delinea-
tive skill of the Chiriquian artist. The native painter must have executed very
1 Sixth Ann. Kep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 173 et seq., figs. 257-278.
Fig. 331.
GRAPHIC DELINEATION OF ALLIGATOR.
From a vaso of tlio lost color group.
Cliiriqui.
Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, fig. ‘25N.
Fig.330.
GRAPHIC DELINEATION OF ALLIGATOR.
From a rase of tlio lost color group.
Cliiriqui.
Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, fig. ‘257.
942
liEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1*9-1.
much superior work upon the more usual delineating surfaces, such as hark and
skins. The examples here shown have already experienced decided changes through
the constraints of the ceramic art, hut are the most graphic delineations preserved
to us. They are free-hand products, executed hy mere decorators, perhaps hy women,
who were servile copyists of the forms employed hy those skilled in sacred art.
A third illustra-
tion from the same
group of ware,
given in fig. 251)
[fig. 332 of the
present paper]
shows, in some re-
spects, a higher
degree of conven-
tion. * * *
I shall now call
attention to some
important individ-
ualized or well-
defined agencies
of convention.
First, and most potent, may he mentioned the enforced limits of the spaces to he
decorated, which spares take shape independently of the subject to he inserted.
When the figures must occupy a narrow zone, they arc elongated; when they must
occupy a square, they are restricted longitudinally, and when they occupy a circle,
they arc of necessity coiled np. Fig. 2(55 [fig. 333 of the present paper] illustrates
the etfcct produce
ure into a short rc
turned hack over t
down along the s
[fig. 334 of the pret
a circle and is, in <
giving the effect o
gator. v '? *
I present five sei
Fig. 334.
CONVENTIONAL. FIGURE
OK ALLIGATOR
CROWDED INTO A CIR-
CLE.
Chiriqui.
Sixth Annual Report of toe
Bureau of Ethnology, fig.
U ti.
inclosed in circles. The animal figure in the first example is coiled np like a
serj|^^ <
alligator. In the second example [fig. 336 ft] wo have a double hook near the center of
the space which takes the place of the body, hut the dotted triangles are placed sepa-
rately against the encircling line. In the next figure the body symbol is omitted and
d hy crowding the oblong iig-
ctangular space. The head is
lie body and the tail is thrown
ide of the space. In fig. 266
sent paper] t lie figure occupies
•onscqucncc, closely coiled up,
‘ a serpent rather than an alli-
Fig.333.
CONVENTIONAL El G CUE OF ALLIGATOR
CROWDED INTO A SMALL GEOMETRICAL
FIGURE.
Chiriqui.
Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, tig.
•Aio.
ies of figures designed to illus-
trate the stages through
which life forms pass in de-
scending from the realistic to
highly specialized conven-
tional shapes. In the first
series (fig. 277) [fig. 335 of the present paper] we begin with a,
a meager hut graphic sketch of the alligator; the second figure,
ft, is hardly less characteristic, but is much simplified; in the
third, c, avg have still three leadiug features of the creature—
the body line, the spots, and the stroke at the hack of the head ;
and in the fourth, d, nothing remains but a compound yoke-like
curve, standing for the body of the creature, and a siugle dot.
The figures of the second series (fig. 278) [fig. 336 of the
present paper] are nearly all painted upon Ioav, ronnd nodes
placed about the body of the alligator vases, and lienee are
Fig. 332.
CONVENTIONAL FIGURE OF ALLIGATOR.
From :i vessel of the lost color group.
Chiriqui.
Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, tig. V5W.
943
^THE SWASTIKA.
the three triangles remain to represent the animal. Ill the fourth there are, four trian-
gles, ami the body device being restored in red takes the form of a cross. In the fifth
two of the inclosing triangles are omitted and the idea is preserved by the simple
dots. In the sixth the dots are placed within tlie bars of the cross, tho triangles
becoming mere interspaces, and in tho seventh the dots form a line between the two
encircling lines. This series eould be filled np by other examples, thus showing by
Fig. 335.
c
SERIES OF FIGURES OF ALLIGATORS SHOWING STAGES OF SIMPLIFICATION.
Chiriqui.
Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, fig. ‘.'77.
d
wliat infinitesimal steps the transformations take place. * * *
We learn by tho series of steps illustrated in the annexed cuts that the alligator
radical, under peculiar restraints and inlluenees, assumes conventional forms that
merge imperceptibly into these elassic devices.
Professor Holmes’s theory of the evolution of the eross from the alli-
gator and its location in Chiriqui is opposed to that of Professor Good-
^ FRIES SHOWING STAGES IN THE SIMPLIFICATION OF ANIMAL CHARACTERS, BEGINNING WITH THE ALLI-
GATOR AND ENDING WITH THE GREEK CROSS.
Cliiriqui.
Sixth Annual Rr[x>rt of the Bureau of Ethnology, fig. '27^.
year, who, in his “ Grammar of the Lotus,” ascribes the origin of the
eross to the lotus and locates it in Egypt. I tile wliat in law would be
an “interpleader”—I admit my want of knowledge of the subject
under discussion, and leave the question to these gentlemen.
944
REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
INTRODUCTION OF THE CROSS INTO AMERICA.
Professor Holmes is, in the judgment of the author, correct when he
insists ui)on the aboriginal character of the cross in America. We all
understand how it is stated that the Spanish missionaries sought to
deny this and to connect the apparition of St. Thomas with the appear-
ance of the cross. Professor Holmes1 says:
The first explorers were accompanied hy Christian zealots who spared no effort to
root out the native superstition and introduce a foreign religion of which the cross
was the all-important symbol. This emblem was generally accepted by the savages
as the only tangible feature of a new system of belief that was filled with subtleties
too profound for their comprehension. As a result, the cross was at once introduced
into the regalia of the natives, at first probably in a European form and material,
attached to a string of beads in precisely the manner they had been accustomed to
suspend their own trinkets and gorgets; but soon, no doubt, delineated or carved by
their own hands upon tablets of stone and copper and shell in the place of their own
peculiar conceptions.
Tliore is sufficient evidence, and to spare, of the aboriginal use of the
cross in some of its forms, without resorting to the uncertain and forced
explanation of its introduction by Christian missionaries. It is possi-
ble that the priests and explorers were, like Colonel Mallery’s mission-
ary, mistaken as to the interpretation given to the cross by the Indians.
Dr. Hoffman, in his paper on the “Mide'wiwin or*Grand Medicine
Society of the Ojibwa,”1 2 states the myth of the re-creation of the world
uas thrown together in a mangled form by Hennepin/’ Dr. Hoffman
observes:
It is evident that the narrator has sufficiently distorted the traditions to make
them conform as much as practicable to the IRblical story of the birth of Christ.
And on the same page he quotes from IY*rc Marquette, who says:
“ I was very glad to see a great cross set up in the middle of the village, adorned
with several white skins, red girdles, bows, and arrows, which that good people
offered to the Great Manitou to return him their thanks for the care he had taken of
them during the winter, and that he had granted them a prosperous hunting.”
Marquette [comments Dr. Hoffman] was, without doubt, ignorant of the fact that
the cross is the sacred post, and the symbol of the fourth degree of the Mide'wiwin,
as is fully explained in connection with that grade of society. The erroneous conclu-
sion that the cross was erected as an evidence of the adoption of Christianity and,
possibly as a compliment to the visitor was a natural one on the part of the priest,
but this same symbol of the Mide' society had probably been erected and bedecked
with barbaric emblems and weapons months before anything was known of him.
Most aboriginal objects bearing crosses are from localities along the
Ohio Piver and through Kentucky and Tennessee, a locality which
the early Christian missionaries never visited, and where the cross
of Christ was rarely, if ever, displayed until after that territory
became part of the United States. Per contra, the localities among
the Indians in which the early missionaries most conducted their
labors—that is to say, along the Great Lakes and throughout northern
1 Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 269.
2Seventh Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 155.
THE SWASTIKA.
945
Illinois—produce the fewest number of aboriginal crosses. Tills was
the country explored by Fathers Marquette, Lasalle, and Hennepin,
and it was the scene of most of the Catholic missionary labors. Pro-
fessor Holmes seems to have recognized this fact, for he says:1
The cross was undoubtedly used as a symbol by the prehistoric nations of the
South, and, consequently, that it was probably also known in the North. A great
majority of the relics associated with it in the ancient mounds and burial places
are undoubtedly aboriginal. In the case of the shell gorgets, the tablets them-
selves belong to an American type, and are highly characteristic of the art of the
Mississippi Valley. A majority of the designs engraved upon them are, also charac-
teristic of the same district.
The author agrees heartily with Professor Holmes’s argument in this
matter, and his eonelusion, when he says of these objects (p. 270):
Tlio workmanship is purely aboriginal. I have not seen a single, example of
engraving upon shell that suggested a foreign hand or a design, with the exception
of one (cross)’ that could claim a European derivation.
There have been numerous European or Catholic crosses, as well as
many other objects of European manufacture or objects of civilized
types, found among the Indians. There have been silver crosses found
witli images of the Virgin thereon, with Putin inscriptions, or of Homan
letters; there have been glass beads, iron arrowheads, and divers other
objects found in Indian graves which bore indubitable evidence of con-
| tact with the whites, and no one 'with any archaeological experience
i need be deceived into the belief that these were aboriginal or pre-
Columbian manufacture. As a general rule, the line of demarkation
between objects of Indian manufacture and those made by the whites
is definite, and no practiced eye will mistake the one for the other.
There may be exceptions, as where the Indian has lived with the
whites or a white man with the Indians, or where an object is made
witli intent to deceive. In such eases one may have more trouble in
determining the origin of the object.
There were many Indians who died and were buried within a century
past, whose graves might contain many objects of white man’s work.
Black Hawk and Red Jacket are examides, and, possibly, King Philip.
Indian graves have been opened in New England and New York con-
taining the gun or firelock of the occupant of the grave buried witli
him, and that this was evidence of European contact there can be no
doubt. So there have been hundreds, possibly thousands, of Indians
buried since the Columbian discovery down to within the last decade
whose graves contain white man’s tools or implements. But no person
with any archaeological experience need be deceived by these things.
The theory that the Latin or Greek crosses or Swastikas shown on
these gorgets, disks, and pottery furnish evidence of contact by the
aborigines with Europeans in post-Columbian times is without foun-
? dation and inadmissible.
1 Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p.269.
H. Mis. 90, pt,. 2---60
94(j
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891.
DECORATIVE FORMS NOT OF THE CROSS, BUT ALLIED TO THE
SWASTIKA.
COLOR STAMPS FROM MEXICO AND VENEZUELA.
The aborigines of Mexico and Central and South America employed
terra-cotta color stamps, which, being made into the proper pattern in
Fig. 337. Fig. 338.
Fig.342.
TERRA-COTTA COLOR STAMPS WITH DESIGNS SIMILAR TO THE SWASTIKA.
Mexico.
Cat. Nos. 99124, 99127, 27S*7, 99115, 9911,9, 99122, IT. S. N. M.
the soft clay, were burned hard; then, being first coated with color, the
stamp was pressed upon the object to be decorated, and so transferred
THE SWASTIKA.
947
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Fig.314. GREEK CROSS REPRESENTING WINDS FROM CARDINAL POINTS. Dakota Indians. Tenth Animal R<port of the Rureaii of Ethnology, tiff. 1255. It is nevertheless incontestable that the pre-Columbian cross of America is a “rose des vents” representing the four directions whence comes the rain, or the cardi- nal points of the compass, etc., etc. Colonel Mallory’s volume shows that it meant many other things as well. The four tv bids.—The Greek cross is the form found by Colonel Mallery to be most common among the North American aborigines, possibly because it is the simplest. In this the four arms are equal in length, and the sign placed upright so that it stands on one foot and not on two, as does the St. Andrew’s cross. The Greek cross (fig. 314) represents, among the Dakotas, the four winds issuing out of the four caverns in which souls of men existed before the incarnation of the human body. All the medicine men—that is, conjurors and magi- cians—recollect their previous dreamy life in these places, and the instructions then received from the gods, demons, and sages; they recol- lect and describe their preexistent life, but only dream and speculate as to the future life beyond the grave. The top of the cross is the cold, “La Migration des Symboles/’ p. 18. THE SWASTIKA. 935 all-conquering giant, the North Wind, most powerful of all. It is worn on the body nearest the head, the seat of intelligence and conquering devices. The left arm covers the heart; it is the East Wind, coming from the seat of life and love. The foot is the melting, burning South Sun symbols (?). Tenth Annual Report of the Ihireau of Ethnology, figs. Ills, Had, llail. Wind, indicating, as it is worn, the seat of fiery passion. The right arm is the gentle West Wind, blowing from the spirit land, covering the lungs, from which the breath at last goes out gently, but into unknown night. The center of the cross is the earth and man, moved by the conflicting influences of gods and winds. / g h i h Fig. 316. FIGURES OF CIRCLES AND RAYS PROBABLY REPRESENTING SUN SYMBOLS. Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, figs. I11N-1121, 112:i. Rev. John McLain, in his work on the “Blackfoot Sun-dance,v says: On the sacred pole of the ami lodge of the Blood Indian is a bundle of small brushwood taken from the birch tree, which is placed in the form of-a cross. This was an ancient symbol evidencly referring to the four winds. 936 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. Sun and star symbols.—Great speculation lias been made, both in Europe and America, over the relation between the Swastika and the sun, because the two signs have been associated by primitive peoples. XX -f- © M Hh X (I e / Fig. 317. FIGURES OK CROSSES AN1) C IRCLES REPRESENTIN'!} STAR SYMBOLS. Oakley Springs, Ariz. Tenth Annual Re]>ort of the Bureau of Ethnology, fig. HOT. Colonel Mallery gives the Indian signs for the sun, stars, and light.1 These have been segregated, and it will be seen that the cross and circle are used indiscriminately for one and the other, nJ-V and the fact of the two being found associated is no evi /T» dence of relationship in religious ideas (figs. 315-319). Dwellings.—Among the Hidatsa, the cross and the circle represent neither the sun nor any religious ideas, but merely lodges, houses, or dwellings. The crosses in fig. 319 represent Dakota lodges; the small circles signify earth lodges, the points representing the supporting poles. Buildings erected by civilized people were rep- resented by small rectangular figures, while the circles a square represent earth lodges, the home of the Hidatsa. Drayon Jly (Susbeca).—Among some of the Indian tribes, the Dakotas among others, the Latin cross is found, i. e., upright with three members of equal length, and thefourth, the foot, much longer. The use of this sym- bol antedates the discovery of Amer- Fig. 318. STAR SYMBOL. Circle* and rays without cross. Oakle*y Springs, Ariz. Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Eth- nology, fig. 11OT. with dots in ica, and is carried x x t T Fig.319. KICiURKS OK CROSSES, CIRCLES, AND SQUARES REPRESENTING LODGES Dakota Indians. Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, lig. IOT3. back in tradition and myth. This sign signifies the mosquito hawk or the dragon fly (fig. 320). It is called in that language the “Susbeca,’7 and is a supernatural being gifted with speech, warning man of danger, approaching his ear silent- ly and at right angles, saying, “Tci,” “tci,” “tci,” an interjection equivalent to “Look out!” “You are surely going to destruction!” “Look out!” “Tci,” “tci,” “tci!” The adoption of the dragon fly as a mysterious and C (t Fig.320. LATIN CROSSES REPRESENT- ING THE DRAGON FLY. Dakota Indians. ‘Tenth Aun. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1888-89, figs. 1118-1129. THE SWASTIKA. 937 supernaturnal being is on account of its sudden appearance in numbers. In the still of the evening, when the shades of darkness come, then is heard in the meadows a sound as of crickets or frogs, but indistinct and prolonged; on the morrow the Susbeca will be hovering over it. It is the sound of tlieir coming, but whence no one knows. The cross not only represents the shape of the insect, but ¥ *< also the angle of its approach. It is variously drawn, but usually as in fig. 320 a or &, and, in painting or embroidery, c, and sometimes d. Fig. 321 is described in Ream's MS. as follows: 1 Fig. 322 FIGURES OF CROSSES AS USED BY THE ESKIMO TO REPRE- SENT FLOCKS OF BIRDS. Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, fig. 1228. Cat. Nos. 44211 and 4502(1, U. S. N. .M. Fig. 321. DOUBLE CROSS OF SIX ARMS REPRESENTING THE DRAGON FLY. Woki Indians, Arizona. Tenth Annual Re- port of the Bureau of Ethnology, fig. 1165. This is a conventional design of dragon flies, and is often found among roek etchings throughout the plateau [Arizona]. The dragon flies have always been held in great veneration hy the Mokis and their ancestors, as they have been often sent by Oman to reopen springs which Muiugwa had de- stroyed and to confer other benefits upon the people. This form of the figure, with little vertical lines added to the transverse lines, connects the Batol- atei with the Ho-bo-bo emblems. Tho youth who + was sacrificed and translated by Ho-bo-bo reap- peared a long time afterwards, during a season of great drought, in the form of a gigantic dragon fly, who led the rain clouds over the lands of Ilo-pi-tu, bringing plenteous rains. Midc' or Shamans.—Colonel Mallery (or Dr. Hoffman) tells us (p. 72G) that among the Ojibways of northern Minnesota the cross is one of the sacred symbols of the Society of Midc' or Shamans and has special reference to the fourth degree. The building in which the initia- tion is carried on has its open- ing toward the four cardinal points. The cross is made of saplings, the upright poles approaching the height of four to six feet, the transverse arms being some- what shorter, each being of the same length as the top; the upper parts are painted white or besmeared with white clay, over which are spread small spots of red, the latter suggest- ing the sacred shell of Mide', the symbol of the order. The lower arm of the pole is square, the side toward the east being painted white to denote the source of light and warmth; the face on the south is green, de- noting the source of the thunder bird which brings the rains and vegetation; the surface toward the west is covered with vermilion, relating to the land of the setting sun, the abode of the dead; the north is painted black, as the direction from which comes affliction, cold, and hunger. Flocks of birds.—Groups of small crosses on the sides of Eskimo bow Fig.323. I’ETROGLYI’H FROM TULARE VAL- LEY, CALIFORNIA. Largo white Greek cross. Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Eth- nology, fig. 1229. 938 RETORT OF NATIONAL $ drills represent flocks of birds (Oat. Nos. 45020 and 44211, U.S.N.M.). They are reproduced in fig. 322. Colonel Mallery’s fig. 28, page 07, represents a cross copied from the Najowe Valley group of colored pic- tographs, 40 miles west of Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County, Cal. The cross measured 20 inches in length, the inte- rior being painted black while the border is of a dark red tint. This design, as well as others in close con- nection, is painted on the walls of a shallow cave or rock shelter in the lime- stone formation. Fourteen miles west of Santa Bar- bara, on the summit of the Santa Ynez Mountains, is a j- Fig.324. rETUOGLYPHS FROM OWENS VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. (a, b) Greek crosses, (c) double Latin cross, (</-/) Latin crosses representing human figures. Toiith Animal Report of llte Uureaii of E hnolojry, fly. l’j:sn. cavern having a large open- ing west and north, in which iire crosses of the Greek type, the interior portion being painted a dull earthy red, while the outside line is a faded-black tint. The cross measures nearly a foot in extent. At the Tulare Indian Agency, Cal., is an immense bowlder of granite. It has been split, and one of the lower quarters has been moved sufficiently to leave a passageway six feet wide and nearly ten feet high. The interior walls are well covered with large painted figures, while upon the ceilings are numerous forms of animals, birds, and insects. Among this latter group is a white cross about 18 inches in length (fig. 323), present- ing a unique appearance, for the reason that it is the only I petroglyph in that region to which the white coloring matter has been applied. An interesting example of rock sculpturing in groups is in Owens Valley, south of Beuton, Cal. Among them are various forms of crosses, and circles containing crosses of simple and complex types. The most interesting in this connection are the groups in fig. 324, a and b. The larger one, </, occurs upon a large bowlder of tracite 10 miles south of Benton, at the “Chalk grave.’’ The circle is a depression about one inch in depth, the cross being in high relief. The small cross b, found three miles north from this is almost identical, the arms of the cross, however, extending to the rim of the circle. In this locality occurs also the cross, c, same figure, and some examples having more than two cross arms. Human forms.—Other simple crosses represent the human form. T Fig. 325. CROSS JN ZIGZAG LINES REPRESENT- ING THE HU3IAN FORM. Navajo T udians. THE SWASTIKA. 939 Fig.326. MALTESE CROSS( ?) REPRESENTING A WOMAN. The figuro in the center is in- tended to indi- cate the breath. Some of these are engraved or cut on the rocks of Owens Valley and are similar to those above described (fig. 3:24), but they have been eroded, so that beyond the mere cross they show slight relation to the human body (fig. 324, d, e, /). Ool. James Stevenson, describing the Hasjelti ceremony of the Navajoes,1 shows the form of a man drawn in the sand (fig. 325). Describing the character shown in fig. 326, Keam says: “The figure represents a woman. The-breath is displayed in the interior.”2 Maidenhood.—Concerning lig. 327 Keam, in his manu- script, says the Maltese cross was the emblem of a virgin, and is still so recognized by the Mold. It is a conven- tional development of the common emblem of maiden- hood, wherein the maidens wear their hair arranged as in a disk three or four inches in diameter on each side of the head (fig. 327 b). This discoidal arrangement of the hair is typical of the emblem of fructification worn by the virgin in the Muingwa festival. Sometimes the hair, instead of being worn in the complete discoidal form, is dressed upon two curving twigs, and presents the form of two semicircles upon each side of the head. The partition of these is sometimes horizontal, sometimes vertical. The combination of these styles (fig. 327a and b) present the forms from which the Maltese cross was conventionalized.3 Shamaids spirit.—Among the Kiatexamut and Innuit tribes, a cross placed on the head, as in fig. 328, signified a shaman’s evil spirit or demon. This is an imaginary being under the control of the shaman to execute his wishes.4 Divers significations.—The fig- ure of the cross among the North American Indians, says Colonel Mallery,5 has many differing sig- nifications. It appears “as the tribal sign for Cheyenne” (p. 383); “as Dakota lodges” (p. 582); “as a symbol for trade or exchange” (p. 613); “as a conventional sign for prisoners” (p. 227); “for personal exploits while elsewhere it is used in simple enumeration ” (p. 348). Although this device is used for a variety of meanings when it is employed ceremonially or in elaborate pictographs of the Indians both of North and South America, it represents the four winds. This view long ago was suggested as being the signification of many Mexican crosses, and it is Fig.327. MALTESE AND SAINT ANDREW' CROSSES. Emblems of.maidenhood. Moki Indians. f Fig. 328. CROSS WITH BIFURCATED FOOT. lTsed by the Innuits to represent a shaman or evil spirit. 1 Eighth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 283. 2 Tenth Ann. Rep. Bureau, of Ethnology 1888-89, lig. 1165. 3 Ibid., lig. 1232. 4 Ibid., lig. 1231. 5 Ibid., p. 729. 940 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894. sustained by Trot. Cyrus Thomas in his “ Notes on Mayan Mexican Manuscript,”1 where strong confirmatory evidence is produced by the arms of the crosses having the appearance of conventionalized wings similar to some representations of the thunder bird of the northern tribes; yet the same author, in his paper on the study of the “Troano Manuscript,”1 2 gives fig. 329 as a symbol for wood, thus further showing the manifold concepts attached to the general form of the cross. Ban- delier thinks that the cross so frequently used by the aborigines of Mexico and Central America were merely ornaments and not objects of worship, while the so-called crucifixes, like that on the Palenque tablet, were only the symbol of the “new fire,” or the close of the period of fifty-two years. He believes them to be representations of the fire drills more or less ornamented. Zamacois3 says that the cross was used in the religion of various tribes of the peninsula of Yucatan, and that it represented the god of rain. It is a favorite theory with Major Powell, Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, that the cross was an original inven- tion of the North American Indian, possibly a sign com- mon to all savages; that it represented, first, the four cardinal points, north, south, east, and west; and after- wards by accretion, seven points, north, south, east, west, zenith, nadir, and here. Capt. John (I. Bonrke, in his paper on the u Medicine Men of the Apache”4 discourses on their symbolism of the cross. He says it is related to the cardinal points, to the four winds, and is painted by warriors on their moccasins when going through a strange district to keep them from getting on a wrong trail. He notes how he saw, in October, 1884, a procession of Apache men and women bearing two crosses, 4 feet 10 inches long, appropriately decorated ‘‘in honor of Guzauutli to induce her to send rain.” Fig. 329. ST. ANDREW’S CROSSES, USED AS A SYMBOL FOR WOOD. Tenth Annual Re- port of the Bureau of Ethnology, fi^. 1233.
914
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The foregoing specimens are sufficient evidence of the existence of
the Swastika among the aboriginal North Americans during the mound-
building period, and although there may be other specimens of the
Swastika to be reported, yet we might properly continue this investi-
gation for the purpose of determining if there be any related forms of
the cross among the same peoples. This is done without any argument
Creek eross with incised lines resembling a Swastika.
Union County, 111.
as to the use of these designs beyond that attributed to them. The
illustrations and descriptions are mainly collected from objects in and
reports of the IJ. S. National Museum and the Bureau of Ethnology.
THE CROSS ON OBJECTS OF SHELL AND COPPER.
The shell gorget presented in fig. 300 belongs to the collection of Mr.
F. M. Perrine, and was obtained from a mound in Union County,
111. It is a little more than three inches in diameter and has been
ground to a uniform thickness of about one-twelfth of an inch. The
surfaces are smooth and the margin carefully rounded and polished.
THE SWASTIKA.
927
Near the upper edge are two perforations, botli well worn with cord-
marks indicating suspension. The cross in the center of the concave
face of the disk is quite simple and is made by four triangular perfora-
tions which separate the arms. The face of the cross is ornamented
with six carelessly drawn incised lines interlacing in the center as
shown in the figure, three extending along the arm to the right and
three passing down the lower arm to the inclosing line. Nothing has
been learned of the character of the interments with which this speci-
ENGRAVED SHELL GORGET.
Greek cross.
Charleston, Mo.
Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pi. 1,1, fig. 2.
men was associated.1 The incised lines of the specimen indicate Inc
possible intention of the artist to make the Swastika. The design i»
evidently a cross and apparently unfinished.
The National Museum possesses a large shell cross (fig. 301) which,
while quite plain as a cross, has been much damaged, the rim that
formerly encircled it, as in the foregoing figure, having been broken
away and lost. The perforations are still in evidence. The specimen
1 Second. Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, p. 271, pi. 51, fig. 1.
928
REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
Fig. 302.
EIJ. GORGET AVITH ENGRAVING OK GREEK CROSS ANI)
INCHOATE SWASTIKA.
Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1>1. 1.11, fig. 3.
is much decayed and came to the National Museum with a skull from
a grave at Charleston, Mo. $ beyond this there is no record. The speci-
men shown in fig. 302 is quoted
as a “typical example of the
cross of the mound-builder.”
It was obtained from a mound
on Lick Creek, Tennessee, and
is in the Peabody .Museum,
Cambridge, Mass. While an
elaborate description is given
of it and figures are mentioned
as “devices probably signifi-
cant,” and “elementary or un-
finished,” and more of the same,
yet nowhere is suggested any
relationship to the Swastika,
nor even the possibility of its
existence in America.
A large copper disk from an
Ohio mound is represented in
fig. 303. It is in the Natural History Museum of New York. It is eight
inches in diameter, is very thin, and had suffered greatly from corro-
sion. A symmetrical cross,
the arms of which are five
inches in length, has been
cut out of the center. Two
concentric- lines have been
impressed in the plate, one
near the margin and the
other touching the ends of
the cross. Pig. 301 shows
a shell gorget from a mound
on Lick Creek, Tennessee.
It is much corroded and
broken, yet it shows the
cross plainly. There are
sundry pits or dots made
irregularly over the surface,
some of which have perfor-
ated the shell. FI. 19 rep-
resents a recapitulation of
specimens of crosses, thir-
teen in number, “most of
which have been obtained from the mounds or from ancient graves
within the district occupied by the mound-builders. Eight are engraved
upon shell gorgets, one is cut in stone, three are painted upon pottery,
Fig. 303.
FRAGMENT OF COFFER DISK WITH GREEK CROSS IN INNER CIRCLE.
Ohio.
American Museum of Xatviral History, New York City.
Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pi. lit, fig. 4.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 19.
t 2 8
4 5
8
10 11 12 13
Various Forms of Crosses in use among North American Indians, from Greek Cross
to Swastika.
Fig. 1. Greek Cross. Fig. 8. Greek Cross.
o Greek Cross. 9. Latix Cross (Copper).
3. Cross ox Copper. 10. Swastika ox Shell.
4. Cross ox Shell. 11. Swastika ox Shell.
5. Greek Cross. 12. Swastika ox Pottery.
G. Greek Cross. 13. Swastika ox Pottery.
7. Latix Cross (Copper,.
Report of National Museum, 1894.—Wilson.
Plate 19.
Various Forms of Crosses in use Among North American Indians, from Greek Cross
to Swastika.
Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, PI. liii.
I
I
I
THE SWASTIKA.
929
and four are executed upon copper. With two exceptions, they are
inclosed in circles, and hence are symmetrical Greek crosses, the
ends being rounded to con-
form to a circle.”1 Figs. 7
and 9 of pi. 19 represent forms
of the Latin cross, and are
modern, having doubtless
been introduced by European
priests. Figs. 10 to 13 are
representatives of the Swas-
tika in some of its forms.
TheU. S. National Museum
possesses a small shell orna-
ment (fig. 305) in the form of
a cross, from Lenoir’s burial
place, Fort Defiance, Cald-
well County, N. C., collected
by Dr. Spainhour and Mr.
Rogan, the latter being an
employe of the Bureau of
Ethnology. It is in the form
of a Greek cross, the four
arms crossing at right angles
and being of equal length.
The arms are of the plain shell, while they are brought to view by the
field being cross-hatched. The speci-
men has, unfortunately, been broken,
and being fragile has been secured in
a bed of plaster.
This and the foregoing specimens
have been introduced into this paper
that the facts of
their existence
may be pre-
sented for con-
sideration, and
to aid in the
determination
whether the
cross had any
peculiar or par-
ticular meaning.
The questions
involuntarily arise, Was it a symbol with a hid-
iden meaning, religious or otherwise; was it the * II.
Fig. 304.
ENGRAVED SHELL DISK GORGET.
Rude cross -with many dots.
Lick Creek, Term.
Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pi. 52, fig. 2.
ENGRAVED SHELL
WITH FIGURE OF
CROSS.
Caldwell County, X. C.
Oat. No. 3:’. I fill, IT. S. N. M.
Fig.306.
ENGRAVED SHELL WITHTHREE-
ARMED CROSS (TRISKELION).
Lick Creek, Tenn.
Cat. No. 83170, U. S. N. M.
1 Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, pp. 272,273.
II. Mis. 90, pt. 2---59
930
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
totem of a clan, the insignia of a ruler, the charm of a priesthood, or did
it, with all the associated shell engravings, belong to the category oJ
trinkets! These questions maybe partially answered in the section on
the meanings given to the cross by the i^ortli American Indians (p. 933).
There is also introduced, as bearing on the
question, another shell ornament (tig. 30G).
the style, design, and workmanship of which
has such resemblance to the foregoing that
if they had not been (as they were) found
together we would be compelled to admit tlieii
identity of origin, yet the latter specimen hafc
but three arms
instead of four.
This might take
it out of the cat-
egory of crosses
as a symbol of
any religion of
which we have
knowledge. Many of the art objects in
shell heretofore cited were more or less
closely associated; they came from the
same neighborhood and were the results
ot the same excavations, conducted by
the same
Fig. 307.
DRILLED AND ENGRAVED SHELL
“KUNTEE.”
Dotted < i
>ek cross and
Arizona.
?in-1.
e x e a v a
tors. 1 n
determinin
DRILLED AND ENGRAVED SHELL OR
“RUNTEE.”
Dots and rings forming circle and
(.rook cross.
Ohio.
the culture status of their
makers, they must be taken together.
When we consider the variety of the
designs which were apparently without
meaning except for ornamentation, like
the circles, meanders, zigzags, chev-
rons.
, herringbones, ogees, frets, etc.,
and the representations of animals
such as were used to decorate the pipes
of the aborigines, not alone the bear,
wolf, eagle, and others which might be
a totem and represent a given clan,
but others which, according to our
knowledge and imagination, have never
served for such a purpose, as the man-
atee, beaver, wildcat, heron, finch, sparrow, crow, raven, cormorant,
duck, toucan, goose, turkey, buzzard, cardinal, parroquet, conies,
lizard; when we further consider that the cross, whether Greek, Latin,
or Swastika form, is utterly unlike any known or possible totem of elan,
insignia of ruler, or potent charm of priesthood $ when we consider
DRILLED AND ENGRAVED SHELL OR “RUNTI
Dots and rings forming circle and Or
cross.
New York.
THE SWASTIKA.
931
these things, why should we feel ourselves compelled to accept these
signs as symbols of a hidden meaning, simply because religious sects in
different parts of the world and at different epochs of history have
chosen them or some of them to represent their peculiar religious ideas?
This question covers much space in geography and in time, as well as
on paper. It is not answered here, because no answer can be given
which would be accepted as satisfactory, but it may serve as a track
or indication along which students and thinkers might pursue their
investigations.
The U. S. National Museum possesses a necklace consisting of three
shell ornaments, interspersed at regular intervals with about fifty small
porcelain beads (fig.307).1 It avus obtained by Capt. George M. Whipple
from the Indians of New Mexico. These shell ornaments are similar to
objects described by Beverly in his work on the “ History of Virginia,”
page 145, as “runtecs” and “made of the conch shell; only the shape
is flat as a cheese and drilled edgewise.” It is to be remarked that on
its face as Avell as on figs. 308 and 3091 appears a cross of the Greek
form indicated by these peculiar indentations or drillings inclosed in a
small circle. The specimen shown
in fig. 308 is from an ancient grave
in Upper Sandusky, Ohio, and that
shown in fig. 309 from an Indian
cemetery at Onondaga, N. V. Similar
specimens have been found in the
same localities.
THE CROSS ON L’OTTERY.
Fig. 310 shows a small globular
cup of dark ware from the vicinity of
Charleston, Mo.; height, 2£ inches;
width, 3J inches. It has four large
nodes or projections, and between
them, painted red, are four orna-
mental circles, the outside one of which is scalloped or rayed, while the
inside one bears the figure of a Greek cross. The specimen shown in
fig. 311 (Cat. No. 47197, U.S.N.M.) is a medium-sized decorated olla with
scalloped margin, from New Mexico, collected by Colonel Stevenson.
It has two crosses—one Greek, the other Maltese—both inclosed in
circles and forming centers of an elaborate, fanciful, sliield-like decora-
tion. In fig. 312 (Cat. No. 39518, U.S.N.M.) is shown a Cocliiti painted
water vessel, same collection, showing a Maltese cross.
Dozens of other specimens are in the collections of tlieU. S. National
Museum which would serve to illustrate the extended and extensive
1 Schoolcraft, “History of the Indian Tribes,” in, pi.25; Second Aim. Rep. Jlureau
of Ethnology, 1880-81, pi. 30.
Fig. 310.
POTTERY JAR WITH CROSSES, ENCIRCLING RAYS
ANU SCALLOPS.
932
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894,
Pig.312.
POTTERY AVATER ArESSEL.
Maltese cross.
Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, fig. 642.
Report of National Museum, 1894.—Wilson.
Plate 20.
Palenque Cross, Foliated.
Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. xxn, fig. 7.
(
THE SWASTIKA.
use of the cross in great variety of forms, so that no argument as to
either the meaning or the extent of the cross can be based on the sup-
position that these are the only specimens. Fig. 313 (Cat. Ho. 132975,
IJ.S.H.M.) shows a vase from Mexico, about 8 inches high, of fine red
ware, highly polished, with an elaborate decoration. Its interest here
is the Maltese cross represented on each side, with a point and concen-
tric circles, from the outside of which are projecting rays. This may be
the symbol of the sun, and if so, is shown in connection with the cross.
This style of cross, with or without the sun symbol, is found in great
numbers in Mexico—as, for example, the
great cross, pi. 20, from the temple at
Palenque.1
SYMBOLIC MEANINGS OF THE CROSS-
It would be an excellent thing to dissect
and analyze the Swastika material we
have found; to generalize and deduce from
it a possible theory as to the origin, spread,
and meaning of the Swastika and its re-
lated forms, and endeavor, by examination*
of its associated works, to discover if these
were religious symbols or charms or mere
decorations; and, following this, determine
if possible whether the spread of these
objects, whatever their meaning, was the
result of migration, contact, or communi-
cation. Were they the result of similar^
but independent, operations of the human/
mind, or were they but duplicate in veil-(
tions, the result of parallelism in lmmaiy'
thought? This investigation must neeesA
sarily be theoretical and speculative. The)
most that the author proposes is to sug-
gest probabilities and point the way for
further investigation. He may theorize
and speculate, but recognizes what many persons seem not able to
do—that speculation and theory are not to be substituted for cold facts.
He may do no more than propound questions from which other men,
by study, experience, philosophy, or psychology, may possibly evolve
some general principle, or a theory pointing to a general principle, con-
cerning the mode of extension and spread of culture among separate
and independent peoples. When the facts shall have been gathered,
marshaled, arranged side by side, and each aggregation of facts shall
have been weighed, pro and con, and its fair value given uwithout
Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, p. 33, pi. 14, fig, 7.
Fig. 313.
POTTERY VASE FINELY DECORATED IN
REI) AND WHITE GLAZE.
Maltese cross with sun symbol (?).
Cat. No. 132975, IT. S. X. M.
934
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
prejudice or preconceived opinion,” then will be time enough to an-
nounce the final conclusion, and even then not dogmatically, but tenta-
tively and subject to future discoveries.
Throughout this paper the author has sought but little more than to
prepare material on the Swastika which can be utilized by those who
come after him in the determination of the difficult and abstruse prob-
lems presented.
It is rare in the study of arclueology and,.indeed, in any science, that
a person is able to assert a negative and say what does not exist. The
present investigations are rendered much more comprehensive by the
appearance of the extensive and valuable work of Col. Garrick Mallery
in the Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, on the subject
of u Picture Writing of the American Indians.” It
is a work of about 800 pages, with 1,300 illustra-
tions, and is the result of many years of laborious
study. It purports to be a history, more or less
p4 ® ^7 complete, of the picture writing, signs, symbols,
totems, marks, and messages of the American In-
dian, whether pictographs or petroglyphs. A large
portion of his work is devoted to ideography, con-
ventional signs, syllabaries and alphabets, homo-
roplis and symmorophs, and their respective means
of interpretation. Among these he deals, not spe-
cifically with the Swastika, but in general terms
with the cross. Therefore, by looking at Colonel
Mallory’s work upon this chapter (p. 721), one is able to say negatively
what has not been found.
Apropois* of the meanings of the cross among the North American
Indians Count Goblet d’Alviella savs:1
915
« on: March 05, 2018, 07:27:03 PM »
911
Fig. 269.
SHELL DISK FROM I5RAKEBILL MOUND, NEAR KNOXVILLE, TENN.
Dot and circle in center and ogee Swastika (tetraskelion) marked but not completed.
Three-arlned volute (triskelion).
912
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
this circle, and in their spiral form extend to the right across the field,
increasing in size as they approach the periphery. This is an inter-
esting specimen of the tetraskelion or spiral Swastika, in that it is
unfinished, the outline
heen cut in the shell sufficient
to indicate the form, hut not per-
fected. Figs. 270 and 271 show
obverse and reverse sides of the
same shell. It comes from one of
the stone graves of Tennessee, and
is thus described by Dr. Joseph
Jones, of Jscw Orleans,1 as a spec-
imen of the deposit and original
condition of these objects:
In a carefully constructed stone sar-
cophagus in which the face of the skel-
eton was looking toward the setting
sun, a beautiful shell ornament was
found resting upon the breastbone of
the skeleton. This shell ornament is
4.4 inches in diameter, and it is orna-
mented on its concave surface with a
small circle in the center and four concentric bands, differently figured, in relief.
The first band is filled up by a triple volute; the second is plain, while the third is
dotted and has nine small round bosses carved at unequal distances upon it. The
outer band is made up of fourteen
small elliptical bosses, the outer
edges of which give to the object a
scalloped rim. This ornament, on
its concave figured surface, has been
covered with red paint, much of
which is still visible. The convex
smooth surface is highly polished
and plain, with the exception of the
three concentric marks. The mate-
rial out of which it is formed was
evidently derived from a large flat
seashell. * * * The form of the
circles or “suns” carved upon the
concave surface is similar to that of
the paintings on the high rocky cliffs
on the banks of the Cumberland and
Harpeth rivers. * * * This or-
nament when found lay upon the
breastbone with the concave surface
uppermost, as if it had been worn in
this position suspended around the
neck, as the two holes for the thong
or string were in that portion of the border which pointed directly to the chin or cen-
tral portion of the jaw of the skeleton. The marks of the thong by which it was
suspended are manifest upon both the anterior and posterior surfaces, and, in addition
to this, the paint is worn off from the circular space bounded below by the two holes.
Laving
ENGRAVED SHELL DISK.
Tennessee.
Three-armed volute (triskelion).
ENGRAVED SHELL DISK.
Tennessee.
Three-armed volute (triskelion).
Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, p. 276, pi. 56, figs. 1, 2.
THE SWASTIKA.
913
Fig. 271 represents tlie hack or convex side of the disk shown in
fig. 270. The long curved lines indicate the laminations of the shell,
and the three crescent-shaped figures near the center are perforations
resulting from the deep en-
graving of the three lines of
the volute on the concave side.
The stone grave in which this
ornament was found occupied
the summit of a mound on the
banks of the Cumberland Hi ver,
opposite ^Nashville, Tenn.
Figs. 272, 273, and 274 are
other representations of shell
carved in spirals, and may
have greater or less relation
to the Swastika.1 They are
inserted for comparison and
without any expression of opin-
ion. They are drawn in out-
line, and the spiral form is thus
more easily seen.
Mr. Holmes1 2 makes some ob-
servations upon these designs
and gives his theory concerning their use:
I do not assume to interpret these designs; they are not to he interpreted. All I
desire is to elevate these works from the category of trinkets to what I believe is
their rightfnl place—the serious art
of a people with great capacity for
loftier works. What the gorgets
themselves were, or of what partic-
ular value to their possessor, aside
from simple ornaments, must he, in
a measure, a matter of conjecture.
They were hardly less than the to-
I terns of clans, the insignia of rulers, or
the potent charms of the priesthood.
The spider.—The spider was
represented on the shell gor-
gets. Figs. 275 to 2783 present
four of these gorgets, of which
figs. 275 to 277 display the
Greek cross in the center, sur-
rounded by two concentric in-
cised lines forming a circle which
. ...... n . . -r-,. Figure representing a spiiler: circles ami Greek crosses.
is the body of a spider. Fig. 27G p
shows the same spider and circle, and inside of it a cross much resem-
1 Op. cit., p. 276, pi. 56, figs. 3, 5, 6.
2 Op. cit., p. 281.
3Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, pi. 61.
n. Mis. 90. Dt. 2-----58
Tennessee.
Tliree-armecl volute (ti’iskelion).
1
914
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
1'ig. 27ti.
KNCKAYEI) SHELL
bling the Swastika, in that the arms are turned at their extremities to
the right and form, in an inchoate manner, the gamma. Fig. 278 rep-
resents the shell with
the spider, and, though
it contains no cross nor
semblance of the Swas-
tika, derives its value
from having been taken
from the same mound
on Fains Island, Ten-
nessee, as was the true ,
Swastika. (Seefig.237.)
The rattlesnake.—The
rattlesnake was a fa-
vorite design on these
gorgets, affording, as it
did, an opportunity for
the aborigines to make
a display of elegance of
design, and of accuracy
and fineness in execu-
tion. Fig. 279 is a spec-
imen in which the snake is represented coiled, the head in the center,
the mouth V-shaped in strong lines, the body in volute fashion; on the
outside of the circle
the tail is shown by
its rattle.. This speci-
men is represented
three-fourths size, and
comes from McMahon
mound, Tennessee.
Four others of similar
design are also from
Tennessee and the ad-
joining States, but the
locality is more re-
stricted than is the
case with other shell
disk ornaments.
The human faee and
form. — These were
also carved and
wrought upon shells
in the same general
locality. The engrav-
ing is always on the
convex side of the shell which has been reduced to a pear-shaped form.1
Fig.277.
ENGRAVED SHELL GORGET.
1 Second Aim. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pis. 69-73.
THE SWASTIKA.
915
ENGRAVED SHELL GORGET.
Fains Island, Tennessee.
* Fig. 279. *
ENGRAVED SHELL GORGET REPRESENTING A RATTLESNAKE.
McMahon Mound, Tennessee.
Second Annual Rejiort of the Jiureau of Ethnology, 1>1. lxiii.
916
REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1&94.
These human faces and forms (tigs. 2S0-2S8), as well as the others,
belong to the mound builders, and are found with their remains in the
mounds. The figures are inserted, as is the rattlesnake, for compari-
ENUKAVEU Ml ELLS WITH REPRESENTATIONS OK THE HUMAN FACE.
McMahon Mound, Tennessee.
Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pi. lxix.
Tennessee.
Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pi. lxix.
son with the shell designs and work shown in the Biuldlia figure
(pi. 10) and its associates. Slight inspection will show two styles,
differing materially. To decide wdiicli was foreign and which domestic,
THE SWASTIKA.
917
ENGRAVED SHELLS WITH REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HUMAN FACE.
Virginia
Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pi. i.xix.
Fig. 286.
ENGRAVED SHELL WITH REPRESENTATION OF A HUMAN FIGURE
McMahon Mound, Tennessee.
Second Aunual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pi. lxxi.
918
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
wlii<ili was imported and wliieli indigenous, would be to decide the entire
question of migration, and if done off-hand, would be presumptuous.
To make a satisfactory decision will require a marshaling and consid-
eration of evidence which belongs to the future. The specimens shown
Tennessee.
Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Kthnolo^y, pi. t.xxii.
in figs. 280 to 285 are from Tennessee and Virginia. They are all masks,
bearing representations of the human face. The first two are from the
McMahon mound, Tennessee; that in fig. 282 from Brakebill mound,
Tennessee, and that represented in fig. 283 from Lick Creek mound,
Tennessee. The shell shown in fig. 284 is from Aqnia Creek, Virginia,
THE SWASTIKA.
919
and that in fig. 285 is from a mound in Ely County, Ya. The Avork-
mansliip on these has no resemblance to that on the Buddha figure
(pi. 10), nor does its style compare in any manner therewith.
On the contrary, figs. 280 to 288, representing sketches (unfinished) of
the human figure, from mounds in Tennessee and Missouri, have some
resemblance in style of work, though not in design, to that of the
Buddha and Swastika figures. The first step in execution, after the
drawing by incised lines, seems to have been to drill holes through
Fig. 288.
ENGKAVKD SHELL GORGET WITH REPRESENTATION OF A HUMAN FIGURE.
Missouri.
Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pi. lxxiii.
the shell at each corner and intersection. The work on the specimen
shown in fig. 286 has progressed further than that on the specimens
shown in figs. 287 and 288. It has twenty-eight holes drilled, all at
corners or intersections. This is similar to the procedure in the Buddha
statue (pi. 10). In fig. 287 the holes have not been drilled, but each
member of the figure has been marked out and indicated by dots in the
center, and circles or half circles incised around them in precisely the
same manner as in both Swastikas (figs. 237 and 238), Avhile fig. 288
continues the resemblance in style of drawing. It has the same peculiar
920
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
garters or bracelets as the Buddha, the hand is the same as in the
fighting figures (fig. 239), and the implement he holds resembles closely
those in the copper figures (figs. 240 and 241).
DESIGNS ON POTTERY.
Spiral-volute designs resembling the Swastika in general effect are
found on aboriginal mound pottery from the Mississippi Valley. The
Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1882-83,1 shows
Fig. 289.
POTTERY VSSSEL.
Four-armed volute, ogee Swastika (tetraske-
liou).
ArkansUvS.
natural size.
Fig.290.
POTTEKY VESSEL.
Four volutes resembling Swastika
I’ccan Point, Ark.
natural size.
many of these. Fig. 289 represents a teapot-shaped vessel from Ar-
kansas, on the side of which, in incised lines, is shown the small
circle which we saw on the shell disks, and springing from the four
opposite sides are three incised lines, twisting spi-
rally to the right,
forming the four
volutes of the Swas-
tika (tetraskelion)
and coveringthe en-
tire side of the ves-
sel. The same spiral
form of the Swas-
tika is given in fig.
290, a vessel of ec-
centric shape from
Pecan Point, Ark.
The decoration is in
the form of two lines
crossing each other
'Sf'v ?jsfg.
Fig. 291.
POTTERY VESSEL MADE IN THE FORM OF AN ANIMAL.
Spiral volutes, nine arms,
recan Point, Ark.
,'j natural size.
and each arm then
twisting to the
right, forming volutes, the incised lines of which, though drawn close
1 Figs. 402, 413, 415, 416.
THE SWASTIKA.
921
together and at equal distances, gradually expand until the ornament
covers the entire side of the vase. It is questionable whether this or
any of its kindred were ever intended to represent either the Swastika
or any other specific form of the cross.
One evidence of this is that these orna-
ments shade off indefinitely until they ar-
rive at a form which was surely not intended
to represent any form of the cross, whether
Swastika or not. The line of separation
is not now suggested by the author. An
elaboration of the preceding forms, both of
the vessel and its ornamentation, is shown
by the vessel represented in fig. 291, which
is fashioned to represent some grotesque
beast with horns, expanding nostrils, and
grinning mouth, yet which might serve as
a teapot as well as the former two vessels.
The decoration upon its side has six incised lines crossing each other
in the center and expanding in volutes until they cover the entire side
of the vessel, as in the other specimens. Fig. 292 shows a pot from
Arkansas. Its body is
decorated with incised
lines arranged in much
the same form as fig.
291, except that the
lines make no attempt
to form a cross. There
are nine arms which
springfrom the central
point and twist spi-
rally about as volutes
until they cover the
field, which is one-
third the body of the
bowl. Two other de-
signs of the same kind
complete the circuit of
the pot and form the
decoration all around.
Fig. 2931 represents
these volutes in incised
lines of considerable
fineness, close to-
gether, and in great
numbers, forming a decoration on each of the sides of the vase, sepa-
rated by three nearly perpendicular lines.
1 Third Ann. liep. Bureau of Ethnology, fig. 157,
Fig.292.
POTTERY BOWL ORNAMENTED WITH
MANY-ARMED VOLUTES.
Arkansas.
bj natural size.
922
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
The spiral Swastika, form appears painted upon the pottery from
Arkansas. The specimen shown in fig. 2941 is a tripod bottle. The
decoration upon the side of the body consists of two lines forming the
cross, and the four arms expand in volutes until the ornament covers
one-third of the vessel, which, with the other two similar ornaments,
extend around the circumference. This decoration is painted in red
and white colors on a gray or yellowish ground. Fig. 295 shows a bowl
from mound Xo. 2, Thorn’s farm, Taylor Shanty group, Mark Tree,
ViS.294.
TlilPOl) I'OTTKKY VASK.
volutes making spiral Swastika.
Arkansas.
natural size.
Poinsett County, Ark. It-is ten inches wide and six inches high. The
clay of which it is made forms the body color—light gray. It has been
painted red or maroon on the outside without any decoration, while on
the inside is painted with the same color a five-armed cross, spirally
arranged in volutes turning to the right. The center of the cross is at
the bottom of the bowl, and the painted spiral lines extend over the
bottom and up the sides to the rim of the bowl, the interior being
1 Fourth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1882-83, iig. 442.
THE SWASTIKA.
923
entirely covered with the design. Another example of the same style
of decoration is seen on the upper surface of an ancient vase from the
province of Cibola.1
The specimen shown in fig. 29G is from the mound at Arkansas Post,
in the county and State of Arkansas.1 2 It represents a vase of black
ware, painted a yellowish ground, with a red spiral scroll. Its diam-
Fig.295.
POTTERY ROWE WITH FIVE-ARMED SPIRAL SWASTIKA OX TIlE ROTTOM.
Poinsett County, Ark.
Cat. No. 114035, U. S. X. M.
eter is inches. These spiral figures are not uncommon in the
localities heretofore indicated as showing the normal Swastika. Pigs.
297 and 2983 show parallel incised lines of the same style as those
1 Fourth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1882-83, p. 313, fig. 331.
2Third Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1881-82, fig. 105.
»Ibid., pp. 502, 503, figs. 186, 189.
924
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
forming the square in the bird gorgets already noted (figs. 2G3-2G7).
Fig. 297 shows a bowl
nine inches in diameter;
its rim is ornamented
with the head and tail
of a conventional bird,
which probably served
as handles. On the out-
side, just below the rim,
are the four incised par-
allel lines mentioned.
In the center of the side
is represented a rolling
under or twisting of the
lines, as though it repre-
sented a ribbon. There
are three on each quar-
ter of tliebowl, that next
the head being plain.
Fig. 298 represents a
bottle GJ inches in di-
ameter, with parallel
incised lines, three in
number, with the same
twisting or folding of
the ribbon like decora-
tion. This twists to the left, while that of fig. 297 twists in the oppo-
site direction. Both specimens are from the vicinity of Charleston, Mo.
Fig. 296.
VESSEL. OP BLACK WARE.
Spiral scroll.
Arkansas.
DESIGNS ON BASKETRY.
The volute form is particularly adapted to the
decoration of basketry, of which fig. 299 is a
Fig. 297.
BIRD-SHAPED POTTERY BOWL.
Three parallel incised lines with ribbon fold.
Charleston, Mo.
specimen. These motifs were favorites with the Pueblo Indians of
New Mexico and Arizona.
THE SWASTIKA.
925
Fig. 298.
POTTERY BOWL.
Three parallel incised lines with ribbon fold.
Charleston, Mo.
Fig. 299.
BASKETWOR1C WITH MANY-ARMED VOLUTES.
Ennrtl. innn.l U------C ___ .«r
926
REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1894.
IV.—Tiie Cross Among- the American Indians.
DIFFERENT FORMS.
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